Functional Approaches to Spanish Syntax

Transcription

1 Functional Approaches to Spanish Syntax

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3 Functional Approaches to Spanish Syntax Lexical Semantics, Discourse and Transitivity Edited by J. Clancy Clements Indiana University and Jiyoung Yoon University of North Texas

4 Editorial matter and selection and Chapter 1 J. Clancy Clements and Jiyoung Yoon 2006 Individual chapters contributors 2006 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act First published 2006 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y Companies and representatives throughout the world. PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St. Martin s Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries. ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Clements, J. Clancy. Functional approaches to Spanish syntax : lexical semantics, discourse and transitivity / edited by J. Clancy Clements and Jiyoung Yoon. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Spanish language Syntax. I. Yoon, Jiyoung. II. Title. PC4361.C dc

5 This book is dedicated to the memory of Clements teacher Eugenio Coseriu

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7 Contents List of Tables and Figures Acknowledgements Notes on the Contributors ix xii xiii 1 Introduction 1 J. Clancy Clements and Jiyoung Yoon 2 Semantic and Discourse-Pragmatic Factors in Spanish Word Order 7 Belén López Meirama 3 Continuity and Episodic Structure in Spanish Subject Reference 53 Llorenç Comajoan 4 Gustar-Type Verbs 80 Victoria Vázquez Rozas 5 Primary and Secondary Object Marking in Spanish 115 J. Clancy Clements 6 Null Direct Objects in Spanish 134 J. Clancy Clements 7 Transitivity and the Syntax of Inalienable Possession in Spanish 151 Richard Winters 8 Ser-estar in the Predicate Adjective Construction 161 J. Clancy Clements 9 Spanish Adjective Position: Differences between Written and Spoken Discourse 203 Richard J. File-Muriel 10 Adjective Placement and Noun Semantics in Spanish 219 Mariche García-Bayonas 11 Transitivity and Spanish Non-Anaphoric se 236 J. Clancy Clements vii

8 viii Contents 12 Juan salió contento : Semantic Constraints on Small Clauses in Adjunct Position 265 Jiyoung Yoon 13 Causative hacer and dejar 278 Carmen Ruiz-Sánchez Index 301

9 List of Tables and Figures Tables 1.1 Component parts of Transitivity Component parts of individuation Comparison of semantic differences and syntactic patterns of prototypically transitive clauses sentences v. clauses sentences with a gustar-type verb construction (In)definiteness, (non-)referentiality and topichood The theme rheme dichotomy The overlay between thematic and syntactic structure Percentage rates of third-person pronouns in different Spanish varieties Percentage rates of zero, pronoun, and full NPs in different Spanish varieties Nominal devices for topic continuity Subject nominal devices used in the narratives Nominal devices to introduce new characters Nominal devices to introduce same subjects from previous clauses Nominal devices to introduce different subjects from previous clauses Look-back distance for definite NPs, pronoun, and zero when they refer to a different subject from the previous clause Overall hits and misses for the episodic model Hits and misses for new referents, old referents and different subjects Nominal devices in episodes 5 and Nominal devices to introduce continuous subjects in Spanish, English and Japanese Degree of topicality in indirect objects Frequencies and percentages of animate v. inanimate subjects in two-participant clauses Frequencies and percentages of clauses functioning as subject Frequencies and percentages of preposition and postposition of subject and indirect object for gustar Nominative-accusative v. ergative-absolutive marking Direct indirect v. primary secondary object marking 122 ix

10 x List of Tables and Figures 5.3 The etymological Spanish pronominal system Frequency of le as a function of the referents animacy in (1) writings of St Teresa; (2) speech of present-day Castilian professional women; (3) speech of present-day Castilian rural speakers A probable result of leísmo in a variety of the Castilian pronominal system General pronominal system found in the Moratín play El sí de las niñas Probable object-marking system based on pronoun use in Moratin s El sí de la niñas Lazard s definiteness scale Characterization of verb classes Examples of Spanish adjective types in terms of features Comparison of commonly occurring verb forms of ser and estar Form-by-form frequency comparison of different forms of ser and estar Copula-adjective combination according to adjective type and reading for both animate and inanimate subject referents Spoken and written style Position of As to Ns for the all the data according to their respective weights Position of As to Ns in the spoken data according to their respective weights Position of As to Ns in the written data according to their respective weights Preposed adjectives in spoken discourse Adjective position One v. two adjectives modifying same noun Distribution of semantic categories Chi-square test for Table 9.8 data (semantic class) Diachronic distribution of A position in texts Mean word length of As by semantic class Interpretations of alto funcionario and funcionario alto in adults and children Interpretations for azafata alta and alto piloto in adults and children Semantic interpretations for N-pequeño and pequeño-n in adults and children Miserable v. poor interpretation for preposed v. postposed pobre 227

11 xi List of Tables and Figures 10.5 Mere v. simple-minded interpretation for preposed v. postposed simple Chi-square results for the adults Chi-square results for the children The significance of specific general and general specific ordering in the instrument, calculated with tokens from the specific semantic interpretation in adult and child groups Characterization of Vendlerian Aktionsart categories Licensing factors of adjunct predicates in relation to Transitivity Characterization of causative dejar Characterization of causative hacer 289 Figures 5.1 Possibilities for a simple lexical split of case marking: two two-way sub-systems, accusative v. ergative The distribution of ILPs and SLPs over states, activities and events Prototypical coding of the world in language based on time stability Time stability of adjectives with no underlying process/event v. adjectives with an underlying process v. adjectives with an underlying event Spanish adjective classification Reference frame of hacer Reference frame for causative hacer with activities Reference frame for main verb and causative dejar Implied reference frame of causative dejar in certain cases Reference to the result of an event in small clauses with an implied event or state 297

12 Acknowledgements This volume has benefited greatly from discussions with students over the years. We are grateful to those students for all their input and also to an anonymous reviewer whose comments shaped the argumentation of many of the contributions. Thanks go also to Jill Lake for presenting this project to Palgrave Macmillan, to Manolo Triano López for translating Chapters 2 and 4 and to Richa Clements for proofreading some of the typescript. J. CLANCY CLEMENTS JIYOUNG YOON The editors, contributors and publishers are grateful to Georgetown University Press for permission to use Chapter 6, Mouton de Gruyter for permission to use Chapter 5, and Elsevier Publishers for permission to use Table 6.1. Every effort has been made to contact all copyright holders, but if any have been inadvertently omitted the publishers will be pleased to make the necessary arrangement at the earliest opportunity. xii

13 Notes on the Contributors J. Clancy Clements is Associate Professor of Linguistics and Spanish and Portuguese at Indiana University, Bloomington, USA. He received his MA (1979) in Spanish from the Universität Tübingen, Germany, and his PhD (1985) in Romance Linguistics from the University of Washington, Seattle. His main areas of interest are contact linguistics and functional syntax, with a focus on varieties of Iberian Romance languages. His writings include The Genesis of a Language: The Formation and Development of Korlai Portuguese (1996) and The Linguistic Legacy of Spanish and Portuguese: Colonial Expansion and Language Change (forthcoming), four co-edited volumes, as well as over 30 articles on language-contact phenomena and functional linguistics. Llorenç Comajoan is Assistant Professor of Spanish at Middlebury College, USA. His main areas of interest are second-language acquisition, language variation and language policy. Richard File-Muriel is a doctoral student in the Department of Spanish and Portuguese at Indiana University, Bloomington, USA. His main interests are phonetics, phonology and contact linguistics. Mariche García-Bayonas is Assistant Professor in the Department of Romance Languages at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro, USA. Her main areas of interest are second-language acquisition, phonetics, phonology and sociolinguistics. Belén López Meirama is Professor of Spanish in the Department of Spanish at the Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Spain. Her main areas of interest are functional syntax and syntax of Spanish, with a focus on the syntax of the sentence. Her writings include La posición del sujeto en la cláusula monoactancial en español (1997), and various articles on Spanish syntax and pedagogically oriented writings. Victoria Vázquez Rozas is Professor in the Department of Spanish in the Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Spain. She was a visiting professor at the Romansk Instituto of the University of Copenhagen (1989) and in the Spanish and Portuguese Department at the University of California at Santa Barbara (2001). She has published numerous studies on syntax and discourse from a functionalist perspective, including El complemento indirecto en español (1995). She is a contributor to the development of the Syntactic Data Base ( Carmen Ruiz Sánchez is a doctoral student in the Department of Spanish and Portuguese at Indiana University, Bloomington, USA. Her three main areas of xiii

14 xiv Notes on the Contributors specialization are Hispanic sociolinguistics, second-language acquisition and functional syntax. She received her BA (1999) in English philology from the University of Seville, Spain, and her MA from Indiana University in TESOL/Applied Linguistics (2001) and Hispanic Linguistics (2003). Richard Winters is Assistant Professor in the Department of Modern Languages at the University of Louisiana at Lafayette, USA. His main research interests are functional and formal syntax, with a focus on the Romance languages. Jiyoung Yoon is Assistant Professor of Spanish and Spanish Linguistics and a coordinator of the first- and second-year Spanish programme at the University of North Texas (Denton). She received her MA at the Universidad de Guadalajara in Mexico (1994) and her PhD at Indiana University (2002). She specializes in functional syntax and semantics as well as foreign language instruction and pedagogy. Her work includes a forthcoming monograph on Spanish small clause constructions and articles on semantic and syntactic phenomena in Spanish from both functional and construction-grammar approaches. She is currently working on a cross-linguistic study of subject and object coding.