Memory, Language, and Bilingualism

Transcription

1 Memory, Language, and Bilingualism The relationship between memory and language, and the topic of bilingualism are important areas of research in both psychology and linguistics and are grounded in cognitive and linguistic paradigms, theories, and experimentation. This volume provides an integrated theoretical/real-world approach to second language learning, use, and processing from a cognitive perspective. A strong international and interdisciplinary team of contributors present the results of various explorations into bilingual language processing, from recent advances in studies on bilingual memory, to studies on the role of the brain in language processing and language forgetting. This is a strong yet balanced combination of theoretical/overview contributions and accounts of novel, original, empirical studies which will educate readers on the relationship between theory, cognitive experimentation, and data, and their role in understanding language learning and practice. j e a n e t t e a l t a r r i b a is a Professor and Chair of Psychology in the Department of Psychology, and Director of the Cognition and Language Laboratory, at the University at Albany, State University of New York (SUNY). l u d m i l a i s u r i n is an Associate Professor of Second Language Acquisition in the Department of Slavic and East European Languages and Cultures at The Ohio State University.

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3 Memory, Language, and Bilingualism Theoretical and Applied Approaches Edited by Jeanette Altarriba and Ludmila Isurin

4 c a m b r i d g e u n i v e r s i t y p r e s s Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo, Delhi, Mexico City Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York Information on this title: / Cambridge University Press 2013 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2013 Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data Memory, language, and bilingualism : theoretical and applied approaches / edited by Jeanette Altarriba and Ludmila Isurin. pages cm ISBN Bilingualism Psychological aspects. 2. Cognition. 3. Memory. 4. Psycholinguistics. I. Altarriba, Jeanette, 1964 II. Isurin, Ludmila. P115.4.M dc ISBN Hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.

5 Contents List of figures List of tables List of contributors page vii ix x Introduction 1 j e a n e t t e a l t a r r i b a a n d l u d m i l a i s u r i n 1 Bilingual memory: structure, access, and processing 7 j a m e s b a r t o l o t t i a n d v i o r i c a m a r i a n 2 Lexical competition in localist and distributed connectionist models of L2 acquisition 48 t o n d i j k s t r a, f e m k e h a g a, a l e x b i j s t e r v e l d, a n d i d a s p r i n k h u i z e n - k u y p e r 3 Working memory and (second) language processing 74 a r n a u d s z m a l e c, m a r c b r y s b a e r t, a n d w o u t e r d u y c k 4 Working memory in simultaneous interpreters 95 t e r e s a m. s i g n o r e l l i a n d l o r a i n e o b l e r 5 Using electrophysiological measures to track the mapping of words to concepts in the bilingual brain: a focus on translation 126 j a n e t g. v a n h e l l a n d j u d i t h f. k r o l l 6 Age effects in L2 learning: comparing child and adult learners performance on tests of implicit and explicit memory 161 p a v e l t r o f i m o v i c h, s a n d r a m a r t i n - c h a n g, a n d k y l e l e v e s q u e 7 Bilingualism, language, and aging 188 m i r a g o r a l v

6 vi Contents 8 Crossovers and codeswitching in the investigation of immigrant autobiographical memory 211 c a r m i t a l t m a n, r o b e r t w. s c h r a u f, a n d j o e l w a l t e r s 9 Linguistic relativity and bilingualism 236 p a n o s a t h a n a s o p o u l o s a n d f r a i b e t a v e l e d o 10 Testing effects for novel word learning in Chinese English bilinguals 256 c h i - s h i n g t s e a n d x i a o p i n g p u 11 The lexicon in second language attrition: what happens when the cat s got your tongue? 291 k a t h l e e n b a r d o v i - h a r l i g a n d d a v i d s t r i n g e r 12 Memory and first language forgetting 319 l u d m i l a i s u r i n 13 Future research directions: bilingualism, memory, and language 349 j e a n e t t e a l t a r r i b a Index 363

7 Figures 1.1 Baddeley s Working Memory Model page Kroll and Stewart s Revised Hierarchical Model Van Heuven, Dijkstra, and Grainger s Bilingual Interactive Activation Model Dijkstra and van Heuven s Bilingual Interactive Activation Plus Model Shook and Marian s Bilingual Language Interaction Network for Comprehension of Speech Green s Inhibitory Control Model Li and Farkas Self-Organizing Model of Bilingual Processing The BIA+ framework of bilingual word recognition The Bilingual Single Network Model Processing of Dutch and English words by late learners of English Processing of Dutch and English words by early Dutch English bilinguals Late learning of English words of different frequency categories in BIA The Revised Bilingual Single Network Model Learning of Dutch and English words by late learners of English relative to English monolinguals Learning of Dutch and English words by early Dutch English bilinguals relative to English monolinguals Late learning of English words of different frequency categories in RBSN Processing by late Dutch English bilinguals of English translation equivalents with different degrees of orthographic overlap with Dutch Processing of English item types by late Dutch English bilinguals 67 vii

8 viii List of figures 2.12 Processing of Dutch item types by late Dutch English bilinguals Verbal working memory across the literature WM in interpreters vs. non-interpreters across the literature WM in interpreters vs. non-interpreters: auditory stimuli across the literature WM in interpreters vs. non-interpreters: print stimuli across the literature The Revised Hierarchical Model An illustration of the N400 component in ERP waveforms Proportion of explicit recall for the combined groups of native English and French children and native English and French adults as a function of exposure condition (context vs. isolation) Proportion of implicit word-stem completion for the combined groups of native English children and adults and native French children and adults as a function of exposure condition (context vs. isolation vs. control) Distribution of memories in monolingual mature adults Distribution of memories across the lifespan from both English and Hebrew sessions for English Hebrew participants Distribution of memories during the English and Hebrew sessions for 12 English Hebrew adult bilinguals Distribution of memories of earlier immigrants/arrival prior to age 30 and later immigrants/arrival after age Distribution of memories in English for English Hebrew bilinguals who immigrated before age 30 and for those who immigrated after age Distribution of memories in Hebrew for English Hebrew bilinguals who immigrated before age 30 and for those who immigrated after age Mean number of same-language and crossover memories in L1 and L2 sessions/cue words among English Hebrew bilinguals Modified Revised Hierarchical Model of bilingual memory Mean proportion of Swahili English word pairs recalled in repeated study and repeated testing conditions across the 12 cycles in the acquisition phase Scatterplot of testing effect and L1/L2 proficiency Frequency effect Contact with L1 332

9 Tables 4.1 Summary of the literature page Mean reading ability (WRAT-3) and working memory (WJ-III) scores for four participant groups Mean proportion of explicit recall for the four participant groups as a function of exposure condition Mean proportion of implicit word-stem completion for the four participant groups as a function of exposure condition Frequency and proportion of codeswitching in same-language and crossover memories for L1 and L2 sessions Mean statistics for the lexical characteristics of Swahili English word pairs in Set A and Set B Experimental stimuli Mean proportions of intra-list intrusion errors, extra-list intrusion errors and omission as a function of condition in the acquisition phase and final cued-recall test Pearson correlation matrix Socio-linguistic background of the participants Semantic interference Unrecalled items Recall in non-target language 335 ix

10 Contributors a l t a r r i b a, j e a n e t t e, University at Albany, State University of New York, USA a l t m a n, c a r m i t, Bar-Ilan University, Israel a t h a n a s o p o u l o s, p a n o s, Newcastle University, UK a v e l e d o, f r a i b e t, ESRC Centre for Research on Bilingualism, UK b a r d o v i - h a r l i g, k a t h l e e n, Indiana University, USA b a r t o l o t t i, j a m e s, Northwestern University, USA b i j s t e r v e l d, a l e x, Radboud University Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, the Netherlands b r y s b a e r t, m a r c, Ghent University, Belgium d i j k s t r a, t o n, Radboud University Nijmegen, the Netherlands d u y c k, w o u t e r, Ghent University, Belgium g o r a l, m i r a, Lehman College, City University of New York, USA h a g a, f e m k e, Radboud University Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, the Netherlands k r o l l, j u d i t h f., Pennsylvania State University, USA i s u r i n, l u d m i l a, The Ohio State University, USA l e v e s q u e, k y l e, Dalhousie University, Canada m a r i a n, v i o r i c a, Northwestern University, USA m a r t i n - c h a n g, s a n d r a, Concordia University, Canada o b l e r, l o r a i n e, City University of New York, USA x

11 List of contributors xi p u, x i a o p i n g, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong s c h r a u f, r o b e r t w., Pennsylvania State University, USA s i g n o r e l l i, t e r e s a m., Marymount Manhattan College, USA s p r i n k h u i z e n - k u y p e r, i d a, Radboud University Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, the Netherlands s t r i n g e r, d a v i d, Indiana University, USA s z m a l e c, a r n a u d, Ghent University, Belgium t r o f i m o v i c h, p a v e l, Concordia University, Canada t s e, c h i - s h i n g, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong v a n h e l l, j a n e t g., Pennsylvania State University, USA and Radboud University Nijmegen, the Netherlands w a l t e r s, j o e l, Bar-Ilan University, Israel

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