VARIABLES ASSOCIATED WITH LEARNING TO READ IN CHINESE
|
|
- Hilary Powell
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Part :tv Discussion VARIABLES ASSOCIATED WITH LEARNING TO READ IN CHINESE Erica McClure University of illinois at urbana-champaign This edited volume of papers stems from the collaborative research on Chinese children's reading acquisition carried out by Richard Anderson and his colleagues in China and the United States. The first paper in this section of the volume reflects one aspect of that research, the examination of the relationship between the home literacy environment to which Chinese children are exposed and their development of reading skills. The second paper in this section broadens the focus, investigating the ways in which orthographic systems affect L2 readers of English and Chinese. I will now discuss each article in tum. HOME ENVIRONMENT AND READING PROFICIENCY Many studies have explored the relationship between home literacy environment and children's reading proficiency. However, the subjects of most of these studies have been English speakers. Consequently, the study presented in Chapter 10, which examines the role of home literacy environment in Chinese children's reading development, makes an important contribution to the existing literature. The authors, Shu, Li and Ku, collected reading proficiency data from fitst and fourth grade students in Beijing and administered a questionnaire on the children's home literacy environment to the children's' parents. The children were divided into two groups-higher and lower-according to the educational background of their families. Three types of statistical analyses were employed (i.e., regression analysis, path analysis, and a correlational analysis) in order to examine the relationship between four aspects of the children's home literacy environment: parents' education level, literacy resources, parent-child literacy related G. C h o w d h u r y e t. a l (. e d s. ) P, o l y p h e n y l e n e O x i d e a n d M o d i f i e d P o l y p h e n y l e n e O x i d e M e m b r a n e K l u w e r A c a d e m i c P u b l i s h e r s
2 250 Variables Associated with Learning to Read in Chinese activities and child literacy related activities. The results of a simple regression analysis indicated that when the four aspects of home literacy environment were entered together, 10.3% of the variance in the reading test sc;ores could be explained for first graders and 17.5% for fourth graders. These results are congruent with those found in research with English speaking subjects and were to be expected. Of more interest are the results of the path analyses that Shu et al. conducted with the students at the two grade levels. The path analysis conducted on the data from the first graders indicated that only one factor, parent-child literacy activities, contributed directly to first graders' reading proficiency. However, the analysis also indicated two other causal relationships. Both parents' education and literacy resources in the home contributed to parent-child literacy activities. The path analysis conducted on the data from the fourth graders revealed a very different pattern. Three factors: parents' educational level, parent-child literacy related activities, and child's literacy-related activities contributed directly to fourth grader's reading proficiency. Again, literacy resources in the home did not contribute directly to children's reading proficiency but did strongly influence parent-child literacy-related activities. In explaining the fact that a child's literacy-related activities contributed to fourth grader's reading proficiency but not to that of first graders, Shu et al. quite reasonably suggest that fourth graders have sufficient ability to read by themselves but first graders do not. A more intriguing difference between the results for the first and fourth graders involves the parents' educational level. This factor contributed directly to fourth graders' reading proficiency while it contributed to parent-child literacy activities of first graders. Why this variable should make a direct contribution at the fourth grade level but not at the first grade level is not explained in the study and is certainly an issue worthy of further exploration. Shu et al. speculate that educational level might influence the manner in which parents communicate with their children which, in tum, may affect the children's reading achievement. They suggest that additional studies are needed to further explore how parents' educational backgrounds relate to children's reading development. Such studies might be patterned on the Bristol Study, a longitudinal study of language development conducted by Wells and his associates (Wells, 1986) which followed children from the age of fifteen months through elementary school. The study, which combined naturalistic data collection, language testing, and interviews with parents and teachers, stresses the centrality of literacy to school achievement and discusses why differences in children's performance on literacy related tasks might have been associated with family background. One of the factors associated with family background to which Wells assigns great importance is parents' engagement in reading and discussing stories with their children. According to Wells, it is through this experience that a child begins to
3 Chinese Children's Reading Acquisition: Theoretical and Pedagogical Issues 251 discover the potential of language to create a world of meaning that is not dependent on the nonlinguistic context. In concluding their analyses of the relationship between homeliteracy environment and reading proficiency, Shu et al. present a series of correlations between the responses on the parental questionnaire items and the children's reading scores. The results indicate that the number of books, magazines and newspapers in the home is highly correlated with children's reading proficiency at both first- and fourth-grade levels. Parent-child literacy activities were also correlated with reading proficiency at both grades. Children whose parents read more had higher reading scores as did children whose parents began to read to them and to teach them characters at a younger age. For fourth graders the frequency with which children read at home was also correlated with reading proficiency. When correlations were limited to data from families with a lower educational level, however, only the age at which parents began to teach characters was significantly correlated with reading proficiency of first graders. For fourth graders, the number of magazines and newspapers in the home, the age at which parents began to teach characters to a child, the age at which parents began to read to a child, and the frequency with which a child engaged in independent reading were all correlated with reading proficiency. No explanation is provided for the differences in the correlational patterns between first and fourth graders from families of lower educational background nor is an explanation presented for differences between the correlational patterns found for child from families of lower and higher educational background. Additional research to investigate the factors that might account for these differences would compliment the research proposed by the authors of the present study. This would extend a line of inquiry that has already made a significant contribution to our understanding of the crosslinguistic relationship between aspects of the home literacy environment and reading proficiency. WRITING SYSTEMS AND LEARNING TO READ A SECOND LANGUAGE In Chapter 11, Keiko Koda provides a very useful discussion of the phonological and morphological aspects of intra word awareness associated with literacy in two languages whose orthographies have quite different structural and representational properties-english, an alphabetic language, and Chinese, a logographic language. The main contribution of this chapter, however, lies in the investigation of the relationship between intraword awareness and literacy among L2 learners. Koda addresses three issues: (1) how and to what extent Ll intraword awareness affects the formation of L2 awareness and the subsequent development of lexical competence, (2) how L2
4 252 Variables Associated with Learning to Read in Chinese intra word awareness develops and how cognitively mature L2 learners progressively use their expanding intraword awareness in lexical learning and processing, and (3) the impact of limited linguistic sophistication on the development of intraword awareness among young, preliterate L2learners. During the past two decades, reading researchers have conducted numerous studies of the effects of orthographic differences on lexical processing. Additionally, studies of the effects of transfer have a long history in the field of second language acquisition research. However, little attention has been paid to the systematic investigation of the effects of Ll orthography in L2 reading. Consequently, Koda's discussion of possible transfer effects of Ll intraword awareness makes a particularly valuable contribution. Koda suggests that L2 intraword awareness is an amalgamated form of crosslinguistic interactions of Ll intraword awareness and L2 lexical input. She states that "there is a high probability that L2 readers can substantially improve performance efficiency through cumulative experience in processing L2 visual input using Ll-based procedures" (p.238 ). However, the continued reliance upon Ll-based procedures may limit the performance efficiency that can be achieved. Indeed, in her discussion of how L2 intraword awareness develops and is used in lexical learning and processing, Koda states that L2 character-learning studies suggest that: (1) the ability to use component radical information develops as character processing experience increases; (2) with limited character processing experience, L2 learners of logographic languages become sensitive to the functional and structural properties of the function-specific radicals; and (3) such sensitivity may determine, at least in part, the manner in which unfamiliar characters are perceived and processed.(p.241 ) Thus, rather than improving performance efficiency through cumulative experience in processing L2 written texts using Ll-based procedures, improved performance efficiency may come about primarily through the L2 learner's acquisition of the components of intraword awareness acquired by native speakers. In her discussion of transfer effects, Koda also reports the results of several earlier studies, which she and her associates conducted to investigate the intraword awareness of ESL readers whose Ll orthographies were logographic (Le., Chinese subjects) or alphabetic-syllabary (i.e., Korean subjects). In Koda (1998, 1999) she hypothesized that the Chinese subjects would be less sensitive to intraword structures and would display poorer decoding skills. In fact, the two groups differed neither in intraword sensitivity nor in decoding. However, while intraword sensitivity, decoding skills, and reading comprehension were all closely interconnected among Korean ESL learners, no such relationship was found for the Chinese ESL learners.
5 Chinese Children's Reading Acquisition: Theoretical and Pedagogical Issues 253 Koda interprets these results as an indication that differential Ll orthographic experience may not always generate efficiency differences but that they can induce a strong preference for particular processing procedures. This interpretation is congruent with the findings of Segalowitz, Poulsen, and Komoda (1991), who investigated the reading performance of French-English bilinguals with very high levels of skills in both their Ll and L2. They found that many of their subjects, despite being highly skilled in L2, did not perform as well on L2 reading tasks as on Ll reading tasks. They concluded that the differences between L2 and Ll reading in skilled bilinguals was analogous to differences in the Ll reading of skilled and less skilled readers. Namely, less skilled readers lag behind skilled readers in terms of the automaticity (speed and accuracy) with which word recognition is carried out. As a result, less skilled readers make greater compensatory use of contextual information to aid word recognition than do skilled readers. Thus, the lack of a correlation between intra word awareness and reading comprehension for the Chinese subjects-in this case, less skilled readersmay be attributed to the fact that they relied on contextual information to a greater extent than did the Korean subjects. In fact, in more recent studies, Koda and her associates directly tested this possibility and found that while Chinese ESL learners were significantly slower than the Koreans in conducting intraword structural analysis, they were far more efficient in integrating morphological and contextual information during sentence processing. Koda concludes that "Chinese literacy has long-lasting, clearly identifiable, cognitive consequences; and also that writing systems mold and shape particular cognitive and perceptual capabilities underlying lexical competence" (p. 239 ) These conclusions are supported by a study by Chikamatsu (1996) in which she investigated the effects of Ll orthography on L2 word recognition by examining the different response patterns of American and Chinese learners of Japanese while reading words in kana. Chikamatsu found that Chinese subjects depended more on visual information to recognize words in kana than did the English subjects while the English subjects depended more on phonological information than did the Chinese subjects. Thus, the two groups of subjects showed different word recognition strategies in L2 reading that reflected principles of each group's Ll orthography, further evidence of the transfer of Ll word recognition strategies to the process of L2 word recognition. However, in her conclusion, Chikamatsu brings up a point worth reiterating. She notes that several studies have found a variation in the dependence on visual and phonological coding (e.g., Baron & Strawson, 1976; Brown, Lupker & Colombo, 1994) even among native English speaking readers. Given that fact, more care needs to be taken in the design of studies comparing the performance of two or more groups speaking different native languages. In using inferential statistics to compare the performance of such groups, often the variability in the performance within one group and the
6 254 Variables Associated with Learning to Read in Chinese overlapping of the performance of some subjects across groups are overlooked. In the final section, Koda explores the possible impact of limited linguistic sophistication on the formation of intraword awareness among young, preliterate, L2 learners. Various authors have suggested that reading is a type of "psycholinguistic guessing game" in which a reader scans a line to pick up graphic cues, which are then used in the process of making a prediction, a guess, about the content of the written text (Goodman, 1970; Smith, 1971). While the guess depends on graphic cues, it is also dependent upon the reader's knowledge of the world and the syntax of the language as well as on contextual information that has already been read and understood. McLaughlin notes that "lacking the semantic and syntactic knowledge of the native speaker, children reading in a second language in which they have limited proficiency are at a considerable disadvantage" (MCLaughlin, 1985, p. 130). He further notes that many children also have difficulty with certain sound discriminations in a second language, if their first language does not include those sound discriminations. Downing (1984) would also take the position that preliterate children will acquire literacy skills more rapidly in their native language than in a second language. Downing claims that the cognitively confusing effects of teaching literacy in a second language will involve both structural and functional aspects, Koda's analysis of the difficulties faced by young, pre literate L2 learners of Mandarin is congruent with the previously presented views. She suggests that it is unlikely that learners, who have limited knowledge of their L2, will easily learn to recognize the significant functional units of Mandarin or easily acquire the metalinguistic ability required to adapt systematic, analytical approaches to character learning. Koda also points out that while children acquiring literacy skills in their L1 need to learn to attach visual labels to familiar words which are part of their oral vocabulary. Children with limited L2 proficiency need to build three linkages simultaneously: soundmeaning, symbol-sound, and meaning-symbol. She further notes that without prior literacy experience, children will have little knowledge of how print relates to speech. Differences in experiential background between L1 and L2 learners are also worth mentioning. Texts will be based on the background of L1 learners, thus, L2 learners may be deprived of some of the cues to textual meaning that are derived from world knowledge. The world-knowledge factor has been shown to make an important contribution to L2 reading comprehension in a number of studies (Carrell, 1987; Hudson, 1982). Koda concludes that these early difficulties will have consequences for the L2 learners' formation of the intraword- awareness skills underlying character learning and processing. Since characters introduced in the early grades become radicals used as components of the more complex characters taught later, L2 learners will be seriously handicapped if they fail to learn the basic single-unit characters. She suggests that even if such learners were able
7 Chinese Children's Reading Acquisition: Theoretical and Pedagogical Issues 255 to visually distinguish a character's elements, it would be virtually impossible for them to recognize the basic functions of individual phonological and semantic radicals. Koda, therefore, concludes, that if L2 learners have underdeveloped intra word awareness, their character learning will be heavily dependent upon rote memorization rather than on radical-based analysis. Thus, L2 learners will find it extremely difficult to learn the large number of characters requisite to functional literacy. Koda's analysis of the difficulties likely to be faced by young, pre literate children acquiring literacy skills in Mandarin, their L2, clearly is in accord with what is known about Ll and L2 literacy and the role of intraword awareness in reading logographic languages. What is needed now is a systematic program of research to investigate the predictions she has made. REFERENCES Baron, 1, & Strawson, C. (1976). Orthographic and word-specific mechanisms in children's reading of words. Child Development, 50, Brown, P., Lupker, S., & Colombo, L. (1994). Interacting sources of information in word naming: A study of individual differences. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition,20, Carrell, P. L. (1987). Content and formal schemata in ESL reading. TESOL Quarterly,21, Chikamatsu, N. (1996). The effects of Ll orthography on L2 word recognition: A study of American and Chinese learners of Japanese. Studies in Second Language Acquisition,18, Downing, 1 (1984). A source of cognitive confusion for beginning readers: Learning in a second language. Reading Teacher, 37, Goodman, K.S. (1970). Reading: A psycholinguistic guessing game. In D.V. Gunderson (Ed.), Language and reading: An interdisciplinary approach. Washington, D.C.: Center for Applied Linguistics. Hudson, T. (1982). The effects of induced schemata on the "short circuit" in L2 reading: Nondecoding factors in L2 reading performance. Language Learning,32, Koda, K. (1998). The role of phonemic awareness in L2 reading. Second Language Research, 14, Koda, K. (1999). The development of L2 intraword structural sensitivity. Modem Language Journal, 83, McLaughlin, B. (1985). Second -language acquisition in childhood: Volume 2. School age children. (2 nd ed). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Segalowitz, N., Poulson, C., & Komoda, M. (1991). Lower level components of reading skill in higher level bilinguals: Implications for reading instruction. In 1 H. Hulstijn & 1 F. Matter (Eds.), Reading in two languages. AILA Review-Revue De L-AlLA, 8, Smith, F. (1971). Understanding reading. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston. Wells, G. (1986). The meaning makers: Children learning language and using language to learn. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.
Program Matrix - Reading English 6-12 (DOE Code 398) University of Florida. Reading
Program Requirements Competency 1: Foundations of Instruction 60 In-service Hours Teachers will develop substantive understanding of six components of reading as a process: comprehension, oral language,
More informationTo appear in The TESOL encyclopedia of ELT (Wiley-Blackwell) 1 RECASTING. Kazuya Saito. Birkbeck, University of London
To appear in The TESOL encyclopedia of ELT (Wiley-Blackwell) 1 RECASTING Kazuya Saito Birkbeck, University of London Abstract Among the many corrective feedback techniques at ESL/EFL teachers' disposal,
More informationL2 studies demonstrate the importance of word recognition skills in reading (Baker,
Improving Literacy of L1-Non-Literate and L1-Literate Adult English as A Second Language Learners Julie Trupke-Bastidas Andrea Poulos Abstract This research focuses on effective practices for teaching
More informationCLASSIFICATION OF PROGRAM Critical Elements Analysis 1. High Priority Items Phonemic Awareness Instruction
CLASSIFICATION OF PROGRAM Critical Elements Analysis 1 Program Name: Macmillan/McGraw Hill Reading 2003 Date of Publication: 2003 Publisher: Macmillan/McGraw Hill Reviewer Code: 1. X The program meets
More informationFlorida Reading Endorsement Alignment Matrix Competency 1
Florida Reading Endorsement Alignment Matrix Competency 1 Reading Endorsement Guiding Principle: Teachers will understand and teach reading as an ongoing strategic process resulting in students comprehending
More informationMandarin Lexical Tone Recognition: The Gating Paradigm
Kansas Working Papers in Linguistics, Vol. 0 (008), p. 8 Abstract Mandarin Lexical Tone Recognition: The Gating Paradigm Yuwen Lai and Jie Zhang University of Kansas Research on spoken word recognition
More informationThe Impact of Morphological Awareness on Iranian University Students Listening Comprehension Ability
International Journal of Applied Linguistics & English Literature ISSN 2200-3592 (Print), ISSN 2200-3452 (Online) Vol. 2 No. 3; May 2013 Copyright Australian International Academic Centre, Australia The
More informationAge Effects on Syntactic Control in. Second Language Learning
Age Effects on Syntactic Control in Second Language Learning Miriam Tullgren Loyola University Chicago Abstract 1 This paper explores the effects of age on second language acquisition in adolescents, ages
More informationMiriam Muñiz-Swicegood Arizona State University West. Abstract
The Effects of Metacognitive Reading Strategy Training on the Reading Performance and Student Reading Analysis Strategies of Third Grade Bilingual Students Miriam Muñiz-Swicegood Arizona State University
More informationStages of Literacy Ros Lugg
Beginning readers in the USA Stages of Literacy Ros Lugg Looked at predictors of reading success or failure Pre-readers readers aged 3-53 5 yrs Looked at variety of abilities IQ Speech and language abilities
More informationLinguistics. Undergraduate. Departmental Honors. Graduate. Faculty. Linguistics 1
Linguistics 1 Linguistics Matthew Gordon, Chair Interdepartmental Program in the College of Arts and Science 223 Tate Hall (573) 882-6421 gordonmj@missouri.edu Kibby Smith, Advisor Office of Multidisciplinary
More informationTHE ACQUISITION OF INFLECTIONAL MORPHEMES: THE PRIORITY OF PLURAL S
THE ACQUISITION OF INFLECTIONAL MORPHEMES: THE PRIORITY OF PLURAL S *Ali Morshedi Tonekaboni 1 and Ramin Rahimy 2 1 Department of English Language, Islamic Azad University of Tonekabon, Iran 2 Department
More informationThe Effects of Strategic Planning and Topic Familiarity on Iranian Intermediate EFL Learners Written Performance in TBLT
ISSN 1799-2591 Theory and Practice in Language Studies, Vol. 2, No. 11, pp. 2308-2315, November 2012 Manufactured in Finland. doi:10.4304/tpls.2.11.2308-2315 The Effects of Strategic Planning and Topic
More informationTEKS Correlations Proclamation 2017
and Skills (TEKS): Material Correlations to the Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills (TEKS): Material Subject Course Publisher Program Title Program ISBN TEKS Coverage (%) Chapter 114. Texas Essential
More informationSyntactic and Lexical Simplification: The Impact on EFL Listening Comprehension at Low and High Language Proficiency Levels
ISSN 1798-4769 Journal of Language Teaching and Research, Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 566-571, May 2014 Manufactured in Finland. doi:10.4304/jltr.5.3.566-571 Syntactic and Lexical Simplification: The Impact on
More informationDyslexia/dyslexic, 3, 9, 24, 97, 187, 189, 206, 217, , , 367, , , 397,
Adoption studies, 274 275 Alliteration skill, 113, 115, 117 118, 122 123, 128, 136, 138 Alphabetic writing system, 5, 40, 127, 136, 410, 415 Alphabets (types of ) artificial transparent alphabet, 5 German
More informationSLINGERLAND: A Multisensory Structured Language Instructional Approach
SLINGERLAND: A Multisensory Structured Language Instructional Approach nancycushenwhite@gmail.com Lexicon Reading Center Dubai Teaching Reading IS Rocket Science 5% will learn to read on their own. 20-30%
More informationRED 3313 Language and Literacy Development course syllabus Dr. Nancy Marshall Associate Professor Reading and Elementary Education
RED 3313 Language and Literacy Development course syllabus Dr. Nancy Marshall Associate Professor Reading and Elementary Education Table of Contents Curriculum Background...5 Catalog Description of Course...5
More informationA Critique of Running Records
Critique of Running Records 1 A Critique of Running Records Ken E. Blaiklock UNITEC Institute of Technology Auckland New Zealand Paper presented at the New Zealand Association for Research in Education/
More informationEnglish Language and Applied Linguistics. Module Descriptions 2017/18
English Language and Applied Linguistics Module Descriptions 2017/18 Level I (i.e. 2 nd Yr.) Modules Please be aware that all modules are subject to availability. If you have any questions about the modules,
More informationA Study of Metacognitive Awareness of Non-English Majors in L2 Listening
ISSN 1798-4769 Journal of Language Teaching and Research, Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 504-510, May 2013 Manufactured in Finland. doi:10.4304/jltr.4.3.504-510 A Study of Metacognitive Awareness of Non-English Majors
More informationEffect of Word Complexity on L2 Vocabulary Learning
Effect of Word Complexity on L2 Vocabulary Learning Kevin Dela Rosa Language Technologies Institute Carnegie Mellon University 5000 Forbes Ave. Pittsburgh, PA kdelaros@cs.cmu.edu Maxine Eskenazi Language
More informationLinguistics. The School of Humanities
Linguistics The School of Humanities Ch a i r Nancy Niedzielski Pr o f e s s o r Masayoshi Shibatani Stephen A. Tyler Professors Emeriti James E. Copeland Philip W. Davis Sydney M. Lamb Associate Professors
More informationRoya Movahed 1. Correspondence: Roya Movahed, English Department, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran.
International Journal of English Linguistics; Vol. 4, No. 2; 2014 ISSN 1923-869X E-ISSN 1923-8703 Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education The Effect of Metacognitive Strategy Instruction
More informationIntra-talker Variation: Audience Design Factors Affecting Lexical Selections
Tyler Perrachione LING 451-0 Proseminar in Sound Structure Prof. A. Bradlow 17 March 2006 Intra-talker Variation: Audience Design Factors Affecting Lexical Selections Abstract Although the acoustic and
More informationLongitudinal family-risk studies of dyslexia: why. develop dyslexia and others don t.
The Dyslexia Handbook 2013 69 Aryan van der Leij, Elsje van Bergen and Peter de Jong Longitudinal family-risk studies of dyslexia: why some children develop dyslexia and others don t. Longitudinal family-risk
More informationUnraveling symbolic number processing and the implications for its association with mathematics. Delphine Sasanguie
Unraveling symbolic number processing and the implications for its association with mathematics Delphine Sasanguie 1. Introduction Mapping hypothesis Innate approximate representation of number (ANS) Symbols
More informationROSETTA STONE PRODUCT OVERVIEW
ROSETTA STONE PRODUCT OVERVIEW Method Rosetta Stone teaches languages using a fully-interactive immersion process that requires the student to indicate comprehension of the new language and provides immediate
More informationLanguage Acquisition Chart
Language Acquisition Chart This chart was designed to help teachers better understand the process of second language acquisition. Please use this chart as a resource for learning more about the way people
More informationThe Acquisition of English Grammatical Morphemes: A Case of Iranian EFL Learners
105 By Fatemeh Behjat & Firooz Sadighi The Acquisition of English Grammatical Morphemes: A Case of Iranian EFL Learners Fatemeh Behjat fb_304@yahoo.com Islamic Azad University, Abadeh Branch, Iran Fatemeh
More informationCurriculum Vitae. Sara C. Steele, Ph.D, CCC-SLP 253 McGannon Hall 3750 Lindell Blvd., St. Louis, MO Tel:
Curriculum Vitae Sara C. Steele, Ph.D, CCC-SLP 253 McGannon Hall 3750 Lindell Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63108 Tel: 314-977-2941 ssteele1@slu.edu Education Ph.D., Speech and Hearing Science, University of Illinois
More informationTHE EFFECTS OF TEXT PRESENTATION: LINEAR AND HYPERTEXT ON ENGLISH LANGUAGE LEARNERS
THE EFFECTS OF TEXT PRESENTATION: LINEAR AND HYPERTEXT ON ENGLISH LANGUAGE LEARNERS Tommy Buell McDonell Program in Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages School of Education, New York University
More informationNumber of students enrolled in the program in Fall, 2011: 20. Faculty member completing template: Molly Dugan (Date: 1/26/2012)
Program: Journalism Minor Department: Communication Studies Number of students enrolled in the program in Fall, 2011: 20 Faculty member completing template: Molly Dugan (Date: 1/26/2012) Period of reference
More informationLearning By Asking: How Children Ask Questions To Achieve Efficient Search
Learning By Asking: How Children Ask Questions To Achieve Efficient Search Azzurra Ruggeri (a.ruggeri@berkeley.edu) Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, USA Max Planck Institute
More informationAutomatization and orthographic development in second language visual word recognition
Reading in a Foreign Language April 2016, Volume 28, No. 1 ISSN 1539-0578 pp. 43 62 Automatization and orthographic development in second language visual word recognition Shusaku Kida Hiroshima University
More informationSecond Language Acquisition in Adults: From Research to Practice
Second Language Acquisition in Adults: From Research to Practice Donna Moss, National Center for ESL Literacy Education Lauren Ross-Feldman, Georgetown University Second language acquisition (SLA) is the
More informationInquiry Practice: Questions
Inquiry Practice: Questions Questioning in science Common misunderstandings: You can do inquiry about anything. All questions are good science inquiry questions. When scientists talk about questions, they
More informationTimeline. Recommendations
Introduction Advanced Placement Course Credit Alignment Recommendations In 2007, the State of Ohio Legislature passed legislation mandating the Board of Regents to recommend and the Chancellor to adopt
More informationLITERACY, AND COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
COURSE DESCRIPTION EDRD 611 Online: LANGUAGE, LITERACY, AND COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT (3 cr) Kathleen O Neil, Ph.D. Mobile & Text: 719-233-9409 Office: 351-2035 kathleen.oneil@unco.edu Students examine the
More informationImplementing the English Language Arts Common Core State Standards
1st Grade Implementing the English Language Arts Common Core State Standards A Teacher s Guide to the Common Core Standards: An Illinois Content Model Framework English Language Arts/Literacy Adapted from
More informationTAIWANESE STUDENT ATTITUDES TOWARDS AND BEHAVIORS DURING ONLINE GRAMMAR TESTING WITH MOODLE
TAIWANESE STUDENT ATTITUDES TOWARDS AND BEHAVIORS DURING ONLINE GRAMMAR TESTING WITH MOODLE Ryan Berg TransWorld University Yi-chen Lu TransWorld University Main Points 2 When taking online tests, students
More informationThe Effect of Discourse Markers on the Speaking Production of EFL Students. Iman Moradimanesh
The Effect of Discourse Markers on the Speaking Production of EFL Students Iman Moradimanesh Abstract The research aimed at investigating the relationship between discourse markers (DMs) and a special
More informationSCHEMA ACTIVATION IN MEMORY FOR PROSE 1. Michael A. R. Townsend State University of New York at Albany
Journal of Reading Behavior 1980, Vol. II, No. 1 SCHEMA ACTIVATION IN MEMORY FOR PROSE 1 Michael A. R. Townsend State University of New York at Albany Abstract. Forty-eight college students listened to
More information5. UPPER INTERMEDIATE
Triolearn General Programmes adapt the standards and the Qualifications of Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR) and Cambridge ESOL. It is designed to be compatible to the local and the regional
More informationPhonological and Phonetic Representations: The Case of Neutralization
Phonological and Phonetic Representations: The Case of Neutralization Allard Jongman University of Kansas 1. Introduction The present paper focuses on the phenomenon of phonological neutralization to consider
More informationTaking into Account the Oral-Written Dichotomy of the Chinese language :
Taking into Account the Oral-Written Dichotomy of the Chinese language : The division and connections between lexical items for Oral and for Written activities Bernard ALLANIC 安雄舒长瑛 SHU Changying 1 I.
More informationApproaches to Teaching Second Language Writing Brian PALTRIDGE, The University of Sydney
Approaches to Teaching Second Language Writing Brian PALTRIDGE, The University of Sydney This paper presents a discussion of developments in the teaching of writing. This includes a discussion of genre-based
More informationThe Effect of Extensive Reading on Developing the Grammatical. Accuracy of the EFL Freshmen at Al Al-Bayt University
The Effect of Extensive Reading on Developing the Grammatical Accuracy of the EFL Freshmen at Al Al-Bayt University Kifah Rakan Alqadi Al Al-Bayt University Faculty of Arts Department of English Language
More informationThe Effect of Syntactic Simplicity and Complexity on the Readability of the Text
ISSN 798-769 Journal of Language Teaching and Research, Vol., No., pp. 8-9, September 2 2 ACADEMY PUBLISHER Manufactured in Finland. doi:.3/jltr...8-9 The Effect of Syntactic Simplicity and Complexity
More informationLanguage Acquisition Fall 2010/Winter Lexical Categories. Afra Alishahi, Heiner Drenhaus
Language Acquisition Fall 2010/Winter 2011 Lexical Categories Afra Alishahi, Heiner Drenhaus Computational Linguistics and Phonetics Saarland University Children s Sensitivity to Lexical Categories Look,
More informationContent Language Objectives (CLOs) August 2012, H. Butts & G. De Anda
Content Language Objectives (CLOs) Outcomes Identify the evolution of the CLO Identify the components of the CLO Understand how the CLO helps provide all students the opportunity to access the rigor of
More informationDeveloping phonological awareness: Is there a bilingual advantage?
Applied Psycholinguistics 24 (2003), 27 44 Printed in the United States of America DOI: 10.1017.S014271640300002X Developing phonological awareness: Is there a bilingual advantage? ELLEN BIALYSTOK, SHILPI
More informationInternational Conference on Education and Educational Psychology (ICEEPSY 2012)
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 69 ( 2012 ) 984 989 International Conference on Education and Educational Psychology (ICEEPSY 2012) Second language research
More informationIB Diploma Program Language Policy San Jose High School
IB Diploma Program Language Policy San Jose High School Mission Statement San Jose High School (SJHS) is a diverse academic community of learners where we take pride and ownership of the international
More informationThis Performance Standards include four major components. They are
Environmental Physics Standards The Georgia Performance Standards are designed to provide students with the knowledge and skills for proficiency in science. The Project 2061 s Benchmarks for Science Literacy
More informationA Pilot Study on Pearson s Interactive Science 2011 Program
Final Report A Pilot Study on Pearson s Interactive Science 2011 Program Prepared by: Danielle DuBose, Research Associate Miriam Resendez, Senior Researcher Dr. Mariam Azin, President Submitted on August
More informationThe role of the first language in foreign language learning. Paul Nation. The role of the first language in foreign language learning
1 Article Title The role of the first language in foreign language learning Author Paul Nation Bio: Paul Nation teaches in the School of Linguistics and Applied Language Studies at Victoria University
More informationCognitive bases of reading and writing in a second/foreign language. DIALUKI (www.jyu.fi/dialuki)
Cognitive bases of reading and writing in a second/foreign language DIALUKI (www.jyu.fi/dialuki) Lea Nieminen, CALS, University of Jyväskylä, Finland Riikka Ullakonoja, CALS, University of Jyväskylä, Finland
More informationDOES RETELLING TECHNIQUE IMPROVE SPEAKING FLUENCY?
DOES RETELLING TECHNIQUE IMPROVE SPEAKING FLUENCY? Noor Rachmawaty (itaw75123@yahoo.com) Istanti Hermagustiana (dulcemaria_81@yahoo.com) Universitas Mulawarman, Indonesia Abstract: This paper is based
More informationTHEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOR MODEL IN ELECTRONIC LEARNING: A PILOT STUDY
THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOR MODEL IN ELECTRONIC LEARNING: A PILOT STUDY William Barnett, University of Louisiana Monroe, barnett@ulm.edu Adrien Presley, Truman State University, apresley@truman.edu ABSTRACT
More informationSummary results (year 1-3)
Summary results (year 1-3) Evaluation and accountability are key issues in ensuring quality provision for all (Eurydice, 2004). In Europe, the dominant arrangement for educational accountability is school
More informationThe Singapore Copyright Act applies to the use of this document.
Title Learning for listening: Metacognitive awareness and strategy use to develop listening comprehension Author(s) Zhang Donglan Source REACT, 2001(1), 21-26 Published by National Institute of Education
More informationDEVELOPMENTAL STAGES IN READING CHINESE AS A SECOND LANGUAGE SUN-A KIM DISSERTATION
DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES IN READING CHINESE AS A SECOND LANGUAGE BY SUN-A KIM DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in East Asian Languages
More informationDid they acquire? Or were they taught?
ISLL, Vitoria-Gasteiz, 13/05/2011 Did they acquire? Or were they taught? A Framework for Investigating the Effects and Effect(ivenes)s of Instruction in Second Language Acquisition Alex Housen University
More informationSTA 225: Introductory Statistics (CT)
Marshall University College of Science Mathematics Department STA 225: Introductory Statistics (CT) Course catalog description A critical thinking course in applied statistical reasoning covering basic
More informationAND TRANSLATION STUDIES (IJELR)
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE, Vol.3.Issue. LITERATURE 1.2016 (Jan-Mar) AND TRANSLATION STUDIES (IJELR) A QUARTERLY, INDEXED, REFEREED AND PEER REVIEWED OPEN ACCESS INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL http://www.ijelr.in
More informationC a l i f o r n i a N o n c r e d i t a n d A d u l t E d u c a t i o n. E n g l i s h a s a S e c o n d L a n g u a g e M o d e l
C a l i f o r n i a N o n c r e d i t a n d A d u l t E d u c a t i o n E n g l i s h a s a S e c o n d L a n g u a g e M o d e l C u r r i c u l u m S t a n d a r d s a n d A s s e s s m e n t G u i d
More informationUsing Moodle in ESOL Writing Classes
The Electronic Journal for English as a Second Language September 2010 Volume 13, Number 2 Title Moodle version 1.9.7 Using Moodle in ESOL Writing Classes Publisher Author Contact Information Type of product
More informationInformation for Candidates
Information for Candidates BULATS This information is intended principally for candidates who are intending to take Cambridge ESOL's BULATS Test. It has sections to help them familiarise themselves with
More informationAcademic Language: Equity for ELs
Academic Language: Equity for ELs NCSU Annual ESL Symposium May 19, 2017 Glenda Harrell, ESL Director Amanda Miller, ESL Coordinating Teacher Includes information from Title III/ESL Update to WCPSS Board
More informationAlgebra 1, Quarter 3, Unit 3.1. Line of Best Fit. Overview
Algebra 1, Quarter 3, Unit 3.1 Line of Best Fit Overview Number of instructional days 6 (1 day assessment) (1 day = 45 minutes) Content to be learned Analyze scatter plots and construct the line of best
More informationLA1 - High School English Language Development 1 Curriculum Essentials Document
LA1 - High School English Language Development 1 Curriculum Essentials Document Boulder Valley School District Department of Curriculum and Instruction April 2012 Access for All Colorado English Language
More informationraıs Factors affecting word learning in adults: A comparison of L2 versus L1 acquisition /r/ /aı/ /s/ /r/ /aı/ /s/ = individual sound
1 Factors affecting word learning in adults: A comparison of L2 versus L1 acquisition Junko Maekawa & Holly L. Storkel University of Kansas Lexical raıs /r/ /aı/ /s/ 2 = meaning Lexical raıs Lexical raıs
More informationLing/Span/Fren/Ger/Educ 466: SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION. Spring 2011 (Tuesdays 4-6:30; Psychology 251)
Ling/Span/Fren/Ger/Educ 466: SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION Spring 2011 (Tuesdays 4-6:30; Psychology 251) Instructor Professor Joe Barcroft Department of Romance Languages and Literatures Office: Ridgley
More informationCalifornia Department of Education English Language Development Standards for Grade 8
Section 1: Goal, Critical Principles, and Overview Goal: English learners read, analyze, interpret, and create a variety of literary and informational text types. They develop an understanding of how language
More informationPh.D. in Behavior Analysis Ph.d. i atferdsanalyse
Program Description Ph.D. in Behavior Analysis Ph.d. i atferdsanalyse 180 ECTS credits Approval Approved by the Norwegian Agency for Quality Assurance in Education (NOKUT) on the 23rd April 2010 Approved
More informationDEPARTMENT OF JAPANESE LANGUAGE AND STUDIES
FCC Curriculum 98 DEPARTMENT OF JAPANESE LANGUAGE AND STUDIES The Department of Japanese Language and Studies has two majors: Japanese Linguistics and Teaching Methods Japanese Studies Students entering
More informationSpanish Users and Their Participation in College: The Case of Indiana
and Their Participation in College: The Case of Indiana CAROLINA PELAEZ-MORALES Purdue University Spanish has become a widely used second language in the U.S. As the number of Spanish users (SUs) continues
More informationAlpha provides an overall measure of the internal reliability of the test. The Coefficient Alphas for the STEP are:
Every individual is unique. From the way we look to how we behave, speak, and act, we all do it differently. We also have our own unique methods of learning. Once those methods are identified, it can make
More informationCandidates must achieve a grade of at least C2 level in each examination in order to achieve the overall qualification at C2 Level.
The Test of Interactive English, C2 Level Qualification Structure The Test of Interactive English consists of two units: Unit Name English English Each Unit is assessed via a separate examination, set,
More informationLinguistics Program Outcomes Assessment 2012
Linguistics Program Outcomes Assessment 2012 BA in Linguistics / MA in Applied Linguistics Compiled by Siri Tuttle, Program Head The mission of the UAF Linguistics Program is to promote a broader understanding
More informationEffective practices of peer mentors in an undergraduate writing intensive course
Effective practices of peer mentors in an undergraduate writing intensive course April G. Douglass and Dennie L. Smith * Department of Teaching, Learning, and Culture, Texas A&M University This article
More informationMathematics Program Assessment Plan
Mathematics Program Assessment Plan Introduction This assessment plan is tentative and will continue to be refined as needed to best fit the requirements of the Board of Regent s and UAS Program Review
More informationLaporan Penelitian Unggulan Prodi
Nama Rumpun Ilmu : Ilmu Sosial Laporan Penelitian Unggulan Prodi THE ROLE OF BAHASA INDONESIA IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE TEACHING AT THE LANGUAGE TRAINING CENTER UMY Oleh: Dedi Suryadi, M.Ed. Ph.D NIDN : 0504047102
More informationLevels of processing: Qualitative differences or task-demand differences?
Memory & Cognition 1983,11 (3),316-323 Levels of processing: Qualitative differences or task-demand differences? SHANNON DAWN MOESER Memorial University ofnewfoundland, St. John's, NewfoundlandAlB3X8,
More informationWorkshop 5 Teaching Writing as a Process
Workshop 5 Teaching Writing as a Process In this session, you will investigate and apply research-based principles on writing instruction in early literacy. Learning Goals At the end of this session, you
More informationTable of Contents. Introduction Choral Reading How to Use This Book...5. Cloze Activities Correlation to TESOL Standards...
Table of Contents Introduction.... 4 How to Use This Book.....................5 Correlation to TESOL Standards... 6 ESL Terms.... 8 Levels of English Language Proficiency... 9 The Four Language Domains.............
More informationUCLA Issues in Applied Linguistics
UCLA Issues in Applied Linguistics Title An Introduction to Second Language Acquisition Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3165s95t Journal Issues in Applied Linguistics, 3(2) ISSN 1050-4273 Author
More informationProviding student writers with pre-text feedback
Providing student writers with pre-text feedback Ana Frankenberg-Garcia This paper argues that the best moment for responding to student writing is before any draft is completed. It analyses ways in which
More informationImproved Effects of Word-Retrieval Treatments Subsequent to Addition of the Orthographic Form
Orthographic Form 1 Improved Effects of Word-Retrieval Treatments Subsequent to Addition of the Orthographic Form The development and testing of word-retrieval treatments for aphasia has generally focused
More informationESL Curriculum and Assessment
ESL Curriculum and Assessment Terms Syllabus Content of a course How it is organized How it will be tested Curriculum Broader term, process Describes what will be taught, in what order will it be taught,
More informationReading Horizons. A Look At Linguistic Readers. Nicholas P. Criscuolo APRIL Volume 10, Issue Article 5
Reading Horizons Volume 10, Issue 3 1970 Article 5 APRIL 1970 A Look At Linguistic Readers Nicholas P. Criscuolo New Haven, Connecticut Public Schools Copyright c 1970 by the authors. Reading Horizons
More informationProfessional Learning Suite Framework Edition Domain 3 Course Index
Domain 3: Instruction Professional Learning Suite Framework Edition Domain 3 Course Index Courses included in the Professional Learning Suite Framework Edition related to Domain 3 of the Framework for
More informationIndividual Differences & Item Effects: How to test them, & how to test them well
Individual Differences & Item Effects: How to test them, & how to test them well Individual Differences & Item Effects Properties of subjects Cognitive abilities (WM task scores, inhibition) Gender Age
More informationLANGUAGE IN INDIA Strength for Today and Bright Hope for Tomorrow Volume 11 : 12 December 2011 ISSN
LANGUAGE IN INDIA Strength for Today and Bright Hope for Tomorrow Volume ISSN 1930-2940 Managing Editor: M. S. Thirumalai, Ph.D. Editors: B. Mallikarjun, Ph.D. Sam Mohanlal, Ph.D. B. A. Sharada, Ph.D.
More informationRequirements for the Degree: Bachelor of Science in Education in Early Childhood Special Education (P-5)
Requirements for the Degree: Bachelor of Science in Education in Early Childhood Special Education (P-5) Core Curriculum Requirements: 60 hours Minimum Academic Good Standing Grade Point Average:.75 Upper
More informationWriting quality predicts Chinese learning
Read Writ (2015) 28:763 795 DOI 10.1007/s11145-015-9549-0 Writing quality predicts Chinese learning Connie Qun Guan Charles A. Perfetti Wanjin Meng Published online: 20 February 2015 Springer Science+Business
More information5/26/12. Adult L3 learners who are re- learning their L1: heritage speakers A growing trend in American colleges
International Seminar on Third Language Acquisition Vitoria- Gasteiz, May 24-25, 2012 Adult L3 learners who are re- learning their L1: heritage speakers A growing trend in American colleges Maria Polinsky
More informationCEFR Overall Illustrative English Proficiency Scales
CEFR Overall Illustrative English Proficiency s CEFR CEFR OVERALL ORAL PRODUCTION Has a good command of idiomatic expressions and colloquialisms with awareness of connotative levels of meaning. Can convey
More informationEnglish (from Chinese) (Language Learners) By Daniele Bourdaise
English (from Chinese) (Language Learners) By Daniele Bourdaise If you are searched for the book by Daniele Bourdaise English (from Chinese) (Language Learners) in pdf format, then you have come on to
More information