Umalusi s research comparing syllabuses and examinations in South Africa with those in Ghana, Kenya, and Zambia

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1 Learning from Africa Umalusi s research comparing syllabuses and examinations in South Africa with those in Ghana, Kenya, and Zambia An Umalusi Research Report November 2007 Learning from Africa November 2007

2 Acknowledgements! " # # %! #! &! #! ' (!!! ) ' *+,!!! -!..( '/",!!. ')0 / /. ))!!!, )' "/' /.')" ) " %) # #! 1-# 231 / /!! /. #! *0 ' 10 #! #! 2/!%0 "-' 10 #* 2,2/!0 " )# #! * #! % 2/! ' #!, 2/!0 #( 0 ' '(! #)4 #! &2/!% #! 0 2/!0 (), #!// #! (&2/!0 i

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4 Contents /: )!;! 6< 0 6: & =! 6: 6> = B:!!76 07: 7: 7; 8B 8:!0 0 8; 0 :6 1!:C iii

5 Chapter One Introduction!! 2!!!!3!!!" =/! = = =! -!!!!!! /=!2// = + )! /! )/!!!! /!!? 6< 6B@ ( 0!! 0!! 6<, B<<C!!6B/( 0!B<<;!! = %!! =! - /!!!! B<<8=! +!!= /!! / //. - //!!! =!?0B@D 1

6 - //!!=! - =/?07@D -!!?08@ 9!!!! ' = +!!! - /!!!!! =!!!! -= /! //!! - )! - /! / - - %!!!! - =!!?2B<<>@! -=/ +! -!/! " #?2B<<>@% /!! 2 -! 23 ))- = 2/! 23!! + /!!!!3 =! - 0 & -! /!! E /! ' /! / F 3G /!E! /!! -!/G/!!?!/@=! - /!! / / /!! 2

7 COMPARING EDUCATION SYSTEMS 9 / /+!! / /!! G!!! // /!! 5!! F 3 / /!!/! / /?1 B<<<@' / /! # )! )! )! G! = )?B<<<@!!!! 3 =( 9! 0 /, 6AA<!/ /?( 9! 1B<<7@ 9!.I* ) =! /J?/ * ( * 6AA;B@!?6AA<BB@ I! /! / / )! J 5!!! 1) G/!!!)!?( )6AA;@' /( ) /!!! ) /! F3/!!! = E!!!!! 2 )!!%! / =!! /= / / 3

8 / =!E 6 5!!0! 4! =!! 5! G!G! / THE COUNTRIES IN THE STUDY AND THEIR EDUCATION SYSTEMS "!!!?=!@H!! /!!/ %! 6A;:<;<<?% 9! B<<C@B6<BA;:7?# % B<<C@)!!!!!! 6A:>)67;!6>>B<<:2( 3 /# 3?2(#@ /=?2( 3 /# B<<C@!!"! 6AC7!"7B87?09 B<<CD# % B<<C@")6:8!6>>2(#3 /=?2( 3/# B<<C@ )!! 6AC89! =66?# % B<<CD% 9! B<<C@)6CC!6>> ) 2(#3 /=?2( 3/# B<<C@!!!8C?# % B<<C@9 / /!! 6AA8!)6B< 2(#3 /=?2( 3/# B<<C@!!! +!=+ +?4 B<<7@5!!!! )?4 B<<7@ " //! ) 0=! 6 /!!!! /!! / 4

9 !0!!!!!!!- / STANDARDS, CURRICULUM, AND ASSESSMENT: INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES?(! /! " #?2B<<>@% 9 ) /, =!!!!!) D/! 3 D) /)?( 9! 1B<<7@ +IE /! / /!!! J?H 0 B<<87@/,! /! I!! / ))- /J?00! 6AAA6;B<<<8B:@ / /& / -/ 0!.! /! /!! ) 0-?/@9," * # 3 1 #*)2+) + /?( 9! 1 B<<7@9 /!! / / = 9?B<K@* # 3 1?6<K@ H?6:K@9 (/ /! )?( 9! 1B<<7@92/! / /? = /@!+!? /@/?/ ( * B<<7@?B<<:@!! /!!)!/! 5

10 (!! /!!) 5! /! )!!/(! )F/3!!! )!% L! F 3!! /!/!! =) ) / /' /% "?B<<:@ 2 =! =!! ) =+! /! = 5! /! / / /?,1!" (' 9 ), / /=! =E = / / E! )!! /! 0 /I J )!! E -? B<<:;A@ '. 5!)! / / / / 9,1!" 6

11 E? ' G =!! ) E!! /'!!! = ) ) 1!!. 3!5 / )! )!/ = 5! /!! -!! =/? B<<:7@ 5! / G!/!!! /!?B<<<@ ), ) %! //!! )- -! -= 4! 0 /9 = / = =! E! / -)=!!?E )@D /!! E!)?4! 0 B<<7@ =! = )!!=! /=! /?B<<:;@! ) / I -J% /!!! /. 7

12 !)! E D!!! ) / L/D! /!) D D =!!!) D!!!!? B<<:8@! /! 5 /!!!!!)) "?B<<<@!? //@!! = ))! /!! )! ))9 23- /!= 2!%! / /!!!!=) /?2B<<CD2B<<>@ THINKING ABOUT THE INTENDED CURRICULUM IN SOUTH AFRICA?(! /! " # %@ 9!! = /!!! F0 3 )!! + )?"6A;;@!!!E?' 6A;:@ /! )! F 3 8

13 -)? )6A;6D" I /!! J?* =' I!) (!! J?* ' / = ) /!! /! I/ / J? # 6AA6CC@ /! / /! )?( 0 0 6AAB@%! /!!=?&B<<:@!?2 B<<C@!!!! (0 /! 6AA8 I = JI/!! /! /J?0 B<<7BCA@ / E ) / )!!!! E /!! ( - 6AAC?B<<6DB<<>@ ( 4! )/!!!?B<<>@/!!! / G /!.!0 B<<:!/) - E /! /E! = /?0 5!- =/ = ) 9

14 E!D E!!?0 /! G )! )!!?' B<<6@ /! /?0 B<<:1/0 B<<<@ /! = /!! B<<C 2+/ &3?B<<:@F 3?2B<<C@!!! 23?2 B<<>@.!!!! D!!!!!!! 0! )! )!! / 5!! E -! -!! 2! /!!!!!! / = = METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY!! " #?2 B<<>@ /! // / 10

15 Interviews H "! / ) /!!= / )! Subject selection! -!!!! - -!! -/!! -E 9 =! 9! - %!!!! -!!!!!)!!! - 0 Data! -!!B<<8=!!! 9 / =!! -! 9 /)!/ '( )* +?1M6B@ B65 B<<:**, B<<C!B<<8=/= 1) / The evaluators! -=!!! - = =!! - /! /!!/= - //! =!! = )! 2!. 6 L L/ L 11

16 B # 7 0 /?@ 8 0 E : 0 / /?@ C! > # / )! L / / E! /! /!!= 9 E / /!!/!!!! /! / - 1/ 3=? " B<<6@! 3= +!=?!! " #?2B<<>@ The evaluation process =/ )! / )! ) 9/ / - Limitations 5/ /9!!! /!!! / E! /!!/! / +! =!! ( ) /! D!/ / / =!! / - / -!!!!!! =- - - /!!// - =!!!=!!!/ /!! 12

17 /!! E!! 13

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19 Chapter Two Overview of aspects of the four education systems ( )?6AA;B>A@ I! +! = /!! / /J0! = /! )!!! YEARS IN SCHOOL, EXAMINATIONS, AND CERTIFICATION 1!!!!! 9!!! /G //! = /!?=!@/! /!! / AG7!!!!!! 6 +!! Table 1: Organization of primary and secondary schooling in the 4 countries Country Years in primary Years in junior secondary Years in senior secondary Ghana 6 3, certificate issued 3, certificate issued Kenya 8, certificate issued 4, certificate issued Zambia 7, certificate issued 2, certificate issued 3, certificate issued South Africa 7 (or 9 years GET) 2 (or 0) 3 (3), certificate issued 6 CN7N7! 6A;>!!!?4 B<<7@!6A;>! - G- 15

20 !!!CN7N7 AN7 G )!!!!!! B<<> = )!A - ;N8!! =! >NBN7= &>&A ) - /! / AN7 >NBN79!/!!!- )!!! 9 /'! 9!! >N: =!A! D!!!>N: 9!! B<<7"! /?% )( B<<C@# "?=!!-!@! E ) /! 9 /!!! /!!! /!!!!5!!" / /)! / / // /! 9!! / ="/ / 16

21 THROUGHPUT "// /!!! = /L- = /!!! =/ 9! =!! ( =! / / ==!!! / /!/!G!!! /!!!!!"!! /E!! 9/! 6 A = 6A )* ) = -. C )*!7< )?! -@! / /) )/ -!!)! / / =! - 9 = )= 0! " / /!! % )! >C!!!/?4 B<<7@ /! / G! -!? B<<7@ 9 == )&6B' /!!! )! G!!!! &6B=! 69! /!! 17

22 ! / B<7<K!!! = B<<8G! =! / =! /! Table 2: Throughput rates Country Population estimate Enrolment in Year 1/primary school exams Year 12 examinations Rough percentage Ghana Between 19 and 21 million Kenya Between 32 and 43 million enroled for primary school exams in 2000 (likely to be considerably fewer than number enroled in Year 1) wrote primary school exams in 2000 (likely to be considerably fewer than number enroled in Year 1) enroled 41% (2004) 46% Zambia 11 million (1994) (passed) 10% South Africa 46 million enroled, passed (2004) B / /!!!!! 6!! "! =!! G!3! /(! /! 9 69B<<8 :<<<<<! - /B<<<<< 0!= 77< >6>=!B8:C<< 0!;:66> 0!? E! =! B<<<! G- B77;<< =, AC><< =B<<8/!/!G! 46% 18

23 =!! E )! 6 = 9!! &6! 6AABL7 ;:K! 6 " / /!:<<<<<! 8<<<<<!?/! 6AA>L;:;BBB7L8>86:6! 6AA;LAC<<CB6L8A;6B7@8>C<<< = B<<<?:<A<>BB<<6@BBBC>> = B<<8?BC<C:8B<<:@ 9! 6AA7? ' /6AA8 /. 6B8< AC696AAA6:AC<>>= >A77> ;9B<<667BB;7A= 0!68;7; 0!! 0!!!!D!! = SCHOOL-LEAVING CERTIFICATES (PRIMARY OR BASIC EDUCATION) 7!!! Table 3: Primary school/basic education qualifications in the four countries Countries Exit qualifications for primary school/basic education Ghana Basic Education Certificate Examination (Year 9) Kenya Kenyan Certificate of Primary Education (Year 8) Zambia Grade 7 Composite Examination (Year 7), Junior Secondary School Leaving Examination (Year 9) South Africa No certificate. (A General Education and Training Certificate (Year 9) is available in theory but in practice is only issued to adults) )!!!!!!!!!! ==! /!! "9! 0! 19

24 ! G /) / 5/!/!!= ) 0 )!?!! 0@= ) /0 )!! B:K!3!A %!!! )!!!!!!) /!! )! B<<B. C<K 8<K/!/!!!)? F! 3@) - ) )!! /9B<<:! / 9B<<C! 9B<<> / 2 ) ) 2!) 1! 0!! =%!! /9! A!!/E /!!!!.!! %! /=!/!G! =6B/= /!! SENIOR SECONDARY CERTIFICATES!!!/! 8 /!!! Table 4: Qualifications for senior secondary school in the four countries Senior Secondary Certificates Ghana Secondary Senior School Certificate Examination 20

25 Kenya Zambia Kenya Secondary School Certificate School Certificate (also General Certificate of Education for subjects passed if School Certificate is not obtained) South Africa Senior Certificate and Senior Certificate with endorsement 9"!! "0!!!! E / 6B!9!! Secondary certificate: Ghana! 0!= / *3!!/ = ><K! 7<K ) )) ) )!! - /? *!! : / //!)!? F! 3@!! Table 5: The Secondary Senior School Certificate Examination, Ghana Secondary Senior School Certificate Examination, Ghana Learners take six or seven subjects. Compulsory subjects English, Mathematics, Integrated Science, Social Studies Optional subjects (57) Learners must select electives organized into one of six broad programme areas (with some variation) General (Science) General (Arts) Vocational Business Agricultural Technical Includes elective Physics and Chemistry courses, as well as an elective Mathematics course. Would be likely to include English Literature, an elective course. Various vocational subjects Various business subjects Various agricultural subjects Various technical subjects 21

26 Secondary certificate: Kenya " 0!!! /=! -! / - ).! =!! E 9 N /!! )! N -9 &! 9 O!(! = "0!! */! )!9 E!! / 0N / )N F3F!3 / /! C / //!)!? F! 3@!! Table 6: The Kenyan Secondary School Certificate Kenya Secondary School Certificate A learner must enrol for seven subjects. Compulsory subjects Languages Mathematics English, Kiswahili Mathematics Optional subjects A learner must select two Science subjects and one from the humanities Sciences Humanities Any two of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology One from History and Government, Geography, Christian Religious Education, Islamic Religious Education, Hindu Religious Education, Social Education, and Ethics. A learner may then either choose an additional subject from the Sciences or Humanities above (although not more than one religious subject) or they may choose from a series of other subject groups. Group 4 Group 5 Home Science, Art and Design, Agriculture, Woodwork, Metalwork, Building Construction, Power Mechanics, Drawing and Design, Aviation Technology, and Computer Studies French, German, Arabic, Music, Accounting, Commerce, Economics, and Typewriting with Office Practice 22

27 Secondary certificate: Zambia 0!! - * / */) =) B8) /! 0!0! /! / - ' /0!! / G - > / //!)!? F! 3@!! School Certificate, Zambia Table 7: The School Certificate, Zambia A learner must enrol for six or seven subjects. Learners must pass six subjects, with at least one at credit level (5 or 6), or five subjects with at least two at credit level, in both instances including English. Compulsory subjects Languages Mathematics English Mathematics Optional subjects (32) A learner must choose two sciences, and then can select subjects from the other groups, but not more than one subject from a group. Sciences Mathematics Local languages Commercial subjects Social sciences Physical Science, Chemistry, Integrated Science Additional Mathematics Various local languages Various commercial subjects Various social science subjects Secondary certificate: South Africa! 0! 0! E! 9 0! 9 0!! '! - -! -'/ 23

28 !!!' - -)?@!!?'@/ - '! E!! L' 0!( 0!! 6<, B<<C 0!= B<<>!( 0!= B<<; ( 0!!!! *!5 *! -*! -! 9/ / ; / //!)!? F! 3@!! Table 8: Old and new certificates in South Africa Senior Certificate and Senior Certificate with Endorsement (up to 2007) Learners must enrol for six subjects and pass at least five, as well as obtaining a minimum aggregate. Compulsory subjects Languages (Group A) Optional subjects Group B Group C Group D Group E Group F Any two official languages, one at first and one at second language level, one must be the medium of instruction (in practice, English or Afrikaans). Learners must choose any four. In order to qualify to apply for university entrance (endorsement), requirements are stricter learners must have subjects selected across at least five different subject groups and meet the minimum aggregate (Group A contains official languages and is not repeated below). Mathematics Sciences (Physical Science/Biology/Physiology) Additional languages and third languages (e.g., European languages or South African languages at third language level) Economics/Biblical studies/geography/history/jewish Studies General subjects New National Senior Certificate (from 2008) Learners must enrol for seven subjects and pass at least six. Compulsory subjects Languages Any two official languages, one at home language (first) and one at 24

29 first additional (second) language level, one must be the medium of instruction. Life Orientation Mathematics Optional subjects Learners must pass a 10 credit Life Orientation course. This course is to be examined at a school level only. Learners must enrol for either Mathematics or Mathematical literacy. Learners must choose any three. In order to qualify to apply for university entrance, learners must choose from a restricted list of subjects and meet the minimum ratings as prescribed. SYLLABUS AND EXAMINATIONS SYSTEMS %! /!!. / == -!!!!! 9 /"//!!!!!E /!! Ghana, Kenya, and Zambia: independent examination, curriculum, and inspectorate institutions 9 = E D!!! -= )!! ' /!/ -!!!!! /! /! )! =!!!!.! =" -!! ) ) /!) -!!!! = - 9 /!/!= -= /? - / - ==! -@ 9! /!?0 /?@!! -/ -!! 25

30 !!/ /= / /! 90 9 / =/ ) / ) /! =! -!!! ) /! ) E! - /! / = /!!/ #=/. - - / E! E! / ) /! /! +3 '9HL9 90 /0! = // 9 = / ) = =! -!!"( = 0!"9! / -=! 9!= 0 9!!4 -! 9 = 0!)9! / -=! %!= 0?%0@/ / / -!! = 0!/ / )!0 /0 9! / = -!!! / -!=/= = E /!!! 9 = 5!!"!%0!/!%! =!%0! = ' / - = 26

31 =!= = +G!! = /! = )!= +! = 9 5!!) G) ) ' //)! 9! = 0 // /!!!/!!! / )!!!!! =! E!! /!! E! Curriculum development, and examination setting and administration in South Africa!!!!/! 9!!!?( 0 0 6AAB@ /!!!/! /!!!!!!% -=! /!, =/ / F 3!F 3!!/ F 3! 0!! )! - )! =)!! C< +!!,! -/! 9!!, + 9, ) 3 27

32 ! - (! - / / / / * / /! = =!D=! 9! G! -9 -= /! 9 = =! / 9 =?9@/!/ /0)H )5?0H5@ =!!!)! = ' /!!! E G2!! E =!2!!!! = / / E 2 /=) E!E!= E!)+!!&6B= /! 90H5=! 9 // Standardization of examination results +!! )!/!E /!)! +!!=?! =! -!! / )?! )! = / /! = 9! =!E /9!!!!!!!5!!! )!!! -! =! 28

33 !/! 9! /!!!!! /!= ))-! / ' /+!!! " 9!2-3) / /!! =3 +! =? /90H5@ 2= = /! = / =!/ /!! +!= ) = )-E! ) = -! /)! - -)! ) -/! = /! /= =!!!= = + ) 9"= - +! 0!-!- *3 G? "6 ;@!!!! )- -9)- )!! =3!-! )!! )!3! 9 /!!!!?! 0!=@ "!9 = 2!! ' /! /!! 29

34 5! )!!! - 9" -! - 9! 7<K!!)/!! /? )!&7@1! 9!! B:K!3! 2 //!! 9 ) = -2! 9!!!+ = Table 9: Overview of institutions/structures for syllabuses, examinations, and certification in the four countries Country Development of curriculum Development of examination syllabus Examination setting and administration Standardization of exam results Certification Ghana Curriculum Research and Development Division, an independent structure under the Minister of Education Examinations syllabus set by the West African Examinations Council, an independent structure which operates under the Minister of Education, but also operates across Anglophone West Africa West African Examinations Council West African Examinations Council, Ghana West African Examinations Council, Ghana Kenya Kenya Institute of Education, an independent structure under the Ministry of Education Kenyan National Examinations Council, an independent structure under the Ministry of Education Kenyan National Examinations Council Kenyan National Examinations Council Kenyan National Examinations Council Zambia Curriculum Development Centre, an independent structure under the Ministry of Education N/A Examinations Council of Zambia, an independent structure under the Ministry of Education Examinations Council of Zambia Examinations Council of Zambia South National N/A Examinations set Umalusi, an Umalusi 30

35 Africa Department of Education through convened panels by national and provincial Departments of Education, IEB, and BCVO. All examinations are moderated by Umalusi. independent body under the Minister of Education!!=!!? E!=!+!) )! -/ + %=!"!! "!!!!!.F&73 F 83"F6B3F6<3!/!!!!! F3! 6B!! SUMMARY OF FINDINGS Learner numbers and selection 9!!! "!/ 0!!!!D!! = /!! ' /!!! =!! 9!! ) =! / B<7<K! ) /!"! - /! ' /!!! 9/! //! 9!3 31

36 ! // ' /! ==! - # % & & '" =!! 3!9! //! )!! /!! The senior secondary certificates!"!e * 5!! =!!! /! )! 9!!!! / )!!!?/ ) 777K@9! / E 777K //!! ( & & &!&") " Structures and systems! = "!!!)!! =!! =!! = / -= /!!! )! =!!! + "# & & & & & ") 32

37 % & & && & *"! / E! =!! =!G2! /!!! =!" E!! /!! E! Standardization of examination results ) + "!!! =! = - (! #! ' /!+! /!G!! "! 0!=!9! E! - ) /!!! =! +!! %!!!!)! =!!= 33

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39 Chapter Three Subject comparisons / //!)!! -/!!!!! -! / )! - *#?2B<<>@!!!! " #?2B<<>@ / + BIOLOGY =. 0!. " 0!. 0!. 5! 0!. ' 5! 0!. (!( 0!.*! %!!9?9 B!! B<<7(! G! / 5! = - /!!!!!' B =!0H5!!! = = 35

40 / 9!=/=! =!! ). =!!! / #=!! /9!! - " -?#@9! / 9-9 / G 6<K! ) ' /!! - =!! Aims and organizing principle! =!! (! /= +! / Views of Science 9"! /! //! Content / G! = /! / /! /!!!/!! /!!!!./!!!!!! G = /!!!!!!!!. / D! =!! / / Recommended pedagogies 9!!/// ) 36

41 Examinations!!!! = D! =!! E! 3 /!! /!E /!/ 3 L E /! E E!!E!! 9C< ) =!!)! F3 E = "E = L =! / = /E! /!! +=! =! E = -!// E 3 / / =!E /! / E!!E! E!')!!!E /) ) 9= )!)! ) /!) / / F3( E /)!3'= " =!!) ) =! ) ) 9 = C<K )! =! ) ( /!!'!!! /!! 9!!! E!!'! " /!! /! )!."9!'!!)/! 37

42 / )-!!! )!! SCIENCE 6<!!!!!! E! -!!!! = Table 10: Science courses in the four countries Certificates Courses in the study Science subjects excluded from this study Rules of combination for science subjects Ghana Secondary Senior School Certificate Physics Chemistry Integrated Science Integrated Science is compulsory for all learners, Physics and Chemistry are elective Kenya Secondary School Certificate Physics Chemistry Biology (addressed in Biology section) Learners must select two Science courses. Zambia School Certificate Science Chemistry Physics Learners must select one Science course. South Africa Senior Certificate (old) Physical Science, Higher Grade Elective Physical Science, Standard Grade South Africa National Senior Certificate (new) Physical Science Elective / 9-9 /! /! ## 0!!! / 23? +@!! /#L 0! = -9!!!! 0# )/! )!-! # 2 38

43 =! 9! -! #0 " 0! - - #0!!= -!" 9?!@ '!# 0( -! -!# # /!#0!/E '!!!# 0!/E 9!! /'!! / % 6C6B68= B<<878K! 8<K 8;K *! 6<<K! = *>CA<8 A6K! /! AK?@ - +/ # 096<<K! -G#! / /=!! - %-!=!! / #L 0! /! //! //!!!!!!!. - %!! D - %! /D - % / -// -D 39

44 - %!!!/ - )!! = D -! / -!!!!!! 5! / /! #!!!!!/!! /! /!!! (/!!! Aims, coherence, sequencing, and progression! 9! E! 0 = +!!!!! ) /!!)!! 9! + 9! +9 +.=.!#D!!!D) / E =! E!!!/ =!!/!!! /! E! /!!!!! /= %=!!! / /!!!! / Content coverage and cognitive demand 0 / /!-!! =! /. / /!! 3 40

45 - / # 0' /! /! /!!/! /E /! /?E /?E ) /! =@!)! /!!! E! ) /! / /9 )! / Assessment specifications!!= )!! )!!!= 9=! )! = 9 /=!! /D!)!!!! Examinations = / /! /!E D )! -!=D =D=! E D )! / / /)! E )!)!!'?9@!= /!E!! /7' /! ' /!!! / "#0= /! /"#= /!! = E! )!! = E /6!!= =!! E 0 " /= 9! :<K! )?/! 41

46 ENGLISH E / 6B! =! Table 12: English courses in the four countries Certificates Courses in the study Rules of combination for English courses Ghana Secondary Senior School Certificate English (compulsory) Literature in English (elective) Learners must enrol for English, but can additionally enrol for Literature in English. Kenya Secondary School Certificate Zambia School Certificate South Africa Senior Certificate (old) English English Language Literature in English English First Language Higher Grade English First Language Standard Grade English Second Language Higher Grade English Second Language Standard Grade All learners must enrol for English. Learners must enrol for English Language, but can additionally enrol for Literature in English. Learners must enrol for two languages, one of which must be at First Language level, and the second at either First or Second language level. One of these languages must be the medium of instruction, which for most learners is English, and for a minority is Afrikaans. No indigenous languages are media of instruction in senior secondary school. South Africa National Senior Certificate (new) English Home Language English First Additional Language English Second Additional Language Learners must enrol for two languages, one of which must be at Home Language level, and the second at either Home Language or First Additional Language level. One of these languages must be the medium of instruction, which for most learners is English, and for a minority is Afrikaans. No indigenous languages are media of instruction in senior secondary school.!!. -!!/"!! /!! * -!! /!!! /!!! *!!/!!!?'@9 '!!! ' * * D 42

47 ! /!! )! /! / ) /! =!! 9 /!! =6<K! )!! /! %!!!! D %!!!!! Sequencing, progression, and pacing " /! E G!!! + 9! =E.!!!! ) /! Content /!! )) + %/!/ )!/ +! /!!! = 9!!! / 3* E =/ )! D3* E =/! %!!!! /E =!) / =!) 9!! / 6B/!!!!!) 3* 43

48 E =/D=! 3 * E! =!=!!D"/ )G!! Cognitive challenge! G/ - / /! = =!!/! / /!! 9!!!!/! /.!!/ = Assessment specifications "! /! D!!.!!D!#! ) =D) % + )3!3/ Pedagogy and methodology /=!! /= /!! =! /!! D / )!! // ' * * / (! =) L! Provision of curriculum documents 0!!) / // /!?/!!@ )!!!!!! / /! / Examinations 9!/! / F 3! /!!D 9*! / //E 44

49 /! /99 * )!/! /!E =!! = E =!! )! E!*! * 0!!! ==." =)! = )D!= =/=! + /!!! 9!* =)!! 9 E.!! = +! / 9 "=! 9E * )!/ D * E! ) / D! )! / */! / E!!! E 9 L E /! / E E E )) E!E ) MATHEMATICS %! /!!!! E / )!!!!!!!"! E /67 / //!!!!! 45

50 Table 13: Mathematics courses in the four countries Certificates Courses in the study Mathematics courses not considered in the study Status of mathematics courses in certificates Ghana Secondary Senior School Certificate Kenya Secondary School Certificate Zambia School Certificate South Africa Senior Certificate (old) Mathematics (Core) Mathematics (Elective) Mathematics Mathematics Additional Mathematics Mathematics, Higher Grade Mathematics, Standard Grade Compulsory Elective Compulsory Compulsory Elective Both elective South Africa National Senior Certificate (new) Mathematics Mathematical Literacy Additional mathematics Elective Compulsory /!! " 0!! '!!! /! ' E / ) /!!!! /! /!!!!! " /!!! /! / =/ (! ) Aims =!! - / / + =! 46

51 Syllabus coherence (! / / 6. )B.! 7. / B<<;! -! =6B/ Sequence, progression, and pacing E /!!! /! / / )!.!!!! / /!!!!! = 1 "! / /!1! / ) )!! /!!! Content coverage /!!!!!! =! #!( 0 *!! = E B<6<9 / / 5/ "!!.!! )!5/!!! =!" Examinations /!! 9"!.!!! E!! // 9!)9!! =!E!! //9! = )/!!E /D!!! / /!) 47

52 !3= 3 =!!) /!/!!! ' / ' / SUMMARY OF CURRICULUM COMPARISON! /. / = = -!!! /! ==!=! )!! =! /! /!! =. Compulsory versus elective subjects /! "!! - 9"! -9! 9#0 9"! #0 9! # 0, "! / E!! ) / 9"! 9! 9!! 9! E!! *' /!!3* /!!!!! Rules of combination 9!!= /!!!? = 48

53 !! -!! / /)!) # / / / F 3F3F! 3 F!3) "!! -!!! -E =! - Cognitive levels within subjects!! / -!! /! /9 /!! = )!! ' /!!!!! /! = * *!!!! / /!! Types of documents expressing the intended curriculum - 9" = - 9! = - 9!! = 9)!! -!=!! -? -@.! " / =!!!!!!! / +G /? -= )!@!/ 49

54 - & " & & & "& " /!!/! G! / / / 2 9!!!/!!! ' /!! +!!!!!! =! =! General comments on the intended curriculum 9! - /! /! 9!! & & " /!! )- / =!= / =! =/! 9!! 9!!= 50

55 Chapter Four Reflections on the new curriculum in South Africa E!! ) ) The aims of the new curriculum 0!! /!0! // 3!!!/ # =! )/E = /!! -9!! )!)! /9 I /!! E - 0 J?(! B<<7:@ /!!!/ 3 ) - ' / / ) / /! / +!/ / //! /!!!!!!! - The use of outcomes in the new curriculum! 5! + /!! / = /F 3!/F/ 3 - /! %!! 51

56 / /!! 2 E! -/! = =/ = /! =!! = /!!) = / E! 2!!= / %= /! F 3 / / 9!! 3 5 / +! )! G )!9 E -) /! )! /!!!!!!! -9 9! )!!! ' * * )!!!!! /! ' // =!!5/!/)!!!!9!! /!! /! E!!!! =F / / 3 F! 3 F 3 )! / ) % /!)!! =!! =!! /! 52

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