Private and Public Higher Education Shares for 117 countries ( ) , , , ,* Last Update: July 2010

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1 Private and Public Higher Education Shares for 117 countries ( ) *, **, ***, ****,***** Last Update: July 2010 Country 1 Private % of Total HE Enrolment Year Private % of Total HEIs Year Private % of Total Univ. Enrolment 2 Year Private % of Total Univ. Year Afghanistan Albania 12.0 (19,800/164,800) - 7 (28/40) Argentina 23.9 (489,039/2,048,876) (1,327/2480) (254,117/1,539,742) (54/99) 2003 Armenia 26.6 (22,600/85,100) (68/88) Australia 3.5 (40,000/ N/A) Austria (11/33) 2005/06 Azerbaijan 14.4 (17,500/121,500) (15/42) Bangladesh 14.4 (61,108/423,236) 2003/ (54/111) 2005/ (91,648/207,577) (53/74) 2005 Belarus 15.2 (58,300/383,400) (12/55) Belgium 4 (218,373/394,427) Program for Research on Private Higher Education (PROPHE) Page 1

2 Benin (27/28) Bhutan Bolivia (1,530/2,015) (56,764/312,769) (40/57) 2005 Bosnia & Herzegovina (N/A /12,200) 2006/ (22/30) Botswana 28.6 (6,000/21,000) (6/7) (1/ N/A) 2007 Brazil 74.6 (3,639,413/4,880,381) (2,032/2,281) (2,224,824/3,325,125) (203/303) 2007 Bulgaria 17.6 (58,380/332,654) 2008/ (16/53) 2008/ (39,107/246,523) 2008/ (7/43) 2008/09 Burundi - - (4/ N/A) Cambodia (56,563/97,524) 2006 (40/62) (18/26) 2004 Chad (400/ N/A) 2003 (2/ N/A) Chile 77.6 (584,722/753,543) (205/221) (340,702/509,523) (45/61) 2007 China 19.9 (4,013,010/20,210,249) (640/2,263) Colombia 49.6 (600,731/1,212,035) (197/279) (506,137/900,435) (116/171) 2007 Costa Rica 54.6 (93,730/171,792) (57/121) (86,951/162,925) (50/54) 2004 Croatia 11.3 (16,000/141,000) (28/49) Program for Research on Private Higher Education (PROPHE) Page 2

3 Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Democratic Republic of Congo (0/908,588) (13,712/20,587) 2005/06 (29/36) 2005/06 (0/4,861) 2005/06 (0/1) 2005/ (29,201/327,955) 2004 (95/237) 2004 (40,939/344,180) 2007 (42/70) (82,173/100,724) 1997/98 (39/ N/A) Denmark (4,367/228,893) / /08 Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Estonia 49.7 (160,603/323,439) (90,278/314,496) (447,000/2,325,000) (82,812/124,956) (12,315/68,399) 2008/ (38/43) (159,867/319,263) (236/402) (109/174) (35/42) N/A 2.2 (39,000/1,766,000) (79,299/115,715) (31/33) (37/65) (13/28) (25/26) N/A 52.2 (24/46) Ethiopia Finland 4 (32,393/308,966) (0/176,555) 2006 (0/20) France 4 (364,783/2,201,201) 2006 (147/3,500) 2005/ (13/84) 2007/ Gabon 46.3 (25,000/54,000) 2003 (3/ N/A) Program for Research on Private Higher Education (PROPHE) Page 3

4 Georgia 19.2 (29,400/153,300) (150/176) Germany 4.9 (94,285/1,920,102) 2008/ (122/356 ) 2008/ (15,760/1,339,274) 2008/ (21/109) 2008/09 Ghana 11.2 (8,000/71,600) (28/31) Greece 2005/ / / /06 Guatemala 48.1 (105,082/218,466) (11/12) (11/12) 2009 Honduras 19.7 (22,018/111,766) (9/15) (7/10) 2002 Hong Kong, China 59.0 (127,256/215,637) 2007/ (12/22) 2007/ (95,238/ 160,295) 2007/ (2/9) 2007/08 Hungary 13.6 (56,590/416,348) 2006/ (40/71) 2006/ Iceland 4 (3853/16,853) 2005 (3/8) 2006/ India (3,219,000/10,481,000) 2005/06 (7,720/17,973) 2005/ Indonesia (2,392,417/3,371,156) 2007 (2,766/2,897) (372/418) 2007 Ireland (0/20) 2005/ Israel 13.1 (26,860/205,149) 2005/ (8/61) 2005/06 (0/123,010) 2005/06 (0/7) 2005/06 Italy 7.2 (146,796/2,029,023) (17/83) 2006/ (110,624/1,780,743) 2006/ (17/74) 2006/07 Ivory Coast (1/ N/A) Japan Program for Research on Private Higher Education (PROPHE) Page 4

5 Kyrgyzstan Lao People s Democratic Republic (2,924,022/3,776,623) (4,199/4,689) (2,071,642/2,828,635) (580/756) Jordan (14/24) 2006 Kazakhstan 46.5 (347,100/747,100) (130/181) Kenya 17.9 (21,132/118,239) (17/130) (91,541/173,032) 2004/ (17/23) 2004 Kosovo 50.7 (38,000/75,000) (32/33) (15,800/218,300) 2004 (16/49) Latvia 32.4 (14,371/44,289) 2004/ (40,713/127,760) 2007/08 Lesotho Lithuania (16,438/193,928) 2005/06 The FYR of 17.9 Macedonia (11,509/64,254) 2007/ Malaysia (322,891/634,033) (31/39) (22/60) 2007/08 (34,172/114,965) 2007/ (16/22) (0/1) (19/49) 2005/06 (4,992/141,771) 2005/06 (7/21) 2005/ (5/8) (559/576) (11/28) 2004 Maldives Mexico 33.4 (745,018/2,232,189) (1,175/1,617) Moldova 24.0 (26,500/110,200) (48/108) Program for Research on Private Higher Education (PROPHE) Page 5

6 Mongolia Montenegro (N/A /20,000) - 8 (4/5) Mozambique 32.1 (7,143/22,256) (6/12) Myanmar 0 (0/ N/A) Nepal Netherlands 4 (361,177/516,769) / New Zealand 9.3 (23,763/256,468) (172/201) Nicaragua 47.5 (65,000/136,960) (69/118) (40/44) 2003 Nigeria 3.4 (37,636/1,108,199) (32/89) (23/75) 2005 North Korea Norway 4 (28,434/211,559) 2006/07 (32/70) 2006/07 (883/87,562) 2006/07 (1/12) 2006/ Oman (22/25) (3/ N/A) 2006 Pakistan 23.8 (103,466/435,130) 2007/ (57/124) 2007/ (40/94) 2007/08 Panama 18.3 (24,187/132,167) (59/71) (28/32) 2004 Paraguay 41.1 (44,722/108,812) Peru 51.1 (463,801/908,315) (263,354/523,359) (49/82) 2005 Program for Research on Private Higher Education (PROPHE) Page 6

7 Philippines 65.2 (1,589,866/2,438,855) 2005/ (1,431/1,599) Poland 34.1 (660,464/1,937,401) (315/445) 2005/ (20,654/563,062) 2005/ (6/24) 2005/06 Portugal 25.9 (98,664/380,937) 2004/ (110/165) 2004/ (67,157/241,054) 2004/ (46/65) 2004/05 Romania 33.8 (265,243/785,506) (37/67) (50,576/218,860) 2005/ (52/107) 2005/06 Russia 14.9 (1,024,000/ 6,884,000) (409/1,071) Saudi Arabia (1/8) 2006 Senegal 10.9 (4,140/38,040) (48/50) Serbia (N/A /239,000) (33/67) Slovak Republic 9.8 (20,098/ 204,082) (9/20) Slovenia 2.6 (3,552/136,990) 2007/ (8/29) 2007/ South Africa 4.1 (30,000/730,000) 2004 (80.7 (96/119) (86/121) 2001 South Korea 80.1 (2,565,888/3,204,036) (280/322) (1,439,297/1,836,649) (145/171) 2004 Spain (132,000/1,463,000) 2004/ (24/74) 2006/07 Sri Lanka Sudan (21/74) 2000 Program for Research on Private Higher Education (PROPHE) Page 7

8 Sweden (30,476/414,657) (24/60) (3/17) 2006/07 Switzerland Taiwan Tanzania 19.4 (12,400/64,052) 2006/ / / (13/21) 2006/07 Thailand 9.9 (173,007/1,750,777) (70/149) Turkey / (30/115) 2005/ /06 UAE (30/115) 2005/ (6/9) 2006 Uganda 15.1 (17,060/113,060) 2003/ (23/27) 2003/ Ukraine 10.5 (237,100/2,264,767) (175/997) United Kingdom (0/2,336,111) (1/139) 2006 United States (4,757,348/18,248,128) (2,667/4,352) 2007/ (4,463,537/11,630,198) (2,022/2,675) 2007/08 Uruguay 11.7 (14,426/123,139) (14/63) (14,273/95,396) (11/15) 2003 Venezuela Vietnam 10.4 (137,760/1,319,754) (29/230) Yemen (3/5) 2006 Program for Research on Private Higher Education (PROPHE) Page 8

9 Zambia Zimbabwe 4.5 (1,797/39,797) 2003/ (5/12) 2003/ * This global table derives mostly from PROPHE s four regional tables: Africa, Asia, Europe, and Latin America. The major exception is inclusion of the United States here. There is also inclusion of five Middle Eastern countries not shown in Africa or any other regional table, but the data are sparse for Middle Eastern countries, many of which have just opened private institutions, and the region s overall higher education numbers mostly remain small. The only countries we show here are Jordan, Oman, Saudi Arabia, UAE, and Yemen, and among them only Oman shows substantial data. ** Although the data come from the most reliable sources found usually official sources criteria and inclusiveness both vary greatly across countries and regions, so comparisons should be drawn only with caution. For example, the meaning of higher education, university, and tertiary education varies. In some databases, only accredited or at least licensed institutions are counted; in others, the figures are more broadly inclusive. There are also differences in how to count enrolments and in many other respects. Further details and caveats see PROPHE s four regional tables. Attention to such matters is keener in PROPHE s in-depth data work on individual countries. See *** Except for some pre-2000 data on several African countries. Also, in some cases no date is noted. For sources and comments on individual countries from Africa, Asia, Europe, and Latin America, see the pertinent regional tables. **** For the following countries, on which we have no other data, the World Bank, Accelerating Catch-up: Tertiary education for growth in Sub-Saharan Africa, Washington, D.C, 2009, gives the following figures for the number of private HEIs: Angola 7, Burkina Faso 4, Cape Verde 1, Central African Republic 4, Guinea 1, Liberia 3, Malawi 0, Mali 2, Mauritania 0, Namibia 1, Niger 0, Rwanda 12, and Togo 22. ***** If we sum all the enrolment data for Latin America, we get a private share of 48.2 %, but caution is required as national data range from 2002 to 2007 and we lack Bolivian enrolments. The private regional LA enrolment share was 46.6% in 2003; according to IESALC- UNESCO (2006), Informe sobre la Educación Superior en América Latina y El Caribe : La metamorfosis de la educación superior, Caracas. If we sum all the enrolment data for Asia, we get a private share of 36.4%, excluding countries and regions where either private enrolments or total enrolments are not available. If we sum all the enrolment data for Africa, we get a private share of Program for Research on Private Higher Education (PROPHE) Page 9

10 14.6%, excluding Benin, Chad, Ethiopia and Ivory Coast, countries and regions where either private enrolments or total enrolments are not available. If we sum all the enrolment data for Europe, we get a private share of 16.0%, excluding countries and regions where either private enrolments or total enrolments are not available, such as Austria, Ireland, Spain and Turkey. If we take the enrollment data drawn from the regional tables (48% for Latin America, 36.4% for Asia, 16.0% for Europe, and 14.6% for Africa), and if we weigh in the U.S.A. at 26.1%, we get a private share of total global higher education as 31.3%. 1 For the Latin American countries, data include undergraduate and graduate enrolment, except for Argentina, Bolivia, Uruguay, and Venezuela where only undergraduate is depicted. 2 University centers, university institutions or university institutes count within the university sector for Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, and Uruguay. 3 Although some numbers are shown by sources, they are not solid enough to place in the table, particularly in regard to inconsistency about what is counted as higher education. 4 For several West European countries, there is great ambiguity on what is private. The OECD and Eurydice databases refer to public institutions and to independent private and also to government-dependent private institutions. The latter two types may be legally private, administered by nongovernment agencies such as churches, businesses, trade unions, or other bodies. Yet only the independent privates normally are seen as functionally private within the country. According to both databases, the difference between independent private institutions and government-dependent private institutions lies in the degree of core funding a private institution gets from government. If an institution receives 50% or more of its core funding from the government, it is considered government-dependent; in turn, if an institution receives less than 50% of its core funding from the government, it is counted as independent private institution. In each case we put the inclusive private figure into the table and then give the independent private figure in the note to that country. PROPHE s general preference is to list and count as private whatever is legally private and to count as public whatever is legally public and then explore empirically what these institutions are like in practice. Additionally, many government-dependent institutions are more autonomous (or private ) in government than are public institutions, and, in any event, the 50% core funding mark is somewhat arbitrary. Still, in the interest of full information, we show separately both the total private figure (in the table) and the independent private share (in the notes). 5 AL-Omari, Aieman. and Obeidat, Osamha. University Missions/Goals in the Context of Globalization: Public and Private Institutions in the Middle East. International Journal of Private Higher Education 2006 (1): Program for Research on Private Higher Education (PROPHE) Page 10

11 6 Sources: Ministry of Education, Oman For the number of the university, Al-Lamki, Salma M. and Qaboos, Sultan. The Development of Private Higher Education in the Sultanate of Oman: Perception and Analysis. International Journal of Private Higher Education 2006 (1), [online] available at 7 Provided by Yussra Jamjoom. 8 AL-Omari, Aieman. and Obeidat, Osamha, Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. Digest of Education Statistics: For enrollments: For institutions: Also see PROPHE s U.S. case online at 10 AL-Omari, Aieman. and Obeidat, Osamha, Program for Research on Private Higher Education (PROPHE) Page 11

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