Virginia State Standards Alignments Kindergarten through Grade Twelve

Transcription

1 Virginia State Standards Alignments Kindergarten through Grade Twelve Trademark of Renaissance Learning, Inc., and its subsidiaries, registered, common law, or pending registration in the United States and other countries. P.O. Box 8036 Wisconsin Rapids, WI Phone: (715) Fax: (715)

2 Virginia State Standards Alignments The Report is a standardsoriented document showing the entire list of standards for the subject and grade on the left side of the report with the aligning product objectives on the right side. This alignment report shows the breadth of standards coverage for the purpose and focus of this product. Alignments are for both English and Spanish quizzes. Introduction Letter...iii Kindergarten... 1 Grade Grade Grade Grade Grade Grade Grade Grade Grade Grade Grade Grade Copyright 2008 by Renaissance Learning, Inc. All rights reserved. No portion of this document may be reproduced, by any process or technique, without the express written consent of Renaissance Learning, Inc. ii

3 Note to educator: Thank you for your interest in Renaissance Learning technology. The attached document contains the alignment between the software and/or instructional materials and the skills described in the state standard documentation. At Renaissance Learning, we recognize the impact that the standards-based reform movement and high-stakes standardized testing have on schools, and we share the concerns of educators and administrators that students perform well on high-stakes assessments. We hope that this report answers your questions regarding the alignment of Renaissance Learning technology and materials to your state standards. If you have any questions about the attached document, please feel free to call us at (877) Sincerely, Renaissance Sales and Funding Staff Helping educators improve schools through technology, professional development and research P.O. Box 8036 Wisconsin Rapids, WI Phone: (715) Fax: (715) iii

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5 Virginia, English Language Arts, 2002, Kindergarten, Standards of Kindergarten - ORAL LANGUAGE VA K.1 - The student will demonstrate growth in the use of oral language. VA K.1a - Listen to a variety of literary forms, including stories and poems. VA K.1b - Participate in choral speaking and recite short poems, rhymes, songs, and stories with repeated patterns. VA K.1c - Participate in creative dramatics. VA K.1d - Begin to discriminate between spoken sentences, words, and syllables. VA K.1e - Recognize rhyming words. VA K.1f - Generate rhyming words in a rhyming pattern. VA K.2 - The student will use listening and speaking vocabularies. Skill Area 5 - Recorded Voice Quizzes (RVQ) Skill 1 - RVQ1 Listening to modeled reading VA K.2a - Use number words. VA K.2b - Use words to describe/name people, places, and things. VA K.2c - Use words to describe location, size, color, and shape. VA K.2d - Use words to describe actions. VA K.2e - Ask about words not understood. VA K.2f - Follow one-step and twostep directions. Skill Area 5 - Recorded Voice Quizzes (RVQ) Skill 2 - RVQ2 Following oral instructions VA K.2g - Begin to ask how and why questions. VA K.3 - The student will build oral communication skills. VA K.3a - Begin to follow implicit rules for conversation, including taking turns and staying on topic. VA K.3b - Express ideas and needs in complete sentences. VA K.3c - Begin to use voice level, phrasing, and intonation appropriate for language situation. Page 1 of 59

6 Virginia, English Language Arts, 2002, Kindergarten, Standards of Kindergarten VA K.3d - Listen and speak in informal conversations with peers and adults. VA K.3e - Begin to initiate conversations. VA K.3f - Participate in discussions about books and specific topics. VA K.4 - The student will hear, say, and manipulate phonemes (small units of sound) of spoken language. VA K.4a - Identify orally words which rhyme. VA K.4b - Identify words orally according to shared beginning or ending sounds. VA K.4c - Blend sounds orally to make words or syllables. VA K.4d - Divide one-syllable words into sounds (phonemes). VA K.4e - Divide words into syllables. - READING VA K.5 - The student will understand how print is organized and read. VA K.5a - Hold print materials in the correct position. VA K.5b - Identify the front cover, back cover, and title page of a book. VA K.5c - Follow words from left to right and top to bottom on a printed page. VA K.5d - Match voice with print: syllables, words, and phrases. VA K.6 - The student will demonstrate an understanding that print makes sense. VA K.6a - Explain that printed materials provide information. VA K.6b - Identify common signs and logos. VA K.6c - Read ten high-frequency words. Page 2 of 59 Skill Area 6 - Other Reading Quizzes (ORQ) Skill Area 1 - Overall Product (OP) Skill 2 - RPQ02 Identifying book title and author Skill 2 - ORQ02 Identifying book title and author Skill 2 - OP02 Developing concepts of print (for early readers) Skill 8 - RPQ08 Recognizing and reading words

7 Virginia, English Language Arts, 2002, Kindergarten, Standards of Kindergarten Skill Area 6 - Other Skill 9 - ORQ09 Reading Quizzes (ORQ) Recognizing and reading VA K.6d - Read and explain own writing and drawings. VA K.7 - The student will develop an understanding of basic phonetic principles. VA K.7a - Identify and name both uppercase and lowercase letters of the alphabet. VA K.7b - Match consonant and short vowel sounds to appropriate letters. VA K.7c - Identify beginning consonant sounds in single-syllable words. VA K.8 - The student will demonstrate comprehension of fiction and nonfiction. VA K.8a - Use pictures to make predictions about content. VA K.8b - Retell familiar stories using beginning, middle, and end. VA K.8c - Discuss characters, setting, and events. VA K.8d - Use story language in discussions and retellings. VA K.8e - Identify what an author does and what an illustrator does. VA K.8f - Identify the topics of nonfiction selections. - WRITING VA K.9 - The student will print the uppercase and lowercase letters of the alphabet independently. VA K.10 - The student will print his/her first and last name. Page 3 of 59 Skill Area 13 - Vocabulary Acquisition (VA) Skill Area 10 - Literacy Inferential Comprehension (IC) Skill Area 6 - Other Reading Quizzes (ORQ) Skill Area 8 - Literacy Initial Understanding (IU) words Skill 3 - VA03 Recognizing words Skill 5 - IC05 Making Predictions Skill 14 - RPQ14 Recalling sequence of events Skill 15 - ORQ15 Recalling sequence of events Skill 6 - IU06 Understanding Sequence

8 Virginia, English Language Arts, 2002, Kindergarten, Standards of Kindergarten VA K.11 - The student will write to communicate ideas. VA K.11a - Draw pictures and/or use letters and phonetically spelled words to write about experiences, stories, people, objects, or events. VA K.11b - Write left to right and top to bottom. VA K.12 - The student will explore the uses of available technology for reading and writing. Page 4 of 59

9 Grade 1 Virginia, English Language Arts, 2002, Grade 1, Standards of - ORAL LANGUAGE VA The student will continue to demonstrate growth in the use of oral language. VA 1.1a - Listen and respond to a variety of media, including books, audiotapes, videos, and other ageappropriate materials. VA 1.1b - Tell and retell stories and events in logical order. VA 1.1c - Participate in a variety of oral language activities, including choral speaking and reciting short poems, rhymes, songs, and stories with repeated patterns. VA 1.1d - Express ideas orally in complete sentences. VA The student will continue to expand and use listening and speaking vocabularies. VA 1.2a - Increase oral descriptive vocabulary. VA 1.2b - Begin to ask for clarification and explanation of words and ideas. VA 1.2c - Follow simple two-step oral directions. Skill Area 5 - Recorded Voice Quizzes (RVQ) Skill Area 5 - Recorded Voice Quizzes (RVQ) Skill 1 - RVQ1 Listening to modeled reading Skill 2 - RVQ2 Following oral instructions VA 1.2d - Give simple two-step oral directions. VA 1.2e - Use singular and plural nouns. VA The student will adapt or change oral language to fit the situation. VA 1.3a - Initiate conversation with peers and adults. VA 1.3b - Follow rules for conversation. VA 1.3c - Use appropriate voice level in small-group settings. VA 1.3d - Ask and respond to questions in small-group settings. VA The student will orally identify and manipulate phonemes (small units of sound) in syllables and multisyllable words. VA 1.4a - Count phonemes (sounds) in syllables or words with a maximum of three syllables. Page 5 of 59

10 Grade 1 Virginia, English Language Arts, 2002, Grade 1, Standards of VA 1.4b - Add or delete phonemes (sounds) orally to change syllables or words. VA 1.4c - Create rhyming words orally. VA 1.4d - Blend sounds to make word parts and words with one to three syllables. - READING VA The student will apply knowledge of how print is organized and read. VA 1.5a - Read from left to right and Skill Area 1 - Overall top to bottom. Product (OP) VA 1.5b - Match spoken words with print. VA 1.5c - Identify letters, words, and sentences. VA The student will apply phonetic principles to read and spell. Skill 2 - OP02 Developing concepts of print (for early readers) VA 1.6a - Use beginning and ending consonants to decode and spell single-syllable words. VA 1.6b - Use two-letter consonant blends to decode and spell singlesyllable words. VA 1.6c - Use beginning consonant digraphs to decode and spell singlesyllable words. VA 1.6d - Use short vowel sounds to decode and spell single-syllable words. VA 1.6e - Blend beginning, middle, and ending sounds to recognize and read words. VA 1.6f - Use word patterns to decode unfamiliar words. VA 1.6g - Use compound words. VA 1.6h - Read and spell common, high-frequency sight words, including the, said, and come. Skill Area 13 - Vocabulary Acquisition (VA) Skill 6 - VA06 Recognizing Compound words Skill 8 - RPQ08 Recognizing and reading words Skill Area 6 - Other Reading Quizzes (ORQ) Skill 9 - ORQ09 Recognizing and reading words Page 6 of 59

11 Grade 1 Virginia, English Language Arts, 2002, Grade 1, Standards of Skill Area 13 - Skill 3 - VA03 Vocabulary Acquisition Recognizing words (VA) VA The student will use meaning clues and language structure to expand vocabulary when reading. VA 1.7a - Use titles and pictures. VA 1.7b - Use knowledge of the story and topic to read words. VA 1.7c - Use knowledge of sentence structure. Skill Area 6 - Other Reading Quizzes (ORQ) Skill Area 13 - Vocabulary Acquisition (VA) Skill Area 6 - Other Reading Quizzes (ORQ) Skill 2 - RPQ02 Identifying book title and author Skill 2 - ORQ02 Identifying book title and author Skill 9 - VA09 Using context clues to infer the meaning of unfamiliar words Skill 1 - RPQ01 Reading and understanding English vocabulary and sentence structure Skill 1 - ORQ01 Reading and understanding English vocabulary and sentence structure VA 1.7d - Reread and self-correct. VA The student will read familiar stories, poems, and passages with fluency and expression. VA The student will read and demonstrate comprehension of a variety of fiction and nonfiction. VA 1.9a - Preview the selection. VA 1.9b - Set a purpose for reading. Skill Area 13 - Vocabulary Acquisition (VA) Skill 8 - VA08 Using syntax to identify word meanings VA 1.9c - Relate previous experiences to what is read. VA 1.9d - Make predictions about content. Skill Area 10 - Literacy Inferential Comprehension (IC) Skill 5 - IC05 Making Predictions Page 7 of 59

12 Grade 1 Virginia, English Language Arts, 2002, Grade 1, Standards of VA 1.9e - Ask and answer who, what, Skill 5 - RPQ05 when, where, why, and how Answering clarifying questions about what is read. questions about what was read (Who, what, when, where, why, and VA 1.9f - Identify characters, setting, and important events. Skill Area 6 - Other Reading Quizzes (ORQ) Skill Area 6 - Other Reading Quizzes (ORQ) how) Skill 6 - ORQ06 Answering clarifying questions about what was read (Who, what, when, where, why, and how) Skill 10 - RPQ10 Recognizing setting Skill 15 - RPQ15 Identifying significant events Skill 19 - RPQ19 Identifying characters Skill 11 - ORQ11 Recognizing setting VA 1.9g - Retell stories and events, using beginning, middle, and end. VA 1.9h - Identify the topic or main idea. Skill Area 8 - Literacy Initial Understanding (IU) Skill Area 9 - Literacy Literary Analysis (LA) Skill Area 6 - Other Reading Quizzes (ORQ) Skill Area 8 - Literacy Initial Understanding (IU) Skill Area 6 - Other Reading Quizzes (ORQ) Skill 16 - ORQ16 Identifying significant events Skill 20 - ORQ20 Identifying characters Skill 1 - IU01 Describing Actions or Events Skill 2 - LA02 Recognizing Setting Skill 14 - RPQ14 Recalling sequence of events Skill 15 - ORQ15 Recalling sequence of events Skill 6 - IU06 Understanding Sequence Skill 16 - RPQ16 Identifying the main idea Skill 17 - ORQ17 Identifying the main idea Page 8 of 59

13 Grade 1 Virginia, English Language Arts, 2002, Grade 1, Standards of Skill Area 11 - Literacy Constructing Meaning (CM) VA The student will use simple reference materials. VA 1.10a - Use knowledge of alphabetical order by first letter. VA 1.10b - Use a picture dictionary to find meanings of unfamiliar words. - WRITING VA The student will print legibly. VA 1.11a - Form letters. VA 1.11b - Space words and sentences. VA The student will write to communicate ideas. VA 1.12a - Generate ideas. VA 1.12b - Focus on one topic. VA 1.12c - Use descriptive words when writing about people, places, things, and events. VA 1.12d - Use complete sentences in final copies. VA 1.12e - Begin each sentence with a capital letter and use ending punctuation in final copies. VA 1.12f - Use correct spelling for high-frequency sight words and phonetically regular words in final copies. VA 1.12g - Share writing with others. VA 1.12h - Use available technology. Skill 6 - CM06 Understanding the Main Idea Page 9 of 59

14 Grade 2 Virginia, English Language Arts, 2002, Grade 2, Standards of - ORAL LANGUAGE VA The student will demonstrate an understanding of oral language structure. VA 2.1a - Create oral stories to share with others. VA 2.1b - Create and participate in oral dramatic activities. VA 2.1c - Use correct verb tenses in oral communication. VA 2.1d - Use increasingly complex sentence structures in oral communication. VA The student will continue to expand listening and speaking vocabularies. VA 2.2a - Use words that reflect a growing range of interests and knowledge. VA 2.2b - Clarify and explain words and ideas orally. VA 2.2c - Follow oral directions with three or four steps. VA 2.2d - Give three and four step directions. VA 2.2e - Identify and use synonyms and antonyms in oral communication. VA The student will use oral communication skills. VA 2.3a - Use oral language for different purposes: to inform, to persuade, and to entertain. VA 2.3b - Share stories or information orally with an audience. VA 2.3c - Participate as a contributor and leader in a group. VA 2.3d - Summarize information shared orally by others. - READING VA The student will use phonetic strategies when reading and spelling. VA 2.4a - Use knowledge of consonants, consonant blends, and consonant digraphs to decode and spell words. Skill Area 5 - Recorded Voice Quizzes (RVQ) Skill 2 - RVQ2 Following oral instructions Page 10 of 59

15 Grade 2 Virginia, English Language Arts, 2002, Grade 2, Standards of VA 2.4b - Use knowledge of short, long, and r-controlled vowel patterns to decode and spell words. VA 2.4c - Decode regular multisyllabic words. VA The student will use meaning clues and language structure when reading. VA 2.5a - Use information in the story to read words. VA 2.5b - Use knowledge of sentence structure. Skill Area 13 - Vocabulary Acquisition (VA) Skill 9 - VA09 Using context clues to infer the meaning of unfamiliar words Skill 1 - RPQ01 Reading and understanding English vocabulary and sentence structure Skill Area 6 - Other Reading Quizzes (ORQ) Skill 1 - ORQ01 Reading and understanding English vocabulary and sentence structure VA 2.5c - Use knowledge of story structure and sequence. VA The student will use language structure to expand vocabulary when reading. VA 2.6a - Use knowledge of prefixes and suffixes. VA 2.6b - Use knowledge of contractions and singular possessives. VA 2.6c - Use knowledge of simple abbreviations. VA 2.6d - Use knowledge of antonyms and synonyms. Skill Area 8 - Literacy Initial Understanding (IU) Skill Area 13 - Vocabulary Acquisition (VA) Skill Area 13 - Vocabulary Acquisition (VA) Skill 6 - IU06 Understanding Sequence Skill 4 - VA04 Recognizing prefixes Skill 5 - VA05 Recognizing suffixes Skill 12 - VA12 Applying knowledge of synonyms to determine meaning VA The student will read fiction and nonfiction using a variety of strategies independently. VA 2.7a - Preview the selection by using pictures, diagrams, titles, and headings. VA 2.7b - Set purpose for reading. Page 11 of 59

16 Grade 2 Virginia, English Language Arts, 2002, Grade 2, Standards of VA 2.7c - Read stories, poems, and passages with fluency and expression. VA 2.7d - Reread and self-correct when necessary. VA The student will read and demonstrate comprehension of fiction and nonfiction. VA 2.8a - Make predictions about Skill 5 - IC05 Making content. Predictions VA 2.8b - Read to confirm predictions. VA 2.8c - Relate previous experiences to the topic. VA 2.8d - Ask and answer questions about what is read. VA 2.8e - Locate information to answer questions. VA 2.8f - Describe characters, setting, and important events in fiction and poetry. Page 12 of 59 Skill Area 10 - Literacy Inferential Comprehension (IC) Skill Area 6 - Other Reading Quizzes (ORQ) Skill 5 - RPQ05 Answering clarifying questions about what was read (Who, what, when, where, why, and how) Skill 6 - RPQ06 Demonstrating comprehension by identifying answers from a selection of possible answers Skill 6 - ORQ06 Answering clarifying questions about what was read (Who, what, when, where, why, and how) Skill 7 - ORQ07 Demonstrating comprehension by identifying answers from a selection of possible answers Skill 10 - RPQ10 Recognizing setting Skill 15 - RPQ15 Identifying significant events Skill 18 - RPQ18 Recalling characters

17 Grade 2 Virginia, English Language Arts, 2002, Grade 2, Standards of Skill Area 6 - Other Skill 11 - ORQ11 Reading Quizzes (ORQ) Recognizing setting VA 2.8g - Identify the problem, solution, and main idea. Skill Area 8 - Literacy Initial Understanding (IU) Skill Area 9 - Literacy Literary Analysis (LA) Skill 16 - ORQ16 Identifying significant events Skill 19 - ORQ19 Recalling characters Skill 1 - IU01 Describing Actions or Events Skill 2 - LA02 Recognizing Setting Skill 12 - RPQ12 Recognizing plot Skill 16 - RPQ16 Identifying the main idea Skill Area 6 - Other Reading Quizzes (ORQ) Skill 13 - ORQ13 Recognizing plot Skill 17 - ORQ17 Identifying the main idea VA The student will demonstrate comprehension of information in reference materials. VA 2.9a - Use a table of contents. VA 2.9b - Use pictures and charts. VA 2.9c - Use dictionaries and indices. - WRITING VA The students will maintain manuscript and begin to make the transition to cursive. VA The student will write stories, letters, and simple explanations. VA 2.11a - Generate ideas before writing. Page 13 of 59 Skill Area 9 - Literacy Literary Analysis (LA) Skill Area 11 - Literacy Constructing Meaning (CM) Skill 1 - LA01 Recognizing Plot Skill 6 - CM06 Understanding the Main Idea

18 Grade 2 Virginia, English Language Arts, 2002, Grade 2, Standards of VA 2.11b - Organize writing to include a beginning, middle, and end. VA 2.11c - Revise writing for clarity. VA 2.11d - Use available technology. VA The student will edit writing for correct grammar, capitalization, punctuation, and spelling. VA 2.12a - Recognize and use complete sentences. VA 2.12b - Use and punctuate declarative, interrogative, and exclamatory sentences. VA 2.12c - Capitalize all proper nouns and the word I. VA 2.12d - Use singular and plural nouns and pronouns. VA 2.12e - Use apostrophes in contractions, including don't, isn't, and can't. VA 2.12f - Use correct spelling for high-frequency sight words, including compound words and regular plurals. Page 14 of 59

19 Grade 3 Virginia, English Language Arts, 2002, Grade 3, Standards of - ORAL LANGUAGE VA The student will use effective communication skills in group activities. VA 3.1a - Listen attentively by making eye contact, facing the speaker, asking questions, and summarizing what is said. VA 3.1b - Ask and respond to questions from teachers and other group members. VA 3.1c - Explain what has been learned. VA The student will present brief oral reports. VA 3.2a - Speak clearly. VA 3.2b - Use appropriate volume and pitch. VA 3.2c - Speak at an understandable rate. VA 3.2d - Organize ideas sequentially or around major points of information. VA 3.2e - Use grammatically correct language and specific vocabulary to communicate ideas. - READING VA The student will apply wordanalysis skills when reading and writing. VA 3.3a - Use knowledge of all vowel patterns. VA 3.3b - Use knowledge of homophones. VA 3.3c - Decode regular multisyllabic words. VA The student will use strategies to read a variety of fiction and nonfiction materials. VA 3.4a - Preview and use text formats. VA 3.4b - Set a purpose for reading. VA 3.4c - Apply meaning clues, language structure, and phonetic strategies. Skill Area 11 - Literacy Constructing Meaning (CM) Skill 1 - CM01 Deriving Word or Phrase Meaning Page 15 of 59

20 Grade 3 Virginia, English Language Arts, 2002, Grade 3, Standards of Skill Area 13 - Skill 9 - VA09 Using Vocabulary Acquisition context clues to infer the (VA) meaning of unfamiliar words Skill 10 - VA10 Supporting interpretations with examples drawn from text Skill 11 - VA11 Determining the definition of words with multiple meanings Skill 12 - VA12 Applying knowledge of synonyms to determine meaning VA 3.4d - Use context to clarify meaning of unfamiliar words. VA 3.4e - Read fiction and nonfiction fluently and accurately. VA 3.4f - Reread and self-correct when necessary. VA The student will read and demonstrate comprehension of fiction. VA 3.5a - Set a purpose for reading. Skill Area 12 - Vocabulary Practice Quizzes (VPQ) Skill Area 13 - Vocabulary Acquisition (VA) Skill 1 - VPQ01 Acquiring vocabulary by encountering words in context Skill 2 - VPQ02 Learning new vocabulary in context Skill 9 - VA09 Using context clues to infer the meaning of unfamiliar words VA 3.5b - Make connections between previous experiences and reading selections. VA 3.5c - Make, confirm, or revise predictions. VA 3.5d - Compare and contrast settings, characters, and events. Skill Area 10 - Literacy Inferential Comprehension (IC) Skill Area 10 - Literacy Inferential Comprehension (IC) Skill 5 - IC05 Making Predictions Skill 1 - IC01 Comparing and Contrasting Page 16 of 59

21 Grade 3 Virginia, English Language Arts, 2002, Grade 3, Standards of VA 3.5e - Identify author's purpose. Skill Area 9 - Literacy Skill 6 - LA06 Literary Understanding the VA 3.5f - Ask and answer questions. VA 3.5g - Draw conclusions about character and plot. Analysis (LA) Skill Area 6 - Other Reading Quizzes (ORQ) Skill Area 6 - Other Reading Quizzes (ORQ) Author's Craft Skill 5 - RPQ05 Answering clarifying questions about what was read (Who, what, when, where, why, and how) Skill 6 - RPQ06 Demonstrating comprehension by identifying answers from a selection of possible answers Skill 6 - ORQ06 Answering clarifying questions about what was read (Who, what, when, where, why, and how) Skill 7 - ORQ07 Demonstrating comprehension by identifying answers from a selection of possible answers Skill 12 - RPQ12 Recognizing plot Skill 21 - RPQ21 Understanding characterization Skill 13 - ORQ13 Recognizing plot VA 3.5h - Organize information or events logically. Page 17 of 59 Skill Area 10 - Literacy Inferential Comprehension (IC) Skill Area 6 - Other Reading Quizzes (ORQ) Skill 22 - ORQ22 Understanding characterization Skill 2 - IC02 Drawing Conclusions Skill 14 - RPQ14 Recalling sequence of events Skill 15 - ORQ15 Recalling sequence of events

22 Grade 3 Virginia, English Language Arts, 2002, Grade 3, Standards of Skill Area 8 - Literacy Skill 6 - IU06 Initial Understanding Understanding (IU) Sequence VA 3.5i - Summarize major points found in fiction materials. VA 3.5j - Understand basic plots of fairy tales, myths, folktales, legends, and fables. Skill Area 6 - Other Reading Quizzes (ORQ) Skill 12 - RPQ12 Recognizing plot Skill 13 - ORQ13 Recognizing plot VA The student will continue to read and demonstrate comprehension of nonfiction. VA 3.6a - Identify the author's purpose. VA 3.6b - Make connections between previous experiences and reading selections. VA 3.6c - Ask and answer questions about what is read. Skill Area 9 - Literacy Literary Analysis (LA) Skill Area 9 - Literacy Literary Analysis (LA) Skill Area 6 - Other Reading Quizzes (ORQ) Skill 1 - LA01 Recognizing Plot Skill 6 - LA06 Understanding the Author's Craft Skill 5 - RPQ05 Answering clarifying questions about what was read (Who, what, when, where, why, and how) Skill 6 - RPQ06 Demonstrating comprehension by identifying answers from a selection of possible answers Skill 6 - ORQ06 Answering clarifying questions about what was read (Who, what, when, where, why, and how) Skill 7 - ORQ07 Demonstrating comprehension by identifying answers from a selection of possible answers Page 18 of 59

23 Grade 3 Virginia, English Language Arts, 2002, Grade 3, Standards of VA 3.6d - Draw conclusions. Skill Area 10 - Literacy Skill 2 - IC02 Drawing Conclusions Inferential VA 3.6e - Organize information and events logically. VA 3.6f - Summarize major points found in nonfiction material. VA 3.6g - Identify the characteristics of biographies and autobiographies. VA 3.6h - Compare and contrast the lives of two persons as described in biographies and/or autobiographies. VA The student will demonstrate comprehension of information from a variety of print resources. VA 3.7a - Use dictionary, glossary, thesaurus, encyclopedia, and other reference books, including online reference materials. Comprehension (IC) Skill Area 8 - Literacy Initial Understanding (IU) Skill Area 1 - Overall Product (OP) Skill 6 - IU06 Understanding Sequence Skill 17 - OP17 Acquiring understanding of literary types VA 3.7b - Use available technology. - WRITING VA The student will write legibly in cursive. VA The student will write descriptive paragraphs. VA 3.9a - Develop a plan for writing. VA 3.9b - Focus on a central idea. VA 3.9c - Group related ideas. VA 3.9d - Include descriptive details that elaborate the central idea. Skill Area 2 - Technology - software (TS) Skill 1 - TS01 Navigating within the program Skill 2 - TS02 Following instructions within the program Skill 3 - TS03 Using the mouse to select options Skill 4 - TS04 Finding and selecting the book that was read Page 19 of 59

24 Grade 3 Virginia, English Language Arts, 2002, Grade 3, Standards of VA 3.9e - Revise writing for clarity. VA The student will write stories, letters, simple explanations, and short reports across all content areas. VA 3.10a - Use a variety of planning strategies. VA 3.10b - Organize information according to the type of writing. VA 3.10c - Identify the intended audience. VA 3.10d - Revise writing for specific vocabulary and information. VA 3.10e - Use available technology. VA The student will edit writing for correct grammar, capitalization, punctuation, and spelling. VA 3.11a - Use complete and varied sentences. VA 3.11b - Use the word I in compound subjects. VA 3.11c - Use past and present verb tense. VA 3.11d - Use singular possessives. VA 3.11e - Use commas in a simple series. VA 3.11f - Use simple abbreviations. VA 3.11g - Use apostrophes in contractions with pronouns. VA 3.11h - Use correct spelling for high-frequency sight words, including irregular plurals. Page 20 of 59

25 Grade 4 Virginia, English Language Arts, 2002, Grade 4, Standards of - ORAL LANGUAGE VA The student will use effective oral communication skills in a variety of settings. VA 4.1a - Present accurate directions to individuals and small groups. VA 4.1b - Contribute to group discussions. VA 4.1c - Seek ideas and opinions of others. VA 4.1d - Use evidence to support opinions. VA 4.1e - Use grammatically correct language and specific vocabulary to communicate ideas. VA The student will make and listen to oral presentations and reports. VA 4.2a - Use subject-related information and vocabulary. VA 4.2b - Listen to and record information. VA 4.2c - Organize information for clarity. - READING VA The student will read fiction and nonfiction with fluency and accuracy. VA 4.3a - Use context to clarify meanings of unfamiliar words. VA 4.3b - Explain words with multiple meaning. VA 4.3c - Use knowledge of word origins; synonyms, antonyms, and homonyms; and multiple meanings of words. Skill Area 12 - Vocabulary Practice Quizzes (VPQ) Skill Area 13 - Vocabulary Acquisition (VA) Skill Area 13 - Vocabulary Acquisition (VA) Skill Area 13 - Vocabulary Acquisition (VA) Skill 1 - VPQ01 Acquiring vocabulary by encountering words in context Skill 2 - VPQ02 Learning new vocabulary in context Skill 9 - VA09 Using context clues to infer the meaning of unfamiliar words Skill 11 - VA11 Determining the definition of words with multiple meanings Skill 11 - VA11 Determining the definition of words with multiple meanings Page 21 of 59

26 Grade 4 Virginia, English Language Arts, 2002, Grade 4, Standards of Skill 12 - VA12 Applying knowledge of synonyms to determine meaning VA 4.3d - Use word-reference materials including the glossary, dictionary, and thesaurus. VA The student will read and demonstrate comprehension of fiction. VA 4.4a - Explain the author's purpose. VA 4.4b - Describe how the choice of language, setting, and information contributes to the author's purpose. Skill Area 9 - Literacy Literary Analysis (LA) Skill Area 9 - Literacy Literary Analysis (LA) Skill 6 - LA06 Understanding the Author's Craft Skill 6 - LA06 Understanding the Author's Craft VA 4.4c - Compare the use of fact and fantasy in historical fiction with other forms of literature. VA 4.4d - Identify major events and supporting details. Skill 7 - RPQ07 Recalling details Skill Area 6 - Other Reading Quizzes (ORQ) Skill 15 - RPQ15 Identifying significant events Skill 8 - ORQ08 Recalling details VA 4.4e - Describe the relationship between text and previously read materials. VA 4.4f - Identify sensory words. VA The student will read and demonstrate comprehension of nonfiction. VA 4.5a - Use text organizers such as type, headings, and graphics to predict and categorize information. Skill Area 8 - Literacy Initial Understanding (IU) Skill 16 - ORQ16 Identifying significant events Skill 1 - IU01 Describing Actions or Events Skill 3 - IU03 Recognizing Details Page 22 of 59

27 Grade 4 Virginia, English Language Arts, 2002, Grade 4, Standards of VA 4.5b - Formulate questions that might be answered in the selection. VA 4.5c - Explain the author's purpose. VA 4.5d - Make simple inferences using information from texts. VA 4.5e - Draw conclusions using information from texts. VA 4.5f - Summarize content of selection, identifying important ideas and providing details for each important idea. VA 4.5g - Describe relationship between content and previously learned concepts or skills. VA 4.5h - Distinguish between cause and effect and between fact and opinion. VA 4.5i - Identify new information gained from reading. VA The student will demonstrate comprehension of information resources to research a topic. VA 4.6a - Construct questions about a topic. VA 4.6b - Collect information, using the resources of the media center including online, print, and media resources. VA 4.6c - Evaluate and synthesize information. - WRITING VA The student will write effective narratives, poems, and explanations. VA 4.7a - Focus on one aspect of a topic. VA 4.7b - Develop a plan for writing. VA 4.7c - Organize writing to convey a central idea. Skill Area 9 - Literacy Literary Analysis (LA) Skill Area 10 - Literacy Inferential Comprehension (IC) Skill Area 10 - Literacy Inferential Comprehension (IC) Skill Area 11 - Literacy Constructing Meaning (CM) Skill 6 - LA06 Understanding the Author's Craft Skill 3 - IC03 Making Inferences Skill 2 - IC02 Drawing Conclusions Skill 2 - CM02 Differentiating Fact and Opinion Page 23 of 59

28 Grade 4 Virginia, English Language Arts, 2002, Grade 4, Standards of VA 4.7d - Write several related paragraphs on the same topic. VA 4.7e - Utilize elements of style, including word choice, and sentence variation. VA 4.7f - Write rhymed, unrhymed, and patterned poetry. VA 4.7g - Use available technology. VA The student will edit writing for correct grammar, capitalization, spelling, punctuation, and sentence structure. VA 4.8a - Use subject-verb agreement. VA 4.8b - Include prepositional phrases. VA 4.8c - Eliminate double negatives. VA 4.8d - Use noun/pronoun agreement. VA 4.8e - Use commas in series, dates, and addresses. VA 4.8f - Incorporate adjectives and adverbs. VA 4.8g - Use the articles a, an, and the correctly. VA 4.8h - Use correct spelling for frequently used words, including common homophones. Page 24 of 59

29 Grade 5 Virginia, English Language Arts, 2002, Grade 5, Standards of - ORAL LANGUAGE VA The student will listen, draw conclusions, and share responses in subject-related group learning activities. VA 5.1a - Participate in and contribute to discussions across content areas. VA 5.1b - Organize to present reports of group activities. VA 5.1c - Summarize information gathered in group activities. VA The student will use effective nonverbal communication skills. VA 5.2a - Maintain eye contact with listeners. VA 5.2b - Use gesture to support, accentuate, and dramatize verbal message. VA 5.2c - Use facial expressions to support and dramatize verbal message. VA 5.2d - Use posture appropriate for communication setting. VA The student will make planned oral presentations. VA 5.3a - Determine appropriate content for audience. VA 5.3b - Organize content sequentially or around major ideas. VA 5.3c - Summarize main points before or after presentation. VA 5.3d - Incorporate visual aids to support presentation. VA 5.3e - Use grammatically correct language and specific vocabulary. - READING VA The student will read fiction and nonfiction with fluency and accuracy. VA 5.4a - Use context to clarify meaning of unfamiliar words. Skill Area 12 - Vocabulary Practice Quizzes (VPQ) Skill 1 - VPQ01 Acquiring vocabulary by encountering words in context Skill 2 - VPQ02 Learning new vocabulary in context Page 25 of 59

30 Grade 5 Virginia, English Language Arts, 2002, Grade 5, Standards of Skill Area 13 - Skill 9 - VA09 Using Vocabulary Acquisition context clues to infer the (VA) meaning of unfamiliar VA 5.4b - Use knowledge of root words, prefixes, and suffixes. VA 5.4c - Use dictionary, glossary, thesaurus, and other word-reference materials. VA The student will read and demonstrate comprehension of fiction. VA 5.5a - Describe the relationship between text and previously read materials. VA 5.5b - Describe character development in fiction and poetry selections. VA 5.5c - Describe the development of plot, and explain how conflicts are resolved. Skill Area 13 - Vocabulary Acquisition (VA) Skill Area 6 - Other Reading Quizzes (ORQ) Skill Area 9 - Literacy Literary Analysis (LA) Skill Area 6 - Other Reading Quizzes (ORQ) words Skill 4 - VA04 Recognizing prefixes Skill 5 - VA05 Recognizing suffixes Skill 21 - RPQ21 Understanding characterization Skill 22 - ORQ22 Understanding characterization Skill 4 - LA04 Understanding Characterization Skill 12 - RPQ12 Recognizing plot Skill 13 - ORQ13 Recognizing plot VA 5.5d - Describe the characteristics of free verse, rhymed, and patterned poetry. VA 5.5e - Describe how author's choice of vocabulary and style contribute to the quality and enjoyment of selections. VA The student will read and demonstrate comprehension of nonfiction. VA 5.6a - Use text organizers such as type, headings, and graphics to predict and categorize information. Page 26 of 59 Skill Area 9 - Literacy Literary Analysis (LA) Skill Area 9 - Literacy Literary Analysis (LA) Skill 1 - LA01 Recognizing Plot Skill 6 - LA06 Understanding the Author's Craft

31 Grade 5 Virginia, English Language Arts, 2002, Grade 5, Standards of VA 5.6b - Identify structural patterns found in nonfiction. VA 5.6c - Locate information to support opinions, predictions, and conclusions. VA 5.6d - Identify cause-and-effect relationships. VA 5.6e - Identify, compare and contrast relationships. VA 5.6f - Skim materials to develop a general overview of content and to locate specific information. VA 5.6g - Identify new information gained from reading. VA The student will demonstrate comprehension of information from a variety of print resources. VA 5.7a - Develop notes that include important concepts, summaries, and identification of information sources. VA 5.7b - Organize information on charts, maps, and graphs. - WRITING VA The student will write for a variety of purposes: to describe, to inform, to entertain, and to explain. VA 5.8a - Choose planning strategies for various writing purposes. VA 5.8b - Organize information. VA 5.8c - Demonstrate awareness of intended audience. VA 5.8d - Use precise and descriptive vocabulary to create tone and voice. VA 5.8e - Vary sentence structure. VA 5.8f - Revise writing for clarity. VA 5.8g - Use available technology to access information. Skill Area 10 - Literacy Inferential Comprehension (IC) Skill Area 10 - Literacy Inferential Comprehension (IC) Skill 6 - IC06 Recognizing Cause and Effect Skill 1 - IC01 Comparing and Contrasting Page 27 of 59

32 Grade 5 Virginia, English Language Arts, 2002, Grade 5, Standards of VA The student will edit writing for correct grammar, capitalization, spelling, punctuation, and sentence structure. VA 5.9a - Use plural possessives. VA 5.9b - Use adjective and adverb comparisons. VA 5.9c - Identify and use interjections. VA 5.9d - Use apostrophes in contractions and possessives. VA 5.9e - Use quotation marks with dialogue. VA 5.9f - Use commas with interrupters and in the salutation and closing of a letter. VA 5.9g - Use a hyphen to divide words at the end of a line. VA 5.9h - Edit for clausal fragments, run-on sentences, and excessive coordination. Page 28 of 59

33 Grade 6 Virginia, English Language Arts, 2002, Grade 6, Standards of - ORAL LANGUAGE VA The student will analyze oral participation in small-group activities. VA 6.1a - Communicate as leader and contributor. VA 6.1b - Evaluate own contributions to discussions. VA 6.1c - Summarize and evaluate group activities. VA 6.1d - Analyze the effectiveness of participant interactions. VA The student will listen critically and express opinions in oral presentations. VA 6.2a - Distinguish between facts and opinions. VA 6.2b - Compare and contrast viewpoints. VA 6.2c - Present a convincing argument. VA 6.2d - Paraphrase what is heard. VA 6.2e - Summarize what is heard. VA 6.2f - Use grammatically correct language and vocabulary appropriate to audience, topic, and purpose. - READING VA The student will read and learn the meanings of unfamiliar words and phrases. VA 6.3a - Identify word origins, derivations, and inflections. VA 6.3b - Identify analogies and figurative language. VA 6.3c - Use context and sentence structure to determine meaning and differentiate among multiple meanings of words. Skill Area 13 - Vocabulary Acquisition (VA) Skill Area 11 - Literacy Constructing Meaning (CM) Skill Area 13 - Vocabulary Acquisition (VA) Skill 7 - VA07 Recognizing derivatives Skill 1 - CM01 Deriving Word or Phrase Meaning Skill 8 - VA08 Using syntax to identify word meanings Skill 11 - VA11 Determining the definition of words with multiple meanings Page 29 of 59

34 Grade 6 Virginia, English Language Arts, 2002, Grade 6, Standards of VA 6.3d - Use word-reference materials. VA The student will read and demonstrate comprehension of a variety of fiction, narrative nonfiction, and poetry. VA 6.4a - Identify the elements of Skill Area 1 - Overall Skill 16 - OP16 narrative structure, including setting, Product (OP) Acquiring understanding character, plot, conflict, and theme. of literary features Skill 10 - RPQ10 Recognizing setting Skill Area 6 - Other Reading Quizzes (ORQ) Skill 12 - RPQ12 Recognizing plot Skill 16 - RPQ16 Identifying the main idea Skill 19 - RPQ19 Identifying characters Skill 11 - ORQ11 Recognizing setting Skill 13 - ORQ13 Recognizing plot Skill 17 - ORQ17 Identifying the main idea VA 6.4b - Use knowledge of narrative and poetic structures to aid comprehension and predict outcomes. VA 6.4c - Describe the images created by language. VA 6.4d - Describe how word choice and imagery contribute to the meaning of a text. Page 30 of 59 Skill Area 9 - Literacy Literary Analysis (LA) Skill Area 11 - Literacy Constructing Meaning (CM) Skill Area 10 - Literacy Inferential Comprehension (IC) Skill 20 - ORQ20 Identifying characters Skill 1 - LA01 Recognizing Plot Skill 3 - LA03 Understanding Literary Features Skill 6 - CM06 Understanding the Main Idea Skill 5 - IC05 Making Predictions

35 Grade 6 Virginia, English Language Arts, 2002, Grade 6, Standards of VA 6.4e - Describe cause-effect relationships and their impact on plot. VA 6.4f - Use information stated explicitly in the text to draw conclusions and make inferences. VA 6.4g - Explain how character and plot development are used in a selection to support a central conflict or story line. Skill Area 10 - Literacy Inferential Comprehension (IC) Skill Area 10 - Literacy Inferential Comprehension (IC) Skill Area 6 - Other Reading Quizzes (ORQ) Skill 6 - IC06 Recognizing Cause and Effect Skill 2 - IC02 Drawing Conclusions Skill 3 - IC03 Making Inferences Skill 12 - RPQ12 Recognizing plot Skill 13 - ORQ13 Recognizing plot VA 6.4h - Paraphrase and summarize the main points in the text. VA The student will read and demonstrate comprehension of a variety of informational selections. VA 6.5a - Identify questions to be answered. VA 6.5b - Make, confirm, or revise predictions. VA 6.5c - Use context to determine meanings of unfamiliar words and technical vocabulary. VA 6.5d - Draw conclusions and make inferences based on explicit and implied information. Skill Area 9 - Literacy Literary Analysis (LA) Skill Area 10 - Literacy Inferential Comprehension (IC) Skill Area 12 - Vocabulary Practice Quizzes (VPQ) Skill Area 13 - Vocabulary Acquisition (VA) Skill Area 10 - Literacy Inferential Comprehension (IC) Skill 1 - LA01 Recognizing Plot Skill 5 - IC05 Making Predictions Skill 1 - VPQ01 Acquiring vocabulary by encountering words in context Skill 2 - VPQ02 Learning new vocabulary in context Skill 9 - VA09 Using context clues to infer the meaning of unfamiliar words Skill 2 - IC02 Drawing Conclusions Skill 3 - IC03 Making Inferences Page 31 of 59

36 Grade 6 Virginia, English Language Arts, 2002, Grade 6, Standards of VA 6.5e - Organize the main idea and details to form a summary. VA 6.5f - Compare and contrast information about one topic contained in different selections. VA 6.5g - Select informational sources appropriate for a given purpose. - WRITING VA The student will write narratives, descriptions, and explanations. VA 6.6a - Use a variety of planning strategies to generate and organize ideas. VA 6.6b - Establish central idea, organization, elaboration, and unity. VA 6.6c - Select vocabulary and information to enhance the central idea, tone, and voice. VA 6.6d - Expand and embed ideas by using modifiers, standard coordination, and subordination in complete sentences. VA 6.6e - Revise for clarity. VA The student will edit writing for correct grammar, capitalization, punctuation, spelling, and sentence structure. VA 6.7a - Use a variety of graphic organizers, including sentence diagrams, to analyze and improve sentence formation and paragraph structure. VA 6.7b - Use subject-verb agreement with intervening phrases and clauses. VA 6.7c - Use pronoun-antecedent agreement to include indefinite pronouns. VA 6.7d - Maintain consistent tense inflections across paragraphs. VA 6.7e - Choose adverbs to describe verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. VA 6.7f - Use correct spelling for frequently used words. Page 32 of 59

37 Grade 7 Virginia, English Language Arts, 2002, Grade 7, Standards of - ORAL LANGUAGE VA The student will give and seek information in conversations, in group discussions, and oral presentations. VA 7.1a - Use oral vocabulary and style appropriate for listeners. VA 7.1b - Communicate ideas and information orally in an organized and succinct manner. VA 7.1c - Ask probing questions to seek elaboration and clarification of ideas. VA 7.1d - Make supportive statements to communicate agreement or acceptance of others' ideas. VA 7.1e - Use grammatically correct language and vocabulary appropriate to audience, topic, and purpose. VA The student will identify the relationship between a speaker's verbal and nonverbal messages. VA 7.2a - Use verbal communication skills, such as word choice, pitch, feeling, tone, and voice. VA 7.2b - Use nonverbal communication skills, such as eye contact, posture, and gestures. VA 7.2c - Compare and contrast a speaker's verbal and nonverbal messages. VA The student will describe persuasive messages in nonprint media including television, radio, and video. VA 7.3a - Identify persuasive technique used. VA 7.3b - Distinguish between fact and opinion. VA 7.3c - Describe how word choice conveys viewpoint. - READING VA The student will read to determine the meanings and pronunciations of unfamiliar words and phrases. Page 33 of 59

38 Grade 7 Virginia, English Language Arts, 2002, Grade 7, Standards of VA 7.4a - Use roots and affixes to Skill Area 1 - Overall Skill 9 - OP09 Building expand vocabulary. Product (OP) vocabulary knowledge Skill Area 13 - Skill 4 - VA04 Vocabulary Acquisition Recognizing prefixes (VA) Skill 5 - VA05 VA 7.4b - Recognize analogies and figurative language. VA 7.4c - Identify connotations. VA The student will read and demonstrate comprehension of a variety of fiction, narrative nonfiction, and poetry. VA 7.5a - Describe setting, character development, plot structure, theme, and conflict. Skill Area 11 - Literacy Constructing Meaning (CM) Skill Area 1 - Overall Product (OP) Recognizing suffixes Skill 1 - CM01 Deriving Word or Phrase Meaning Skill 16 - OP16 Acquiring understanding of literary features Skill 10 - RPQ10 Recognizing setting Skill Area 6 - Other Reading Quizzes (ORQ) Skill 12 - RPQ12 Recognizing plot Skill 16 - RPQ16 Identifying the main idea Skill 21 - RPQ21 Understanding characterization Skill 11 - ORQ11 Recognizing setting Skill 13 - ORQ13 Recognizing plot Skill 17 - ORQ17 Identifying the main idea Page 34 of 59 Skill Area 9 - Literacy Literary Analysis (LA) Skill 22 - ORQ22 Understanding characterization Skill 1 - LA01 Recognizing Plot Skill 2 - LA02 Recognizing Setting Skill 3 - LA03 Understanding Literary Features

39 Grade 7 Virginia, English Language Arts, 2002, Grade 7, Standards of Skill 4 - LA04 Understanding Characterization Skill Area 11 - Literacy Constructing Meaning (CM) VA 7.5b - Compare and contrast forms, including short stories, novels, plays, folk literature, poetry, essay, and biographies. VA 7.5c - Describe the impact of word choice, imagery, and poetic devices. VA 7.5d - Explain how form including rhyme, rhythm, repetition, line structure, and punctuation convey [sic] the mood and meaning of a poem. VA 7.5e - Draw conclusions based on explicit and implied information. VA 7.5f - Make inferences based on explicit and implied information. VA 7.5g - Summarize text. VA The student will read and demonstrate comprehension of a variety of informational text. VA 7.6a - Use knowledge of text structures to aid comprehension. VA 7.6b - Use knowledge of words and phrases that signal author's organizational pattern to aid comprehension. VA 7.6c - Distinguish fact from opinion in newspapers, magazines, and other print media. VA 7.6d - Identify the source, viewpoint, and purpose of texts. VA 7.6e - Describe how word choice and language structure convey an author's viewpoint. Skill Area 1 - Overall Product (OP) Skill Area 10 - Literacy Inferential Comprehension (IC) Skill Area 10 - Literacy Inferential Comprehension (IC) Skill Area 11 - Literacy Constructing Meaning (CM) Skill Area 9 - Literacy Literary Analysis (LA) Skill Area 9 - Literacy Literary Analysis (LA) Skill 6 - CM06 Understanding the Main Idea Skill 17 - OP17 Acquiring understanding of literary types Skill 2 - IC02 Drawing Conclusions Skill 3 - IC03 Making Inferences Skill 2 - CM02 Differentiating Fact and Opinion Skill 6 - LA06 Understanding the Author's Craft Skill 6 - LA06 Understanding the Author's Craft Page 35 of 59

40 Grade 7 Virginia, English Language Arts, 2002, Grade 7, Standards of Skill Area 11 - Literacy Constructing Meaning (CM) VA 7.6f - Summarize what is read. VA 7.6g - Organize and synthesize information for use in written and oral presentations. VA The student will apply knowledge of appropriate reference sources. VA 7.7a - Use print and electronic sources to locate information in books and articles. VA 7.7b - Use graphic organizers to organize information. VA 7.7c - Synthesize information from multiple sources. VA 7.7d - Credit primary and secondary sources. - WRITING VA The student will develop narrative, expository, and persuasive writing. VA 7.8a - Apply knowledge of prewriting strategies. VA 7.8b - Elaborate the central idea in an organized manner. VA 7.8c - Choose vocabulary and information that will create voice and tone. VA 7.8d - Use clauses and phrases to vary sentences. VA 7.8e - Revise writing for clarity and effect. VA 7.8f - Use a word processor to plan, draft, revise, edit, and publish selected writings. VA The student will edit writing for correct grammar, capitalization, punctuation, spelling, and sentence structure. VA 7.9a - Use a variety of graphic organizers, including sentence diagrams, to analyze and improve sentence formation and paragraph structure. Skill 1 - CM01 Deriving Word or Phrase Meaning Page 36 of 59