UNCORRECTED MATHEMATICAL METHODS MICHAEL EVANS KAY LIPSON DOUGLAS WALLACE DAVID GREENWOOD

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1 i MATHEMATICAL METHODS UNITS 1 & 2 CAMBRIDGE SENIOR MATHEMATICS FOR QUEENSLAND MICHAEL EVANS KAY LIPSON DOUGLAS WALLACE DAVID GREENWOOD Consultants: Chicri Maksoud Steve Sisson Trevor Redmond Ray Minns

2 University Printing House, Cambridge CB2 8BS, United Kingdom One Liberty Plaza, 20th Floor, New York, NY 10006, USA 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia , 3rd Floor, Plot 3, Splendor Forum, Jasola District Centre, New Delhi , India 79 Anson Road, #06 04/06, Singapore Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge. It furthers the University s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education, learning and research at the highest international levels of excellence. Information on this title: Michael Evans, Kay Lipson, Douglas Wallace and David Greenwood 2018 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published Cover designed by Sardine Design Text designed by Jane Pitkethly Typeset by Jane Pitkethly and diacritech Printed in China by C & C Offset Printing Co. Ltd. A catalogue record for this book is available from the National Library of Australia at ISBN Paperback Additional resources for this publication at Reproduction and communication for educational purposes The Australian Copyright Act 1968 (the Act) allows a maximum of one chapter or 10% of the pages of this publication, whichever is the greater, to be reproduced and/or communicated by any educational institution for its educational purposes provided that the educational institution (or the body that administers it) has given a remuneration notice to Copyright Agency Limited (CAL) under the Act. For details of the CAL licence for educational institutions contact: Copyright Agency Limited Level 15, 233 Castlereagh Street Sydney NSW 2000 Telephone: (02) Facsimile: (02) info@copyright.com.au Reproduction and communication for other purposes Except as permitted under the Act (for example a fair dealing for the purposes of study, research, criticism or review) no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, communicated or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior written permission. All inquiries should be made to the publisher at the address above. Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLS for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Information regarding prices, travel timetables and other factual information given in this work is correct at the time of first printing but Cambridge University Press does not guarantee the accuracy of such information thereafter.

3 Contents About the lead author and consultants Introduction and overview Acknowledgements 1 Reviewing linear equations 1 1A Linear equations B Constructing linear equations C Simultaneous equations D Constructing simultaneous linear equations E Solving linear inequalities F Using and transposing formulas Review of Chapter Coordinate geometry and linear relations 33 2A Distance and midpoints B The gradient of a straight line C The equation of a straight line D Graphing straight lines E Parallel and perpendicular lines F Families of straight lines G Linear models H Simultaneous linear equations Review of Chapter ix x xv

4 iv Contents 3 Quadratics 80 3A Expanding and collecting like terms B Factorising C Quadratic equations D Graphing quadratics E Completing the square and turning points F Graphing quadratics in polynomial form G Solving quadratic inequalities H The general quadratic formula I The discriminant J Solving simultaneous linear and quadratic equations K Families of quadratic polynomial functions L Quadratic models Review of Chapter Arithmetic sequences 142 4A Introduction to sequences B Arithmetic sequences C Arithmetic series Review of Chapter A gallery of graphs 165 5A Rectangular hyperbolas B The graph of y 2 = x C The graph of y = x D Circles E Determining rules Review of Chapter Variation 189 6A Direct variation B Inverse variation C Fitting data Review of Chapter Functions, relations and transformations 210 7A Set notation and sets of numbers B Relations, domain and range C Functions

5 Contents v 7D Piecewise-defined functions E Applying function notation F Functions and modelling exercises G Translations of functions H Dilations and reflections I Combinations of transformations J Determining transformations Review of Chapter Polynomials 259 8A The language of polynomials B Division of polynomials C Factorisation of polynomials D Solving cubic equations E Cubic functions of the form f(x) = a(x h) 3 + k F Graphs of factorised cubic functions G Families of cubic polynomial functions H Quartic and other polynomial functions I Applications of polynomial functions Review of Chapter Revision of Chapters A Technology-free questions B Multiple-choice questions C Extended-response questions D Problem-solving and modelling questions E Problem-solving and modelling investigations F Degree-of-difficulty classified questions Probability A Sets and Venn diagrams B Sample spaces and probability C Estimating probabilities D Multi-stage experiments E The addition rule F Probability tables G Conditional probability H Independent events I Solving probability problems using simulation Review of Chapter

6 vi Contents Counting methods and binomial expansions A Addition and multiplication principles B Arrangements C Selections D Applications to probability E Pascal s triangle and the binomial theorem Review of Chapter Revision of Chapters A Technology-free questions B Multiple-choice questions C Extended-response questions D Problem-solving and modelling questions E Problem-solving and modelling investigations F Degree-of-difficulty classified questions Exponential functions and logarithms A The index laws B Rational indices C Standard form D Graphs of exponential functions E Solving exponential equations and inequalities F Logarithms G Using logarithms to solve exponential equations and inequalities H Graphs of logarithm functions I Exponential models and applications Review of Chapter Geometric sequences A Geometric sequences B Geometric series C Applications of geometric sequences D Zeno s paradox and infinite geometric series Review of Chapter Trigonometric functions A Measuring angles in degrees and radians B Defining trigonometric functions: sine and cosine C Another trigonometric function: tangent D Reviewing trigonometric ratios E Symmetry properties of trigonometric functions F Exact values of trigonometric functions

7 Contents vii G Graphs of sine and cosine H Solution of trigonometric equations I Sketch graphs of y = a sin n(t ± ε) and y = a cos n(t ± ε) J Sketch graphs of y = a sin n(t ± ε) ± b and y = a cos n(t ± ε) ± b K The tangent function L Further symmetry properties and the Pythagorean identity M Circle mensuration N Applications of trigonometric functions Review of Chapter Revision of Chapters A Technology-free questions B Multiple-choice questions C Extended-response questions D Problem-solving and modelling questions E Problem-solving and modelling investigations F Degree-of-difiiculty classified questions Rates of change A Recognising relationships B Constant rate of change C Average rate of change D Instantaneous rate of change E Position and average velocity Review of Chapter Differentiation of polynomials A The tangent to a curve at a point B The derivative C Rules for differentiation D Graphs of the derivative function E Limits and continuity F When is a function differentiable? Review of Chapter Applications of differentiation of polynomials A Tangents and normals B Rates of change C Stationary points D Types of stationary points E Applications to maximum and minimum problems F Applications of differentiation to kinematics Review of Chapter

8 viii Contents Further differentiation A Differentiating x n where n is a negative integer B The chain rule C Differentiating rational powers D Sketch graphs E The product rule F The quotient rule Review of Chapter Revision of Chapters A Technology-free questions B Multiple-choice questions C Extended-response questions D Problem-solving and modelling questions E Problem-solving and modelling investigations F Degree-of-difficulty classified questions Discrete probability distributions A Discrete random variables B Determining discrete probability distributions C Expected value, variance and standard deviation Review of Chapter Revision of Chapters A Technology-free questions B Multiple-choice questions C Extended-response questions D Degree-of-difficulty classified questions Glossary 772 Answers 781 Online Appendices: Guides to using technology These online guides are accessed through the Interactive Textbook or PDF Textbook A1A A2A Online guide to the TI-Nspire CX Non-CAS graphics calculator Online guide to the TI-84 Plus CE graphics calculator A3A Online guide to the Casio fxcg20au and Casio fxcg50au graphics calculators A4A Online guide to the Desmos graphing calculator

9 About the lead author and consultants About the lead author Michael Evans was a consultant to ACARA on the writing of the Australian Curriculum on which the new Queensland syllabus is based. He is a consultant with the Australian Mathematical Sciences Institute, and is coordinating author of the ICE-EM 7 10 series also published by Cambridge. He has also been active in the Australian Mathematics Trust, being involved with the writing of enrichment material and competition questions. He has many years experience as a Chief Examiner and Chairperson of examination panels. About the consultants Chicri Maksoud is Senior Mathematics Teacher at Brisbane Boys College Steve Sisson is Curriculum Leader Mathematics at Redeemer Lutheran College, Rochedale, QLD Trevor Redmond is Head of Mathematics at Somerville House, South Brisbane Ray Minns is Head of Mathematics at Northpine Christian College, Dakabin, QLD

10 Introduction and overview Cambridge Senior Mathematics for Queensland Mathematical Methods Units 1 & 2 provides complete and close coverage of the QCAA syllabus to be implemented in Year 11 from Its four components the print book, downloadable PDF textbook, online Interactive Textbook (ITB) and Online Teaching Resource (OTS), both powered by the HOTmaths platform contain a huge range of resources, including worked solutions and revision of Year 10 material, available to schools in a single package at one convenient price (the OTS is included with class adoptions, conditions apply). There are no extra subscriptions or per-student charges to pay. Review of Years 9 & 10: Chapter 1: Reviewing linear equations and Chapter 2: Coordinate geometry and linear relations can be considered as a review of material covered in years 9 and 10. The topics covered in these chapters are essential knowledge before proceeding with the rest of the book. You may choose to complete these chapters prior to the beginning of Year 11. In addition, some diagnostic tests and HOTmaths Year 10 lessons can be accessed in the ITB for revision of prerequisite knowledge by clicking on the Knowledge check icon. Degree of difficulty classification of questions: in the exercises, questions are classified as simple familiar SF, complex familiar CF, and complex unfamiliar CU questions. The revision chapters described below also contain model questions for each of these categories, and tests are also provided in the teacher resources, made up of such categorised model questions. Five revision chapters of material covered in the course: The first four of these chapters contain sections on Technology-free questions, Multiple choice questions, Extended-response questions, Modelling and problem-solving questions, Modelling and problem-solving investigations, and degree of difficulty classification of questions. The last revision chapter contains questions revising the whole book. Problem-solving and modelling: The problem-solving and modelling questions are multipart questions where the students undertake modelling or problem solving with an indication of the path to be taken. These can be used in introducing the techniques of problem-solving and modelling. The Investigation section is less structured and the student will have to make decisions about the pathway they will follow. Answers for them are not given in the textbook, but model solutions are in the Online Teaching Suite. See the QCAA Mathematical Methods syllabus for further guidelines for such tasks. Additional problem-solving and modelling investigations are provided in the ITB, linked via an icon from the review section of each chapter.

Introduction and overview xi Calculator guidance: Throughout the book there is guidance for the use of the TI-Nspire CX non-cas and the Casio fxcg20au and fxcg50au graphics calculators for the

11 Introduction and overview xi Calculator guidance: Throughout the book there is guidance for the use of the TI-Nspire CX non-cas and the Casio fxcg20au and fxcg50au graphics calculators for the solution of problems. Guidance on the TI-84Plus CE is included in the interactive textbook, accessed via icons next to the TI-Nspire boxes. There are also online guides for the general use of each of these calculators. The online graphing calculator from Desmos.com is also embedded in the interactive textbook, as blank screens that students and teachers can use for their own calculations, or as widgets which have been set up for a variety of activities. The new Desmos geometry tool is also embedded in the interactive textbook, and activities and widgets using the tool will be added as they are developed. Assessment: examination practice questions and assessment tasks are provided in the revision chapters and the Online Teaching Suite. Check the updates there for developments as more guidance is published closer to implementation of the new assessment. Overview of the print book (shown below) 1 Graded step-by-step worked examples with precise explanations (and video versions) encourage independent learning, and are linked to exercises. 2 Section summaries provide important concepts in boxes for easy reference. 3 Additional linked resources in the Interactive Textbook are indicated by icons, such as skillsheets and video versions of examples. 4 Degree of difficulty categories are indicated in exercises (similar familiar, complex familiar and complex unfamiliar). 5 Chapter reviews contain a chapter summary and technology-free, multiple-choice, and extended-response questions. The latter are classified by degree of difficulty. 6 The glossary includes page numbers of the main explanation of each term. 3 1 Numbers refer to descriptions above

xii Introduction and overview Overview of the downloadable PDF textbook 7 The convenience of a downloadable PDF textbook has been retained for times when users cannot go online.

12 xii Introduction and overview Overview of the downloadable PDF textbook 7 The convenience of a downloadable PDF textbook has been retained for times when users cannot go online. 8 PDF annotation and search features are enabled. Overview of the Interactive Textbook (shown on the page opposite) The Interactive Textbook (ITB) is an online HTML version of the print textbook powered by the HOTmaths platform, included with the print book or available as a separate purchase. 9 The material is formatted for on screen use with a convenient and easy-to-use navigation system and links to all resources. 10 The new Workspaces enable students to enter working and answers online and to save them. Input is by typing, with the help of a symbol palette, handwriting and drawing on tablets, or by uploading images of writing or drawing. 11 The new self-assessment tools enable students to check answers, mark their own work, and rate their confidence level in their work. This helps develop responsibility for learning and communicates progress and performance to the teacher. Student accounts can be linked to the learning management system used by the teacher in the Online Teaching Suite, so that teachers can review student self-assessment and provide feedback or adjust marks. 12 Examples have video versions to encourage independent learning. 13 Worked solutions are included and can be enabled or disabled in the student ITB accounts by the teacher. 14 Interactive Desmos widgets and activities based on embedded graphics calculator and geometry tool windows demonstrate key concepts and enable students to visualise the mathematics. 15 The Desmos graphics calculator, scientific calculator, and geometry tool are also embedded for students to use for their own calculations and exploration. 16 Revision of prior knowledge is provided with links to diagnostic tests and Year 10 HOTmaths lessons. 17 Quick quizzes containing automarked multiple choice questions enable students to check their understanding. 18 Definitions pop up for key terms in the text, and are also provided in a dictionary. 19 Messages from the teacher assign tasks and tests. 20 Practice exam-style questions are provided in downloadable PDF and Word files. 21 Additional problem-solving and modelling questions and investigations are provided as downloadable PDFs and editable Word documents. 8 8

Numbers refer to the descriptions on the opposite page.

13 Introduction and overview xiii INTERACTIVE TEXTBOOK POWERED BY THE HOTmaths PLATFORM A selection of features is shown. Numbers refer to the descriptions on the opposite page. HOTmaths platform features are updated regularly WORKSPACES AND SELF-ASSESSMENT

xiv Introduction and overview Overview of the Online Teaching Suite powered by the HOTmaths platform (shown below) The Online Teaching Suite is automatically enabled with a teacher account and is

14 xiv Introduction and overview Overview of the Online Teaching Suite powered by the HOTmaths platform (shown below) The Online Teaching Suite is automatically enabled with a teacher account and is integrated with the teacher s copy of the Interactive Textbook. All the teacher resources are in one place for easy access. The features include: 22 The HOTmaths learning management system with class and student analytics and reports, and communication tools. 23 Teacher s view of a student s working and self-assessment which enables them to modify the student s self-assessed marks, and respond where students flag that they had difficulty. 24 A HOTmaths-style test generator. 25 Chapter test worksheets and additional assessment items. 26 Editable curriculum grids and teaching programs , 26

15 Acknowledgements The author and publishers wish to thank Russell Brown and Maria Schaffner for their work in preparing calculator guides. The author and publisher wish to thank the following sources for permission to reproduce material: Cover: Getty Images / DuxX Images: Shutterstock.com / ILeysen, Chapter 1, 10 Opener / Mauro Fabbro, Chapter 2 Opener / LizaLutik, Chapter 3 Opener / Vanillamilk, Chapter 3, 13, 15 Opener / Melamory, Chapter 5 Opener / Curly Pat, Chapter 6, 7, 8, 10 Opener / Melanory, Chapter 5 Opener / Redcollegiya, Chapter 8 Opener / Bellenixi, Chapter 11 Opener / Attitude, Chapter 17 Opener / Hakki Arslan, Chapter 18 Opener / Shutterstock, Chapter 19 Opener / Kittikorn Phonok, Chapter 20 Opener / metrue, Chapter 21 Opener / kentoh, Chapter 22 Opener / Shutterstock, Chapter 23 Opener / 100 words, 1F (1) / 2H (1) / wavebreakmedia, 3L (1); Alamy / RTImages, 10G (1). Every effort has been made to trace and acknowledge copyright. The publisher apologises for any accidental infringement and welcomes information that would redress this situation.

Mathematics subject curriculum

Mathematics subject curriculum Dette er ei omsetjing av den fastsette læreplanteksten. Læreplanen er fastsett på Nynorsk Established as a Regulation by the Ministry of Education and Research on 24 June