Child Development. Cognitive development

Transcription

1 Child Development Cognitive development um.ox.ac. oum.ox.ac.uk

2 Piaget s Theory of Cognitive Development Schemes Actions or mental representations that organize knowledge Assimilation Incorporating new information into existing knowledge Accommodation Adjusting schemes to fit new information and experiences ( Santrock, p. 173, 2012)

3 Equilibration Assimilation and accommodation produce cognitive change Equilibration is a term used by Piaget to define the mechanism by which children shift from one stage of thought to the next Cognition is qualitatively different from one stage to the other ( Santrock, P. 173, 2012)

4 Sensorimotor Development First Piagetian stage Birth to 2 years Construct knowledge of world through sensory experiences that are coordinated with physical actions

5 Organization Children cognitively organize their experiences Why? To make sense of this world Consists in grouping of isolated behaviours and thoughts into a higher order system. Continual refinement of this organization is an inherent part of development.

6 Pre-operational stage Preoperational stage means that the children do not perform operations yet, which are reversible mental actions (allow the children to do mentally what previously they did physically) Divides into 2 substages: symbolic function and intuitive thought

7 Symbolic function Occurs between 2-4 years Children mentally represent an object not present Scribble designs represent people, cars, houses, etc Egocentrism= children s difficulty in distinguishing between their own perspective and someone s else perspective (Santrock) feature=related Imagine a phone conversation with a 3 year old

8 Cont. Animism= a limitation of preoperational thought, is the belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities and are capable of action - ( Santrock, 2012) Explain why children draw green sky, blue sun, etc

9 False believe test 2_w&feature=related gv4&feature=related

10 Preoperational stage Intuitive thought substage 4-7 years Vague ideas about facts, concepts Why questions Children know something without the use of rational thinking Centration is a limitation of preoperational stage, focus on one characteristic, exclusion of others

11 Delayed gratification 14HQ

12 Conservation Lack of conservation LKvg An object s properties stay the same despite the fact that the appearance has been altered/changed

13 Howard Gardner s Theory of Multiple Intelligences Verbal and Linguistic Intelligence -related to words and language-written and spoken Related skills: reading, vocabulary, formal speech, journal keeping, creative writing, humour, storytelling

14 Musical and Rhythmic Intelligence Based on the recognition of tonal patterns, including various environmental sounds, and on a sensitivity to rhythm and beats Related skills: awareness of rhythmic patterns, vocal sounds and tones, composes music, may be involved in percussion, humming, singing, music performance, attune to environmental sounds and tonal patterns

15 Body and Kinesthetic Intelligence Related to physical movement and the knowing and wisdom of the body, including the brain s motor cortex, which controls bodily motion Related skills: creative dance, role playing, physical gestures, drama, martial arts, body language, physical exercise, mime, sports, games.

16 Visual and Spatial Intelligence Relies on the sense of sight and being able to visualize an object, includes the ability to create internal mental images and pictures Related skills: visualization, active imagination, colour schemes, patterns and designs, painting and drawing, sculpture, visual pictures.

17 Logical and Mathematical Intelligence Called scientific thinking, deals with inductive and deductive thinking and reasoning, numbers, recognition of abstract patterns Related skills: abstract symbols and formulas, outlining, number sequences, deciphering codes, calculation, relationships, problem-solving, pattern games

18 Intrapersonal Intelligence Relates to inner states of being, selfreflection, metacognition, ability to solve problems by being introspective Related skills: meditation, thinking strategies, emotional processing, mindful practices, good concentration, higherorder reasoning.

19 Interpersonal Intelligence Operates primarily through person-to-person relationships and communication and the ability to solve problems by talking them out Related skills: giving feedback, understanding and reading others feelings, cooperative learning strategies, good person-to-person communication, division of labour, collaboration skills, group projects, receiving feedback.

20 Naturalist Intelligence Relates to the human ability to discriminate among living things as well as sensitivity to other features of the natural world Related skills: field trips, nature hikes, realworld experiences, travel, environmental respect and investigation, working in the environment