The Prep Strategy. What is the PREP Strategy? 2/27/2013
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1 The Prep Strategy The PREP Strategy A Strategy for Reading and Comprehending Textbooks By Michael F. Hock, Jean B. Schumaker, & Donald D. Deshler Why do students need to be proficient at understanding textbooks? All students must be able to read and comprehend textbooks in order to be successful in school. A large percentage of their semester grade depends on them answering questions about information in the textbook and learning the meaning of words in the textbook. What is the PREP Strategy? Expert learners use a variety of strategies when they read textbooks. For example, they use strategies that help them (a) determine what needs to be carefully read; (b) read with a purpose; (c) identify and note important information for future review; and (d) study the information. In short, expert textbook readers follow a process that includes prereading, reading, and post-reading activities. 1
2 PREP is a strategy that defines this process. It enables students to efficiently read, understand, and learn information presented in textbooks. The steps for the PREP strategy are: Preview the Reading Read the Key Paragraphs Express ideas in Writing Prepare Study cards The PREP Strategy Preview the reading Read the introduction Read the chapter questions Skim for highlighted words Look at charts, graphs, & pictures Make predictions about the content Read key paragraphs Identify paragraphs with key words/ideas related to chapter questions or key vocabulary Paraphrase the paragraphs 1. Read a paragraph 2. Ask yourself, What is the main idea and important details? 3. Put the main idea and details into your own words. Express ideas in writing List key words and important phrases Write answers to chapter questions Prepare study cards Transfer hard-to-remember information to study cards On the front of the card: 1. Write a key word, phrase or big idea 2. Frame it with a question On the back of the card: 1. Write a definition for the key word, phrase, or big idea 2. Frame it with a question Practice asking and answering the questions on the study cards 2
3 Paraphrasing Strategy Cue Card #1 STEPS FOR PARAPHRASING Step 1: Read a paragraph. Sep 2: Ask yourself, What were the main idea and details in this paragraph? Step 3: Put the main idea and details into your own words. Within these steps, learners use a variety of cognitive and metacognitive strategies. First, they determine what is important to read in given textbook selections be reviewing relevant class notes, reading chapter introductions and summaries, looking at charts, graphs, figures, tables, illustrations, and reading all of the major headings and subheadings. Second, they make predictions about what the selections is going to be about, tie new information to prior knowledge, and formulate unanswered questions about the content to be read. Next, they read each paragraph that was deemed important, discover the main idea and important supporting details within the paragraph, and summarize the paragraph s main ideas and details in their own words. Then, they make notes over the important information that is critical to understanding the material. Finally in order to prepare for tests, they master the information using study cards. 3
4 How is the PREP Strategy taught? The PREP Strategy is taught using the Strategic Tutoring process. Briefly, this includes assessing the task and the student s current ability to read and understand textbooks, constructing a new strategy with the student using the PREP Strategy as a foundation, teaching the PREP Strategy to the student, and finally, helping the student transfer use of this new strategy to other settings and assignments. A summary of this process is shown in the figure below What materials are needed for teaching the PREP Strategy? Very few materials are needed for teaching the PREP Strategy. At a minimum, you will need the student s textbook and a few pieces of paper and a pencil. You might use a copy of the Strategic Tutoring Checklist (pp ) to guide your Strategic Tutoring session. You might want to use a copy of the Strategy Construction Worksheet (pp ) during the construction phase of instruction.. You will need a 3 x 5 index card on which the student can write the strategy steps after the steps have been finalized. You might refer to the materials on the following eight pages for examples of how to teach the PREP Strategy. However, remember that the instruction must be adapted to the assignment at hand and the student s needs. Teaching - Modeling Assessing Constructing Transferring - Checking - Supporting 4
5 Preview the Reading Steps to Take Ask Yourself Example Answers to Questions Step 1 Read the introduction. Are there any clues about the content of this chapter The introduction mentions three ideas: Civil Rights Movement, the Great Society, and Black Power. Step 2 Read chapter questions. What are the questions I have to answer? Let s see, there are three questions: What was Martin Luther King s role in the Civil Rights Movement?, How did the Great Society change America?, and What was nonviolent civil disobedience? 5
6 Step 3 Skim for highlighted words. How did the publisher of the book highlight important information? Well, the subheadings Black Power, The Civil Rights Movement, and the Great Society are printed in bold letters. Martin Luther King stands out because of the capital letters. Finally, civil disobedience and segregation are printed in italics. Step 4 Look at charts, graphs, & pictures. What information is provided in the charts, graphs, & pictures? There are pictures of Martin Luther King and Malcolm X. leaders of different approaches to civil rights, and a timeline of important events during the Civil Rights Movement Step 5 Predict what the content will be. Overall, what do I think this chapter is going to be about? This chapter is probably going to give me Information about the Civil Rights Movement, the roles of Martin Luther King and Malcolm X in that movement, and the Great Society. 6
7 Read key paragraphs Steps to Take Ask Yourself Example Answers to Questions Identify paragraphs with highlighted words that relate to the questions you need to answer or the vocabulary words you need to know. Which paragraphs contain the questions I need to answer relate a question or vocabulary word or clue words that relate to The question needs to relate Martin Luther King, the Great Society, and civil disobedience. So, I ll begin by reading the paragraphs in Which those phrases are highlighted. Then I ll read the paragraphs that contain the other highlighted words. The Civil Rights Movement Although the White House lacked commitment to civil rights efforts, African-Americans continued to fight for civil rights by using nonviolent civil disobedience tactics. Civil disobedience means making a conscious decision to break an unjust law and being willing to suffer the consequences. One African-American leader, the Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr., deliberately violated segregation laws by sitting at whites-only lunch counters, in libraries, and in bus stations in the South. Also, Black students in the South organized the Student non-violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). These students encouraged African- Americans to vote. Here s a key paragraph. I see Martin Luther King, Jr. in it because the capital letters stand out. I see a key vocabulary word, civil disobedience, in italics. This paragraph should have information I need to know in order to answer the first and third question. 7
8 Paraphrase each key paragraph using RAP. What is the first step of RAP? The first step of RAP is to read the Paragraph. What s the second step of RAP? The second step of RAP is to ask myself what are the main ideas and important details. The main idea is about African-Americans fight for civil rights. I see the definition of civil disobedience in the sentence right after the term. An important detail is about the leader of the movement, Martin Luther King, Jr.. Another detail is about the SNCC by students. Okay, I think I have found the main idea and important details. What s the third step of RAP? The third step of RAP is to put the main idea and details into my own words. Here goes. Even though the White House didn t show support for civil rights, African-American leaders worked for justice and did it nonviolently. Okay, I didn t copy the text word for word, my paraphrase is a complete thought, and it s accurate and useful. That s a good paraphrase. I ll continue by paraphrasing the detail statements. (This step of PREP is continued on the next page.) 8
9 Express ideas in writing 1.Answer chapter questions. 2.What are the questions I need to answer? Does one of the key paragraphs answer these questions? 3.Well, the first questions is What was Martin Luther King s role in the Civil Rights Movement? Yes, one of the paragraphs answers that question: Martin Luther King was one of the leaders of the Civil Rights Movement. He led the 1963 march on Washington, which ultimately led to the passage of the Civil Rights Act of I ll write this down as my answer to that question. Prepare study cards 1.Write one key word from the list you ve just made on the front of a study card 2.What s one important word or phrase that I need to know or remember? 3.One important word that I think I ll need to know is civil disobedience. (Writes this word in large letters on a study card.) CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE Prepare study cards Frame this word with a question that addresses he word s importance. What s important to remember about this word? How can I state this information as a question? What does CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE mean? Well, I think it s important to remember what this word Means. To state this as a question, I suppose I could say, What does civil disobedience mean? (Writes phrase around the words on the study card.) 9
10 Prepare study cards 6. Make study cards for all other words on your list of key words. What s the next word or phrase I need to remember? The next term I need to make a study card for is Black Power. I ll write it in the middle of another study card. (Repeat same process to complete study cards for all other words on list.). Use the study cards to learn key words or phrases. What s the question on the front of the card? What s the answer to it? The question on the front of the card is What does the term civil disobedience mean? The answer is breaking an unfair law on purpose. (Turn card over to check answer.) PREP Strategy Checklist Preview the reading Have I read the introduction? Have I read the chapter questions & noticed important words? Did I skim the chapter and read highlighted words? Have I looked at all charts, graphs, and pictures and read the chapters? Did I make a prediction about the chapter content? Read key paragraphs Did I fond he key paragraphs related to chapter questions and vocabulary? Have I paraphrased all the key paragraphs using RAP? Read a paragraph Ask yourself, What is the main idea and important details? Put the main idea and details into your own words. Express ideas in writing Have I listed key words, important phrases, and big ideas? Have I written answers to all the assigned questions in my own words? Prepare study cards Have I made a complete study card for each piece of hard-to-remember information? Have I practiced with my study cards so that I can answer the framing questions on both sides of the study cards? 10
11 Strategic Tutoring Checklist DID YOU: (for self-evaluation and guidance) DID THE TUTOR: (for peer coaching) Assessing Phase 1. Ask about the assignment? a. What is it? b. When is it due? c. What material is needed to complete it? 2. Determine the student s current strategy? 3. Review previous performance on similar assignments? 4. Ask if the current strategy works? 5. Provide reasons for learning a new strategy? 6. Gain the student s commitment? 7. Make a commitment to the student? 8. Think about known strategies for the task at hand? 9. Decide which strategy procedure o follow? (Weaving or Building) Strategic Tutoring Checklist Constructing Phase If the WEAVING Procedure was chosen: 1. List the steps of the student s current strategy? 2. Remind the student about the effectiveness of the student s strategy? 3. Add steps related to an effective strategy? 4. Refine the steps of the strategy? 5. Have the student list the steps of the new strategy on a card? 6. Ask the student to compare the new strategy with the old strategy? Strategic Tutoring Checklist Construction Phase Or if the BUILDING Procedure was chosen: 1. Begin working on the assignment with the student? 2. Stand back and analyze what the tutor and student are going to complete the task? 3. List the steps of the strategy with the student? 4. Refine the steps of the strategy? 5. Have the student list the steps of the constructed strategy on a card? 6. Ask the student to compare the new strategy with the old strategy? 11
12 Strategic Tutoring Checklist Teaching Phase MODEL the strategy for the student? 1. Explain the student s role during modeling? 2. Model the steps of the strategy? 3. Model the thinking that accompanies each step? 4. Involve the student during the modeling activity? CHECK he student s understanding of the strategy? 1. Ask the student to name or list the steps of the strategy? 2. Have the student explain the benefits of the strategy, where it could be used, and why each step is important? 3. Ask the student if she want to modify the strategy? SUPPORT the student s practice with the strategy? 1. Cue the student to use the strategy? 2. Ask guiding questions? 3. Guide the student through assignment completion? 4. Provide positive and corrective feedback? Strategic Tutoring Checklist Transferring Phase 1. Celebrate strategy mastery and progress toward becoming a strategic learner? 2. Ask the student to compare current performance to performance before learning the strategy? 3. Develop a plan for using the strategy in other settings? a. Identify specific settings/classes? b. Identify specific assignments and due dates? c. Identify dates and times to work on assignments? d. Identify dates to review results of usage? 4. Follow up on student use of the strategy? 5. Provide feedback if necessary? 12
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