Should failing students repeat a grade/the year?
|
|
- Paul Booth
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 J Educ Change (2008) 9: DOI /s BIG CHANGE QUESTION Should failing students repeat a grade/the year? Answer by Alejandro Tiana (Professor of History of Education and Comparative Education at the Spanish Distance Teaching University and former Secretary General for Education in the Ministry of Education and Science of Spain) Alejandro Tiana Published online: 8 August 2008 Ó Springer Science+Business Media B.V Before answering to the Big Question, let me begin by questioning the question itself. What does a failing student mean? I am aware that the editors invited me to answer to the central issue they raised (grade repetition) and I am committed to do so. But I consider it necessary to make some preliminary reflections about the terms in which the question is posed. Let me start by that. We should acknowledge that failure and failing are widespread words in the educational literature. Even if most of us emphasize in our discourse that we do not like those expressions, we use them very often. It is evident that we all do set aims and objectives for the whole education system, for both schools and students, and we take them as reference for making decisions about marks, passes and certificates. We also use them as criteria for appraising the outcomes of education. It is a normal way of behaving in our professional activities and also in our daily life. So, failure does mean not reaching those objectives and failing is considered to be the entity or person not succeeding in that undertaking. But the problem arises when we have to introduce differences among students, classes or schools. What criteria do we use for those purposes? Are these concepts as objective and neutral as we presume? Here, the evidence provided by educational research and literature obliges us to be more humble and cautious. A book widely debated in France and Spain some few years ago pointed out to the weaknesses of the marking practices in our schools (Antibi 2003). According to the author, teachers tend to use a certain image of normality as the main reference for decisions concerning students passing or not their courses. If the number of students passing a certain course exceeds a normal proportion, the evaluation will be considered as unreliable or abnormal. Even more, when a high proportion of students does pass a course, its teacher will be considered nonrigorous enough and probably not a good professional. We also know about the existence of several effects already described in the educational literature, as for instance the labelling effect, by which teachers tend to set high or low expectations for every student and to interpret their outcomes according to them. And, we A. Tiana (&) Departamento de Historia de la Educación y Educación Comparada, Edificio de Humanidades UNED, Paseo Senda del Rey, 7, Madrid, Spain atiana@edu.uned.es
2 392 J Educ Change (2008) 9: also know that the average level of a class does influence the marks of each single student. For instance, a weak student may have a higher mark in a weak class than in a good one. This can explain why the same performance may result in different marks and passing decisions in different contexts. According to that experience, we should put the term failing student at least in quotation marks. This fact is also connected with a very sensitive issue, i.e., the fairness of the distinction between success and failure. This is not the core of the question posed, but we should keep it in mind, because it affects our answer. Let s accept that we may have an objective and fair system of students assessment for making passing decisions. Probably this supposition should not be accepted without discussion, as I have tried to underline before, but it is not the main issue here. The question is then how to behave with those students not reaching the objectives set for a specific subject or grade. One of the most traditional instruments used in schools with those students has been grade repetition. It has been the case especially in some OECD countries, like France, Luxembourg, Belgium, Mexico, Portugal, Switzerland, the Netherlands and Spain. In these countries more than 20% of students are currently repeating at least 1 year or grade of its basic, compulsory education, the proportion reaching in some cases up to 30% or even higher (OECD 2004, p. 262). In contrast, in some other countries, like Finland, Iceland, Japan, Norway, Sweden, United Kingdom, Korea, Czech Republic, Denmark, Poland and Slovak Republic, proportions remain well below 5%. And, we should note that this later group includes some of the best performers in PISA study, even if it is not possible to establish a causal relationship between both variables. Why is it that countries do differ so markedly in their policies of repetition? Undoubtedly, history, tradition and school culture do strongly affect their respective policies. But we should not take that diversity for granted and ask ourselves about the reasons behind those differences and their associated effects. We may adopt different perspectives for approaching this issue. From a psychological point of view, the notion that repetition offers a new opportunity for educational progress lies on a simple, linear conception of child development. It implicitly assumes that development is cumulative instead of being the result of a complex process of knowledge building. It also implies the assumption that each grade is placed in a chain of educational progress. With that idea in mind, doing again the tasks not accomplished in the past is considered to be the main condition for avoiding later failure. This is the reason why some teachers and parents think that repeating a grade will provide the child with a more solid educational ground for the next steps of its educational development. But even if in some cases this experience proves to be positive, more frequently it is just the contrary. Many families and counsellors report and alert about the feelings of discomfort and dissatisfaction associated with retention, which provoke demobilization and lack of expectations in relation to schooling. Psychological research confirms these negative effects on the student s self-image which paves the way for future school failure. From a pedagogical perspective, we may reach similar conclusions. In fact, educational research does not confirm the hypothesis that repetition is a reliable decision for assuring future success. It seems to be just the contrary. A couple of traditional surveys of repetition studies did confirm some years ago the negative pedagogical effects of grade retention (Holmes 1990; Holmes and Matthews 1984). A more recent report presented to the French Haut Conseil de l Évaluation de l École confirmed the same criticisms and emphasized the broken promises of grade repetition (Paul and Troncin 2004). The conclusion of those surveys is categorical: Those who continue to retain pupils at grade level do so despite
3 J Educ Change (2008) 9: cumulative research evidence showing that the potential for negative effects consistently outweighs positive outcomes (Holmes and Matthews 1984, p. 232). If we take a sociological perspective, we will find that repetition and social background are closely connected. Everything points to the fact that repetition is not a socially neutral phenomenon. In fact, the educational level of the parents (more than just the economic status of the family) does influence both the probability of retention and the strategies adopted for grade passing or repetition. There is a sociological component in repetition. Finally, from an economic and administrative point of view, repetition is expensive and even wasteful. The cost of repetition currently amounts in Spain up to 1,000 million per year, and in France the figure is a bit more than double. One may legitimately answer if this is the most effective way for facing learning difficulties. Taking all these arguments together, my answer to the Big Question is clear: I do not think that grade repetition is the best solution for avoiding school failure. Even more, I believe that it is one of the causes of failure. So, we should avoid the use of it as a remediation instrument. Successful countries in education do prove that there are alternative ways of organizing teaching that produce better effects than repetition. I could stop here, but the reader would say that I am not answering to the question in a direct way. In fact, what decision should be taken for a failing student? Is it enough to make general statements about how an education system may be organized? Let me end by reflecting a little more about how we could and should react in those circumstances. At this point I have to clarify my position regarding repetition. I am clearly against it, as you have read, but I don t believe in miracles in this field. Even if I think there are solid arguments against the common use of repetition, we should consider different situations. On the one hand, there are some singular cases in which repetition is unavoidable. It is, for instance, the case when a student has severe health problems or moves home in traumatic circumstances or suffers any another major problem. Even the most strict education systems forbidding repetition do accept these exceptions. I will not argue against them, of course. My only caution will be to assure that repetition is the right solution for those specific cases. On the other hand, there are differences between basic and post-compulsory levels. I firmly believe that education systems have the obligation to make young people succeed in basic education, as a balance for being compulsory. I do accept that it is an ultimate objective, probably not reachable from one day to the next. But being ultimate does not mean it can be dropped. In contrast, post-compulsory education has a meritocratic character. I can accept that meeting certain objectives and formative requisites may imply different efforts, competencies and times. In this case repetition has to be accepted, but we should probably focus it on a different light, not just as retention. In any case, I think repetition is not desirable. We should look for alternative strategies to deal with students at risk and school failure. But we should not forget that in the first group of countries mentioned above there are many favourable opinions about repetition among teachers and families. Many teachers consider repetition as a tool of teacher authority or even a punishment. A number of families consider it as a mean for avoiding future failure interestingly enough, teachers children do repeat well below the average. This situation does mean that there is a positive image of repetition in some sectors, which makes it necessary to act in an intelligent and cautious manner in order to reduce that practice. Negative reactions would impede the adoption of an alternative strategy. Naivety will never be the answer.
4 394 J Educ Change (2008) 9: To reduce the use of repetition, I think prohibition is not a good strategy by itself. Some alternative, convincing pathways need to be designed. It is a gradual process in which convincing education actors is crucial. In my opinion, the key terms for developing alternative strategies are personalization (in basic education) and flexibility (in post-compulsory education). In basic education, the only alternative is a clever combination of prevention, early detection of problems and timely response. Systems which prevent young people being left behind get good performances without repetition. There is not a magic answer. In post-compulsory education, offering flexible pathways inside the system and two-way roads between education, training and labour in a lifelong perspective is an alternative model to whether linear progress or repetition. These two images may help us design realistic, effective alternatives to grade or year repetition. References Antibi, A. (2003). La Constante Macabre. Ou comment a-t-on découragé des générations d élèves. Toulouse: Ed. Math adore. Holmes, C. T. (1990). Grade level retention effects: A meta-analysis of research studies. In L. A. Shepard & M. L. Smith (Eds.), Flunking grades. Research and policies on retention (pp ). Bristol: Falmer Press. Holmes, C. T., & Matthews, K. M. (1984). The effects of nonpromotion on elementary and junior high schools pupils: A meta-analysis. Review of Educational Research, 54(2), OECD (2004). Learning for tomorrow s world. First results from PISA Paris: OECD. Paul, J.-J., & Troncin, T. (2004). Les apports de la recherche sur l impact du redoublement comme moyen de traiter les difficultés scolaires au cours de la scolarité obligatoire. Paris: Rapports établis à la demande du Haut Conseil de l Évaluation de l 0 École.
5
Summary and policy recommendations
Skills Beyond School Synthesis Report OECD 2014 Summary and policy recommendations The hidden world of professional education and training Post-secondary vocational education and training plays an under-recognised
More informationTwenty years of TIMSS in England. NFER Education Briefings. What is TIMSS?
NFER Education Briefings Twenty years of TIMSS in England What is TIMSS? The Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) is a worldwide research project run by the IEA 1. It takes place
More informationImpact of Educational Reforms to International Cooperation CASE: Finland
Impact of Educational Reforms to International Cooperation CASE: Finland February 11, 2016 10 th Seminar on Cooperation between Russian and Finnish Institutions of Higher Education Tiina Vihma-Purovaara
More informationSummary results (year 1-3)
Summary results (year 1-3) Evaluation and accountability are key issues in ensuring quality provision for all (Eurydice, 2004). In Europe, the dominant arrangement for educational accountability is school
More informationStudents with Disabilities, Learning Difficulties and Disadvantages STATISTICS AND INDICATORS
Students with Disabilities, Learning Difficulties and Disadvantages STATISTICS AND INDICATORS CENTRE FOR EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH AND INNOVATION Students with Disabilities, Learning Difficulties and Disadvantages
More informationDepartment of Education and Skills. Memorandum
Department of Education and Skills Memorandum Irish Students Performance in PISA 2012 1. Background 1.1. What is PISA? The Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) is a project of the Organisation
More informationNational Academies STEM Workforce Summit
National Academies STEM Workforce Summit September 21-22, 2015 Irwin Kirsch Director, Center for Global Assessment PIAAC and Policy Research ETS Policy Research using PIAAC data America s Skills Challenge:
More informationDEVELOPMENT AID AT A GLANCE
DEVELOPMENT AID AT A GLANCE STATISTICS BY REGION 2. AFRICA 217 edition 2.1. ODA TO AFRICA - SUMMARY 2.1.1. Top 1 ODA receipts by recipient USD million, net disbursements in 21 2.1.3. Trends in ODA 1 Ethiopia
More informationSOCRATES PROGRAMME GUIDELINES FOR APPLICANTS
SOCRATES PROGRAMME GUIDELINES FOR APPLICANTS The present document contains a description of the financial support available under all parts of the Community action programme in the field of education,
More informationThe Survey of Adult Skills (PIAAC) provides a picture of adults proficiency in three key information-processing skills:
SPAIN Key issues The gap between the skills proficiency of the youngest and oldest adults in Spain is the second largest in the survey. About one in four adults in Spain scores at the lowest levels in
More informationIntroduction Research Teaching Cooperation Faculties. University of Oulu
University of Oulu Founded in 1958 faculties 1 000 students 2900 employees Total funding EUR 22 million Among the largest universities in Finland with an exceptionally wide scientific base Three universities
More informationPROGRESS TOWARDS THE LISBON OBJECTIVES IN EDUCATION AND TRAINING
COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES Commission staff working document PROGRESS TOWARDS THE LISBON OBJECTIVES IN EDUCATION AND TRAINING Indicators and benchmarks 2008 This publication is based on document
More informationInternship Department. Sigma + Internship. Supervisor Internship Guide
Internship Department Sigma + Internship Supervisor Internship Guide April 2016 Content The place of an internship in the university curriculum... 3 Various Tasks Expected in an Internship... 3 Competencies
More informationDISCUSSION PAPER. In 2006 the population of Iceland was 308 thousand people and 62% live in the capital area.
Increasing Employment of Older Workers through Lifelong Learning Discussion Paper Jón Torfi Jónasson Institute of Social Science Research, University of Iceland Introduction This Peer Review is concerned
More informationInternational House VANCOUVER / WHISTLER WORK EXPERIENCE
International House VANCOUVER / WHISTLER WORK EXPERIENCE 2 3 work experience At IH Vancouver, we understand that language acquisition is only the first step in achieving your career goals. With this in
More informationEDUCATION IN THE INDUSTRIALISED COUNTRIES
EDUCATION IN THE INDUSTRIALISED COUNTRIES PLAN EUROPE 2000 PUBLISHED UNDER THE AUSPICES OF THE EUROPEAN CULTURAL FOUNDATION PROJECT 1 EDUCATING MAN FOR THE XXIst CENTURY Volume 5 "EDUCATION IN THE INDUSTRIALISED
More informationOverall student visa trends June 2017
Overall student visa trends June 2017 Acronyms Acronyms FSV First-time student visas The number of visas issued to students for the first time. Visas for dependants and Section 61 applicants are excluded
More informationHigher education is becoming a major driver of economic competitiveness
Executive Summary Higher education is becoming a major driver of economic competitiveness in an increasingly knowledge-driven global economy. The imperative for countries to improve employment skills calls
More informationReport on the State and Needs of Education
Steering the Course Back to Equity in Education Report on the State and Needs of Education 2014-2016 SUMMARY September 2016 Steering the Course Back to Equity in Education Report on the State and Needs
More informationPosition Statements. Index of Association Position Statements
ts Association position statements address key issues for Pre-K-12 education and describe the shared beliefs that direct united action by boards of education/conseil scolaire fransaskois and their Association.
More informationThe recognition, evaluation and accreditation of European Postgraduate Programmes.
1 The recognition, evaluation and accreditation of European Postgraduate Programmes. Sue Lawrence and Nol Reverda Introduction The validation of awards and courses within higher education has traditionally,
More informationQuestion 1 Does the concept of "part-time study" exist in your University and, if yes, how is it put into practice, is it possible in every Faculty?
Name of the University Country Univerza v Ljubljani Slovenia Tallin University of Technology (TUT) Estonia Question 1 Does the concept of "part-time study" exist in your University and, if yes, how is
More informationThe European Higher Education Area in 2012:
PRESS BRIEFING The European Higher Education Area in 2012: Bologna Process Implementation Report EURYDI CE CONTEXT The Bologna Process Implementation Report is the result of a joint effort by Eurostat,
More informationA TRAINING COURSE FUNDED UNDER THE TCP BUDGET OF THE YOUTH IN ACTION PROGRAMME FROM 2009 TO 2013 THE POWER OF 6 TESTIMONIES OF STRONG OUTCOMES
A TRAINING COURSE FUNDED UNDER THE TCP BUDGET OF THE YOUTH IN ACTION PROGRAMME FROM 2009 TO 2013 THE POWER OF 6 TESTIMONIES OF STRONG OUTCOMES 1 TRAINING COURSE: THE POWER OF NON FORMAL EDUCATION In 2009,
More informationHIGHLIGHTS OF FINDINGS FROM MAJOR INTERNATIONAL STUDY ON PEDAGOGY AND ICT USE IN SCHOOLS
HIGHLIGHTS OF FINDINGS FROM MAJOR INTERNATIONAL STUDY ON PEDAGOGY AND ICT USE IN SCHOOLS Hans Wagemaker Executive Director, IEA Nancy Law Director, CITE, University of Hong Kong SITES 2006 International
More informationKey concepts for the insider-researcher
02-Costley-3998-CH-01:Costley -3998- CH 01 07/01/2010 11:09 AM Page 1 1 Key concepts for the insider-researcher Key points A most important aspect of work based research is the researcher s situatedness
More informationMexico (CONAFE) Dialogue and Discover Model, from the Community Courses Program
Mexico (CONAFE) Dialogue and Discover Model, from the Community Courses Program Dialogue and Discover manuals are used by Mexican community instructors (young people without professional teacher education
More informationThe Role of a Theoretical Framework. what the researcher will look for and how data will be sorted. Making a theoretical framework
Theoretical Framework for 1 Grade-Level Retention Literature The Role of a Theoretical Framework A theoretical framework guides research by directing the focus of the researcher. It defines what the researcher
More informationUniversities as Laboratories for Societal Multilingualism: Insights from Implementation
Universities as Laboratories for Societal Multilingualism: Insights from Implementation Dr. Thomas Vogel Europa-Universität Viadrina vogel@europa-uni.de The Agenda 1. Language policy issues 2. The global
More informationScience and Technology Indicators. R&D statistics
2014 Science and Technology Indicators R&D statistics Science and Technology Indicators R&D statistics 2014 Published by NIFU Nordic Institute for Studies in Innovation, Research and Education Address
More informationThe Socially Structured Possibility to Pilot One s Transition by Paul Bélanger, Elaine Biron, Pierre Doray, Simon Cloutier, Olivier Meyer
The Socially Structured Possibility to Pilot One s by Paul Bélanger, Elaine Biron, Pierre Doray, Simon Cloutier, Olivier Meyer Toronto, June 2006 1 s, either professional or personal, are understood here
More informationModern Trends in Higher Education Funding. Tilea Doina Maria a, Vasile Bleotu b
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Procedia - Social and Behavioral Scien ce s 116 ( 2014 ) 2226 2230 Abstract 5 th World Conference on Educational Sciences - WCES 2013 Modern Trends
More informationInterview on Quality Education
Interview on Quality Education President European University Association (EUA) Ultimately, education is what should allow students to grow, learn, further develop, and fully play their role as active citizens
More informationUniversity of Cambridge: Programme Specifications POSTGRADUATE ADVANCED CERTIFICATE IN EDUCATIONAL STUDIES. June 2012
University of Cambridge: Programme Specifications Every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of the information in this programme specification. Programme specifications are produced and then reviewed
More informationThe development of national qualifications frameworks in Europe
European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training WORKING PAPER No 8 The development of national qualifications frameworks in Europe Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2010
More informationISSA E-Bulletin (2008-2)
International Sociology of Sport Association Internationale de Sociologie du Sport A Sub-Committee of ICSSPE Association Research Committee 27 of ISA Affiliated with UNESCO ISSA E-Bulletin (2008-2) In
More informationMay To print or download your own copies of this document visit Name Date Eurovision Numeracy Assignment
1. An estimated one hundred and twenty five million people across the world watch the Eurovision Song Contest every year. Write this number in figures. 2. Complete the table below. 2004 2005 2006 2007
More informationinternational PROJECTS MOSCOW
international PROJECTS MOSCOW Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Journalism INTERNATIONAL EXCHANGES Journalism & Communication Partners IHECS Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Journalism
More informationUniversity of Toronto
University of Toronto OFFICE OF THE VICE PRESIDENT AND PROVOST 1. Introduction A Framework for Graduate Expansion 2004-05 to 2009-10 In May, 2000, Governing Council Approved a document entitled Framework
More informationREFLECTIONS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF THE MEXICAN EDUCATION SYSTEM
DIRECTORATE FOR EDUCATION REFLECTIONS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF THE MEXICAN EDUCATION SYSTEM DAVID HOPKINS 1, ELPIDA AHTARIDOU, PETER MATTHEWS, CHARLES POSNER AND DIANA TOLEDO FIGUEROA 2 LONDON CENTRE FOR
More informationEducational Indicators
Educational Indicators International and national assessments and evaluations in Spain OECD Indicators. Education at a Glance European Objectives 2020. Spanish System of Educational Indicators UNESCO.
More informationUNIVERSITY AUTONOMY IN EUROPE II
UNIVERSITY AUTONOMY IN EUROPE II THE SCORECARD By Thomas Estermann, Terhi Nokkala & Monika Steinel Copyright 2011 European University Association All rights reserved. This information may be freely used
More informationChallenges for Higher Education in Europe: Socio-economic and Political Transformations
Challenges for Higher Education in Europe: Socio-economic and Political Transformations Steinhardt Institute NYU 15 June, 2017 Peter Maassen US governance of higher education EU governance of higher
More informationWelcome to. ECML/PKDD 2004 Community meeting
Welcome to ECML/PKDD 2004 Community meeting A brief report from the program chairs Jean-Francois Boulicaut, INSA-Lyon, France Floriana Esposito, University of Bari, Italy Fosca Giannotti, ISTI-CNR, Pisa,
More informationMeasuring up: Canadian Results of the OECD PISA Study
Measuring up: Canadian Results of the OECD PISA Study The Performance of Canada s Youth in Science, Reading and Mathematics 2015 First Results for Canadians Aged 15 Measuring up: Canadian Results of the
More informationRethinking Library and Information Studies in Spain: Crossing the boundaries
Rethinking Library and Information Studies in Spain: Crossing the boundaries V IRGINIA O RTIZ- R EPISO U NIVERSIDAD C ARLOS III DE M ADRID D EPARTAMENTO DE B IBLIOTECONOMIA Y D OCUMENTACIÓN Barcelona,
More informationConseil scolaire francophone de la Colombie Britannique. Literacy Plan. Submitted on July 15, Alain Laberge, Director of Educational Services
Conseil scolaire francophone de la Colombie Britannique Literacy Plan 2008 2009 Submitted on July 15, 2008 Alain Laberge, Director of Educational Services Words for speaking, writing and hearing for each
More informationELP in whole-school use. Case study Norway. Anita Nyberg
EUROPEAN CENTRE FOR MODERN LANGUAGES 3rd Medium Term Programme ELP in whole-school use Case study Norway Anita Nyberg Summary Kastellet School, Oslo primary and lower secondary school (pupils aged 6 16)
More informationehealth Governance Initiative: Joint Action JA-EHGov & Thematic Network SEHGovIA DELIVERABLE Version: 2.4 Date:
ehealth Governance Initiative: Joint Action JA-EHGov & Thematic Network SEHGovIA DELIVERABLE JA D4.1.1 Strategy & Policy Alignment Documents I WP4 (JA) - Policy Development and Strategy Alignment Version:
More informationUnderstanding student engagement and transition
Understanding student engagement and transition Carolyn Mair London College of Fashion University of the Arts London 20 John Prince s Street London http://www.cazweb.info/ Lalage Sanders Cardiff Metropolitan
More informationSchool Inspection in Hesse/Germany
Hessisches Kultusministerium School Inspection in Hesse/Germany Contents 1. Introduction...2 2. School inspection as a Procedure for Quality Assurance and Quality Enhancement...2 3. The Hessian framework
More informationREVIEW OF ONLINE INTERCULTURAL EXCHANGE: AN INTRODUCTION FOR FOREIGN LANGUAGE TEACHERS
Language Learning & Technology http:/llt.msu.edu/issues/february2011/review2.pdf February 2011, Volume 15, Number 1 pp. 24 28 REVIEW OF ONLINE INTERCULTURAL EXCHANGE: AN INTRODUCTION FOR FOREIGN LANGUAGE
More informationMonitoring Metacognitive abilities in children: A comparison of children between the ages of 5 to 7 years and 8 to 11 years
Monitoring Metacognitive abilities in children: A comparison of children between the ages of 5 to 7 years and 8 to 11 years Abstract Takang K. Tabe Department of Educational Psychology, University of Buea
More informationINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OFTHE SOCIOLOGY OF LANGUAGE
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OFTHE SOCIOLOGY OF LANGUAGE General Editor JOSHUA A. FISHMAN Offprint Mouton de Gruyter Berlin NewYork \ \ Book review Moussa Chami: L'Enseignement du Franfais au Maroc: Diagnostic
More informationTeaching Practices and Social Capital
D I S C U S S I O N P A P E R S E R I E S IZA DP No. 6052 Teaching Practices and Social Capital Yann Algan Pierre Cahuc Andrei Shleifer October 2011 Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit Institute
More informationA comparative study on cost-sharing in higher education Using the case study approach to contribute to evidence-based policy
A comparative study on cost-sharing in higher education Using the case study approach to contribute to evidence-based policy Tuition fees between sacred cow and cash cow Conference of Vlaams Verbond van
More informationPolicy on official end-of-course evaluations
Last Revised by: Senate April 23, 2014 Minute IIB4 Full legislative history appears at the end of this document. 1. Policy statement 1.1 McGill University values quality in the courses it offers its students.
More informationProfessional Development and Training for Young Teachers in Russia
Professional Development and Training for Young Teachers in Russia Marina Pinskaya, Alena Ponomareva, Sergey Kosaretsky Received in February 2016 Marina Pinskaya Candidate of Sciences in Pedagogy, Lead
More informationNational Pre Analysis Report. Republic of MACEDONIA. Goce Delcev University Stip
National Pre Analysis Report Republic of MACEDONIA Goce Delcev University Stip The European Commission support for the production of this publication does not constitute an endorsement of the contents
More informationScience Clubs as a Vehicle to Enhance Science Teaching and Learning in Schools
2014 4th International Conference on Education, Research and Innovation IPEDR vol.81 (2014) (2014) IACSIT Press, Singapore DOI: 10.7763/IPEDR.2014.V81.26 Science Clubs as a Vehicle to Enhance Science Teaching
More information2001 MPhil in Information Science Teaching, from Department of Primary Education, University of Crete.
Athanasia K. Margetousaki Nikolaou Plastira 100, Vassilika Vouton GR 700 13 Heraklion, Crete Greece Phone. +302810391828 Fax: +30 2810 391583 e-mail amarge@iacm.forht.gr, amarge@edc.uoc.gr STUDIES 1995
More informationInternational Branches
Indian Branches Chandigarh Punjab Haryana Odisha Kolkata Bihar International Branches Bhutan Nepal Philippines Russia South Korea Australia Kyrgyzstan Singapore US Ireland Kazakastan Georgia Czech Republic
More informationA MULTI-AGENT SYSTEM FOR A DISTANCE SUPPORT IN EDUCATIONAL ROBOTICS
A MULTI-AGENT SYSTEM FOR A DISTANCE SUPPORT IN EDUCATIONAL ROBOTICS Sébastien GEORGE Christophe DESPRES Laboratoire d Informatique de l Université du Maine Avenue René Laennec, 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9, France
More information2 di 7 29/06/
2 di 7 29/06/2011 9.09 Preamble The General Conference of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, meeting at Paris from 17 October 1989 to 16 November 1989 at its twenty-fifth
More informationThe International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme at Carey
The International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme at Carey Contents ONNECT What is the IB? 2 How is the IB course structured? 3 The IB Learner Profile 4-5 What subjects does Carey offer? 6 The IB Diploma
More informationReferencing the Danish Qualifications Framework for Lifelong Learning to the European Qualifications Framework
Referencing the Danish Qualifications for Lifelong Learning to the European Qualifications Referencing the Danish Qualifications for Lifelong Learning to the European Qualifications 2011 Referencing the
More informationPREDISPOSING FACTORS TOWARDS EXAMINATION MALPRACTICE AMONG STUDENTS IN LAGOS UNIVERSITIES: IMPLICATIONS FOR COUNSELLING
PREDISPOSING FACTORS TOWARDS EXAMINATION MALPRACTICE AMONG STUDENTS IN LAGOS UNIVERSITIES: IMPLICATIONS FOR COUNSELLING BADEJO, A. O. PhD Department of Educational Foundations and Counselling Psychology,
More informationPublished in: The Proceedings of the 12th International Congress on Mathematical Education
Mathematical Literacy Niss, Mogens Allan Published in: The Proceedings of the 12th International Congress on Mathematical Education DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-12688-3_31 Publication date: 2015 Document Version
More informationFinanciación de las instituciones europeas de educación superior. Funding of European higher education institutions. Resumen
Financiación de las instituciones europeas de educación superior Funding of European higher education institutions 1 Thomas Estermann Head of Unit Governance, Autonomy and Funding European University Association
More informationThe International Coach Federation (ICF) Global Consumer Awareness Study
www.pwc.com The International Coach Federation (ICF) Global Consumer Awareness Study Summary of the Main Regional Results and Variations Fort Worth, Texas Presentation Structure 2 Research Overview 3 Research
More informationProgram Rating Sheet - University of South Carolina - Columbia Columbia, South Carolina
Program Rating Sheet - University of South Carolina - Columbia Columbia, South Carolina Undergraduate Secondary Teacher Prep Program: Bachelor of Arts or Science in Middle Level Education with Math or
More informationInnovative e-learning approach in teaching based on case studies - INNOCASE project.
Małgorzata Zięba, Gdańsk University of Technology Innovative e-learning approach in teaching based on case studies - INNOCASE project. Summary - The article presents the application of innovative e-learning
More informationPIRLS. International Achievement in the Processes of Reading Comprehension Results from PIRLS 2001 in 35 Countries
Ina V.S. Mullis Michael O. Martin Eugenio J. Gonzalez PIRLS International Achievement in the Processes of Reading Comprehension Results from PIRLS 2001 in 35 Countries International Study Center International
More informationTeachers response to unexplained answers
Teachers response to unexplained answers Ove Gunnar Drageset To cite this version: Ove Gunnar Drageset. Teachers response to unexplained answers. Konrad Krainer; Naďa Vondrová. CERME 9 - Ninth Congress
More informationThe development of ECVET in Europe
European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training WORKING PAPER No 14 The development of ECVET in Europe (2011) Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2012 The development of
More informationPostprint.
http://www.diva-portal.org Postprint This is the accepted version of a paper presented at CLEF 2013 Conference and Labs of the Evaluation Forum Information Access Evaluation meets Multilinguality, Multimodality,
More informationFREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS (FAQs) ON THE ENHANCEMENT PROGRAMME
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS (FAQs) ON THE ENHANCEMENT PROGRAMME 1. What is the Enhancement Programme? One of the fundamental goals of the Education and Human Resource Strategy Plan 2008-2020 is the review
More informationThe Effectiveness of Realistic Mathematics Education Approach on Ability of Students Mathematical Concept Understanding
International Journal of Sciences: Basic and Applied Research (IJSBAR) ISSN 2307-4531 (Print & Online) http://gssrr.org/index.php?journal=journalofbasicandapplied ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
More informationBRITISH COUNCIL CONFERENCE FOR TEACHERS. Utrecht, 07 April 2017
BRITISH COUNCIL CONFERENCE FOR TEACHERS Utrecht, 07 April 2017 CONFERENCE FOR TEACHERS FOREWORD WELCOME TO THE BRITISH COUNCIL CONFERENCE FOR TEACHERS 2017 IN UTRECHT. As the world s English experts, we
More informationEQF Pro 1 st Partner Meeting Lille, 28 March 2008, 9:30 16:30.
EQF Pro 1 st Partner Meeting Lille,, 9:30 16:30. Present: Michel Feutrie (MF); Danièle Pouliquen (DP), Maike Schansker (MS), Isabel Martins (IM), Joana Coutinho (JC), Doris Gomezlj (DG), Jean-Marie Dujardin
More informationDigital resources and mathematics teachers documents
Digital resources and mathematics teachers documents Ghislaine Gueudet (IUFM de Bretagne-UBO, CREAD) with the contribution of Luc Trouche, INRP 5th JEM Workshop Outline 1. Digital teaching resources 2.
More informationPresentation of the English Montreal School Board To Mme Michelle Courchesne, Ministre de l Éducation, du Loisir et du Sport on
Presentation of the English Montreal School Board To Mme Michelle Courchesne, Ministre de l Éducation, du Loisir et du Sport on «DÉMOCRATIE ET GOUVERNANCE DES COMMISSIONS SCOLAIRES Éléments de réflexion»
More informationFACULTY OF PSYCHOLOGY
FACULTY OF PSYCHOLOGY STRATEGY 2016 2022 // UNIVERSITY OF BERGEN STRATEGY 2016 2022 FACULTY OF PSYCHOLOGY 3 STRATEGY 2016 2022 (Adopted by the Faculty Board on 15 June 2016) The Faculty of Psychology has
More informationMandatory Review of Social Skills Qualifications. Consultation document for Approval to List
Mandatory Review of Social Skills Qualifications Consultation document for Approval to List February 2015 Prepared by: National Qualifications Services on behalf of the Social Skills Governance Group 1
More informationA PEDAGOGY OF TEACHING THE TEST
A PEDAGOGY OF TEACHING THE TEST Du Toit Erna, Department of Education, Sol Plaatje University, Kimberley & Du Toit Jacqueline, Student support Services, Wellness Centre, Central University of Technology,Welkom,
More informationEUROPEAN UNIVERSITIES LOOKING FORWARD WITH CONFIDENCE PRAGUE DECLARATION 2009
EUROPEAN UNIVERSITIES LOOKING FORWARD WITH CONFIDENCE PRAGUE DECLARATION 2009 Copyright 2009 by the European University Association All rights reserved. This information may be freely used and copied for
More informationA Study of Metacognitive Awareness of Non-English Majors in L2 Listening
ISSN 1798-4769 Journal of Language Teaching and Research, Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 504-510, May 2013 Manufactured in Finland. doi:10.4304/jltr.4.3.504-510 A Study of Metacognitive Awareness of Non-English Majors
More informationStudent Assessment Policy: Education and Counselling
Student Assessment Policy: Education and Counselling Title: Student Assessment Policy: Education and Counselling Author: Academic Dean Approved by: Academic Board Date: February 2014 Review date: February
More informationRELATIONS. I. Facts and Trends INTERNATIONAL. II. Profile of Graduates. Placement Report. IV. Recruiting Companies
I. Facts and Trends II. Profile of Graduates III. International Placement Statistics IV. Recruiting Companies mir.ie.edu After the graduation of our 4th intake of the Master in International Relations
More informationAssessment and national report of Poland on the existing training provisions of professionals in the Healthcare Waste Management industry REPORT: III
Assessment and national report of Poland on the existing training provisions of professionals in the Healthcare Waste Management industry REPORT: III DEVELOPING AN EU STANDARDISED APPROACH TO VOCATIONAL
More informationTU-E2090 Research Assignment in Operations Management and Services
Aalto University School of Science Operations and Service Management TU-E2090 Research Assignment in Operations Management and Services Version 2016-08-29 COURSE INSTRUCTOR: OFFICE HOURS: CONTACT: Saara
More informationPROJECT 1 News Media. Note: this project frequently requires the use of Internet-connected computers
1 PROJECT 1 News Media Note: this project frequently requires the use of Internet-connected computers Unit Description: while developing their reading and communication skills, the students will reflect
More informationARSENAL OF DEMOCRACY
ARSENAL OF DEMOCRACY Preview of Main Idea Between 1910 and 1930, Detroit became a major industrial center of the United States, indeed, the world. The ability of the automobile industry to produce an extraordinarily
More informationEvidence into Practice: An International Perspective. CMHO Conference, Toronto, November 2008
Evidence into Practice: An International Perspective CMHO Conference, Toronto, November 2008 Child and Youth Mental Health Information Network Partners Child and Youth Mental Health Information Network
More informationTHE EUROPEAN MEN-ECVET PROJECT
THE EUROPEAN MEN-ECVET PROJECT The European MEN- ECVET project carried out in the framework of the MEN-ECVET project and presented at the final conference organised by the Centre International d Etudes
More informationThe development of ECVET in Europe
European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training WORKING PAPER No 10 The development of ECVET in Europe Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2010 The development of ECVET in
More informationEUA Quality Culture: Implementing Bologna Reforms
UNIVERSITY OF TAMPERE FINLAND EUA Quality Culture: Implementing Bologna Reforms 1. What is my university s concept of a quality reform with respect to the Bologna process? Note: as for detailed specification
More informationInformation needed to facilitate the clarity, transparency and understanding of mitigation contributions
Climate Change Expert Group Paper No.2017(1) Information needed to facilitate the clarity, transparency and understanding of mitigation contributions Sara Moarif (IEA) May 2017 Unclassified COM/ENV/EPOC/IEA/SLT(2017)1
More informationReport on organizing the ROSE survey in France
Report on organizing the ROSE survey in France Florence Le Hebel, florence.le-hebel@ens-lsh.fr, University of Lyon, March 2008 1. ROSE team The French ROSE team consists of Dr Florence Le Hebel (Associate
More informationCOMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES RECOMMENDATION OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL
EN EN EN COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES Brussels, 9.4.2008 COM(2008) 180 final 2008/0070 (COD) RECOMMENDATION OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL on the establishment of the European
More information