Object-Oriented Methodology 101

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1 Object-Oriented Methodology 0 Presented by: William F. Nazzaro Nazzaro & Associates - bill@williamnazzaro.com Phone - (60) 83-5

2 Object-Oriented Methodology 0 Premises OO is becoming critical as systems become more» Complicated» Complex» Distributed Organizations are» No longer investigating OO as a possibility» Investigating how to use OO competitively Objectives Discuss reasons/benefits of OO Discuss the essential linchpin to realize those benefits Ver..0 Page - 2

3 What to Expect Object-orientation s first impact at your company Can be a tremendous success, or A complete blunder Need awareness of this technology's Power Impact Shortcomings Potential Ver..0 Page - 3

4 Benefits of Object-Orientation Faster development Reduced cost Reuse It s not magical! Higher quality systems Improved architecture More adaptable More scalable Benefits come from careful analysis, design, and development practices that exploit the OO paradigm! Ver..0 Page - 4

5 Methodology The Quintessential Linchpin!!!

6 Methodology A specification of a process through which software can be developed A set of generic software development techniques together with a set of guidelines defining how and when those techniques should be applied Though there is madness, there is a method in t. - Hamlet, William Shakespeare Ver..0 Page - 6

7 What Should an OO Methodology Do? Define Project roles Software lifecycle Deliverables to be created Standards for documenting those deliverables Techniques for creating those deliverables Dependencies among deliverables Ensure consistent application of techniques Facilitate staff transitions between phases and projects Needs to be reasonable, pragmatic, and most of all flexible Ver..0 Page - 7

8 What Should an OO Methodology Do? Provide An experience base in the following areas» Estimating guidelines and templates» Techniques for analyzing models Depth of coverage for life cycle phases Guidance for» Object-Oriented Applications» Distributed Object Applications Quality examples Stress iterative and incremental development Needs to be reasonable, pragmatic, and most of all flexible Ver..0 Page - 8

9 A Methodology Misconceptions Person College offers 0..* Degree 0..* Track pre-reqs 0..* requires Notation is not methodology Unified Modeling Language (UML) Object Modeling Technique (OMT) Booch controls employs Instructor..*..* Student 0..* teaches advise FullTimeInstructor AdjunctInstructor registers for Location 0..*..* Course 0..* 0..* holds offers 0..* 0..* CourseOffering 0..* fills seat in 0..* CourseEnrollment 0..* Person College offers Degree Track pre-reqs requires + employs controls Location Course Student Instructor + + holds offers Person College offers 0..n controls employs Student Instructor..n..n 0..n teaches advise Adjunct FullTime Instructor Instructor Degree Track 0..n 0..n requires pre-reqs 0..n..n Course Location 0..n 0..n holds offers 0..n 0..n Course Offering 0..n fills seat in 0..n advise AdjunctInstructor FullTimeInstructor registers for teaches CourseOffering fills seat in CourseEnrollment registers for Course Enrollment 0..n Ver..0 Page - 9

10 Methodology Misconceptions Language is not methodology C++ Smalltalk Java Eiffel Visual Basic Tools are not methodology Rational Rose Paradigm Plus Select OMT GUI Builder // FullTimeInstructor #include "FllTmnst.h" //## begin module.additionaldeclarations preserve=yes //## end module.additionaldeclarations // Class FullTimeInstructor FullTimeInstructor::FullTimeInstructor() //## begin FullTimeInstructor::FullTimeInstructor%.hasinit //## end FullTimeInstructor::FullTimeInstructor%.hasinit //## begin FullTimeInstructor::FullTimeInstructor%.initialization //## end FullTimeInstructor::FullTimeInstructor%.initialization { //## begin FullTimeInstructor::FullTimeInstructor%.body preserve=yes //## end FullTimeInstructor::FullTimeInstructor%.body } FullTimeInstructor::FullTimeInstructor(const FullTimeInstructor &right) //## begin FullTimeInstructor::FullTimeInstructor%copy.hasinit //## end FullTimeInstructor::FullTimeInstructor%copy.hasinit //## begin FullTimeInstructor::FullTimeInstructor%copy.initialization //## end FullTimeInstructor::FullTimeInstructor%copy.initialization { //## begin FullTimeInstructor::FullTimeInstructor%copy.body preserve=yes //## end FullTimeInstructor::FullTimeInstructor%copy.body } Ver..0 Page - 0

11 Tools Are Not Smart So We Have to Be Ver..0 Page -

12 What to Look For in a Methodology Ver..0 Page - 2

13 Process * Predictability vs. Creativity Management needs predictability, Essential for» Team organization and assignments» Incremental build plans» Risk mitigation» Proactive management Development team thrives on creativity Essential for creation of solutions» Innovative» Unique Problem - Need to establish a balance between these two extremes Answer - Distinguish the macro/micro elements of the development process Macro Development Process Micro Development Process * Adapted from: Grady, B., Object Solutions. Ver..0 Page - 3

14 Macro Development Process Overview Overall concern is planning Three key elements Continuous integration Executable releases that grow in functionality Releases enable management to measure progress and actively identify risks and mitigate them Macro process Represents the project manager s needs Controlling framework for the micro process Time frame measured in weeks/months Conceptual- Conceptualization ization Maintenance Maintenance Analysis Analysis Evolution Evolution Design Design Project managers can only control things they can see Ver..0 Page - 4

15 Micro Development Process Overview Agenda Select the correct abstractions Determine proper distribution of responsibility Create a set of of mechanisms that regulate these abstractions (e.g., semantic dependencies) Concretely represent these abstractions and mechanisms Micro process Represents the development team s needs Carries on throughout the macro process, but each iteration has a different emphasis depending upon the project s current macro process Time frame measured in weeks/days Class Class Implementation Implementation Class Class Discovery Discovery Relationship Relationship Discovery Discovery Responsibility Responsibility Distribution Distribution Ver..0 Page - 5

16 What Can I Expect on My First OO Project? Lessons Learned Project management» Duration» Staffing» Reuse strategy» Project estimating Analysis and design Technology How does and OO Methodology Help? Ver..0 Page - 6

17 Lessons Learned Project Management - Duration First project Will take longer than using your traditional approach Mostly learning curve Little or no reuse Second project Will take longer than using your traditional approach Learning curve still exists for design and architecture Maybe some reuse Third project (payback) * Duration of a project is approximately 6 months Ver..0 Page - 7

18 Lessons Learned Project Management - Staffing Few skilled and experienced staff Options» Hire an experienced staff» Subcontract» Mentor Strip mining vs. investment On the job learning doesn t work Grow your experts Realize everyone will not be capable of making the paradigm shift to OO Ver..0 Page - 8

19 Lessons Learned Project Management - Reuse Strategy Corporate Division Project Incorrect belief that reuse is guaranteed because we are object-oriented Must plan for reuse Takes time and money Need Specific procedures Dedicated resources Investment in re-use Diligently select candidate classes to make reusable Every class does not have to be reusable More reuse is not always better Examine cost/benefit trade-offs Ver..0 Page - 9

20 Lessons Learned Project Management - Estimating Original estimates were based upon Classic development approach Few object technology projects as models Had to learn by experience Rework necessary but valuable Project plans need to include time for Prototypes and evaluations Walk-throughs and inspections Ver..0 Page - 20

21 Lessons Learned Analysis and Design - Be aware of creating object-free applications Seduction by the dark side of OO Empower a chief architect or architecture team Illusion of rapid progress during development Essentially the Universal Studio Effect Do not underestimate analysis and design Need Difficulty Ver..0 Page - 2

22 Lessons Learned Analysis and Design - 2 * Pre-Objects With Objects 70 Percetage of Development Effort Analysis/Design Coding/Unit Testing Integration, System and Acceptance Testing Development Life Cycle * Source: Gartner Group Ver..0 Page - 22

23 Lessons Learned Technology - Maturity? Individual technologies have matured but new technologies continue to develop and gain mindshare For example,» Internet/intranet applications» Object Request Brokers (ORBs)» Object-oriented databases Major risk - vendors failed to deliver products on time Software Development Environment Must be managed Upgrades frequent Upgrades not 00% compatible with earlier versions Ver..0 Page - 23

24 In Summary Five Guidelines for Success Organization must understand their problem Upper management commitment Stand by the project Accurate expectations Select/implement a methodology Effective education/mentoring Multiple levels of education Front-end lifecycle education» Requirements» Analysis» Design Language education Testing Select a pilot project and set accurate expectations Must be able to answer the question - Why are we transitioning to OO? Ver..0 Page - 24

25 Object-Oriented Methodology 0 Presented by: William F. Nazzaro Nazzaro & Associates - bill@williamnazzaro.com Phone - (60) 83-5

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