For education to be most successful, it is necessary that people participate in democratic forms of life. DEVELOPMENTAL VIEW
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1 EPS 201/202 LECTURE NOTES FOR DEWEY FEBRUARY 19, 2008 Why is the Progressive Education Era (1890s to 1950s) important? Rise of the MODERN SCHOOL 1. Basis for the modern American school system More students attended and more students graduated high school K-12 system Expanded district system (larger bureaucracy) and centralized power in principles and superintendents 2. No longer a common school curriculum Students were placed in a course of study determined by their future in society based on class, race/ethnicity and gender Use of testing for prediction of abilities Growing emphasis on talented students Social efficiency model dominated, democratic equality a minority viewpoint. SOCIAL EFFICIENCY MODEL Schools viewed as institutions of CULTURAL SOCIALIZATION To fit people into the existing structures, schools to sort students for correct placement in the curriculum the aim was to create harmony in a society rocked by immigration, industrialization, and urbanization. DEWY as SOCIAL REFORMER For a Stronger Democracy More Talk-Centric Democracy (Kymkicka) Dewey by 1916 (Urban and Wagoner, 223) Democracy: Needs to have interests that connect people interests that are mutually interpenetrating Repudiates external authority Cultivate voluntary dispositions and interests through education. Touches all aspects of life Community must care, communicate, and negotiate Wants students to develop overlapping interests, have wide associations with many groups, enter into proper relations with others in unity of work and thought (MPC) John Dewey American Philosopher of Pragmatism BOTTOM LINE: Schools were essential to preparing children with the knowledge and values needed for a democratic society. Not really experienced a true democracy yet. Democracy built on change, the public must determine what this means through public discussions. Dewey seeks a balance between the Individual and the Social QUOTES Democracy must balance freedom, equality, and community. For education to be most successful, it is necessary that people participate in democratic forms of life. DEVELOPMENTAL VIEW Seeks a more just and humane society. Exorcise the demons of isolation, prejudice, and hatred (NFPE, Dewey) John Dewey American Philosopher of Pragmatism Professor at University of Michigan, University of Chicago, and Columbia University University of Chicago Laboratory School Very elite school, children of professors at Chicago. Low student/teacher ratio. Experimental school.
2 What school models did Dewey react against? 1. OLD Traditional Classrooms * 2. NEW 1900 Administrative Progressive (Social Efficiency, experts, sorting, limited view of capacities) Write for 1 minute and describe Under what conditions do you learn the best. Are these conditions present in school? Today, we want to answer three questions about Dewey s theory of learning. What is Dewey s theory of learning? How much influence did Dewey have on public education from 1900 to 1950? Most importantly, are there elements of Dewey s theory of learning that can be relevant to the aims of schooling today? Grounded in a democratic equality model. Dewey s Philosophy of Learning. Emphasized experience, non-authoritarian teaching approaches, active learning, the learning environment, and connecting to life. Dewey s PSYCHOLOGY Tap the child s nature (curious, social, expressive, and constructive) Growth is a product of the transaction between child and the environment (teacher is crucial) Dewey s Laboratory School founded in 1896 University of Chicago Youngest student building a table top town. The aim of education is the development of individuals to the utmost of their potentialities. I believe the only way to make a child conscious of his social heritage is to enable him to perform those fundamental types of activities which make civilization what it is. Dewey For example, how did the use of cotton and the production of cotton products change society? How did cloth production impact cultures? What is Dewey s School Plan of 1900 reveal about his Philosophy of Education? School and Society 1900 Assess what you see. QUIZ 1 Explain Dewey s Learning Theory Philosopher John Dewey has made it to GOOGLE VIDEO To view it yourself: Enter 1937 John Dewey Only 34 seconds 1937 Dewey speaks about the basic needs of sustaining life and the need to connect to nature. Today s students are endanger of losing contact with nature, with primitive reality. Schools present dates. In education use Concerns about shelter and food that condition human life and still do so. &type=search&plindex=0 Cooking Class Dewey s Laboratory School 4 th to 8 th Graders, French Club French food for lunch, immersion in French.
3 What is Dewey s School Plan of 1900 reveal about his Philosophy of Education? School and Society 1900 Assess what you see. Second floor of the school What can be learned from the study and production of art? Clay Studio Dewey s Laboratory School How does the child learn basic subject matter? Not directly, but indirectly. The child s introduction into the more formal subjects of the curriculum should be through the medium of these activities sewing, gardening, cooking, carpentry. What about Dewey s school plan would provide experiences for older students?* Dewey OCCUPATIONS of LIFE Not vocational training for jobs John DeweyTheory of Learning Such things as knowledge, beliefs, and ideas cannot be passed physically from one to another like bricks; they cannot be shared as persons would share a pie by dividing it into physical pieces. (Dewey, Democracy and Education, 1916, 4) Overview of Dewey s view of knowledge 1.EXPERIENCE (past/present) Illinois Math and Science Academy* An education at IMSA offers far more than conventional honors courses. We foster a collaborative learning environment that develops students as bold inquirers, problem solvers and ethical leaders..guide students to engage in exploration, think critically and creatively, and apply their cross-discipline knowledge to address significant, real-world issues. IMSA is based on a similar theory of learning Message From the Principal Dr. Eric McLaren An education at IMSA offers far more than conventional honors courses. We foster a collaborative learning environment that develops students as bold inquirers, problem solvers and ethical leaders. Our talented faculty members, who are among the nation's best, guide students to engage in exploration, think critically and creatively, and apply their cross-discipline knowledge to address significant, real-world issues. The Academy's curriculum includes the major disciplines of mathematics, science, English, history and social sciences, world languages, fine arts and wellness. Student Initiated Research SIR IMSA Captures Dewey s Interest/Curriculum Integration The student investigation is conducted as an interactive partnership with an advisor to pursue a question or topic about which the student is keenly interested. While pursuing this investigation, using inquiry standards and with the support of the advisor, the student acquires further knowledge and a deeper understanding of the topic, and further develops skills in planning, investigating, analyzing, and communicating results of the investigation.. Dewey s Philosophy Knowing how to learn through inquiry is necessary in the modern world. Dewey--Knowledge should be useful. Possess skills to deal with CHANGE. Students need the ability to think critically about change and be able to adapt to the future.
4 Education is about possibilities not limits. Dewey cautions: Reading is a harmful substitute for experience, it is all important in interpreting and expanding experience. (Dewey, School and Society, 85). Why does Dewey believe this? Have you ever read a book that changed your views or actions from that time on? Think about it, YES or NO? I won t ask you to elaborate, but I make the point that under the right conditions reading can be a powerful experience. Dewey s Laboratory School A process of living Girls building a club house A unified curriculum-occupations as themes not as vocations-** Talk this over for 1 minute. Could these subjects form an adequate curriculum for today s students? What age groups might be the most appropriate for this curriculum? Cooking, Weaving, Timekeeping, Black Smithing, Combustible Engines and Computers used these topics to fulfill their undergraduate general education requirements Offers experience in crafts, apprenticeships, field trips, applied academics, interdisciplinary study of humanities and sciences. What are some weaknesses in Dewey s philosophy of education? Does not articulate clearly or anticipate: How OCCUPATIONS will be misused as vocational education. Activity becomes an end in itself. How to make study interdisciplinary, so much more demanding How to create a highly trained teacher How to challenge the powerful social efficiency movement. Gary, Indiana (Lathe Shop) What would Dewey say?*** 1940 Progressive Education (Enter this to view) Google Youtube Video 1:56 7:00 Time Marches On &q=Progressive+education+1940&total=5&start=0&num=10&so=0&type=search&plindex=0 THIS IS AN ADVERTISMENT FOR PROGRESSIVE SCHOOLS OF JOHN DEWEY Opens with traditional school RIGID, UNCHANGING, MEMORIZATION and Students hate school. Professor William Heard Kilpatrick (Columbia University), one of Dewey s students, talks about the project method (activities, school store, trips) UNDERSTANDING Opposed by Professor William Bagley (Columbia), in danger when soften rigorous academic study (fall of Greece) Dewey makes claims for learning-not the past, not for the present, but for the future. Core of Dewey s learning theory. Experience makes learning meaningful, integrates learning into student s habits. Seeks intelligent, reflective, critical thinking.
5 Knowledge gained through experience is best understood and retained longer Progressive Education (Enter this to view) Google Video 1:56 7:00 This video promotes Pedagogical Progressive but is WRONG about its growing impact. Dewey s Approach Applied in Experimental schools This video is about Experimental Public Schools (district level) Tens of thousands of schools?????(slight exaggeration) Overwhelming majority of teachers agree???? See Project Method Activities School Store Field Trips See Dewey reassuring Prepare children for the future See William Bagley OPPOSED (first dean of education at UIUC, later at Columbia University, is critical of Dewey and other softening of Greek education caused its downfall Dewey Repudiates the principle of external authority (Urban and Wagoner, 223) A society of free individuals in which all, doing each his own work, contribute to the liberation and enrichment of the lives of others is the only environment for the normal growth to full stature. Need for a Philosophy of Education NFPE, Dewey, 1934 My Pedagogic Creed WOW! (JC) I believe that when society once recognizes the possibilities in this direction, and the obligations which these possibilities impose, it is impossible to conceive of the resources of time, attention, and money which will be put at the disposal of the educator. OPTIMISTIC, Dewey SAYS just wait 20 years!! to see what happens, if a new kind of education is provided (MPCreed, Dewey) My Pedagogic Creed NO set curriculum of subject matter Progress is the development of new attitudes towards and new interests in experience (MPC) POWER IS: Realization that society can formulate its own purposes The teacher is part of the maintenance of social order and the securing of the right social growth. Ends with Is the prophet of the true God. (Democracy and Humanity are the spiritual guides for Dewey) Dewey struggles to express how to preserve a balance between individual freedom (our roots in Classical Liberalism) and social unity (he wants strengthened) My Pedagogic Creed 1897 Early in his career 1 st LINE: I believe that all education proceeds by the participation of the individual in the social consciousness of the race CULTURAL SOCIALIZATION SOCIAL ELEMENT COMES THROUGH AS DOMINANT Struggles to express this connection, the proper relationship between psychological and social Dewey recognizes the problems, if you just talk about the individual, then leave out social just talk about social, adjusting to society, then subordinating freedom (MP CREED, Dewey) Dewey goes on to say:
6 Child s powers, interests, and habits translated into social equivalents, how they serve society (MPC) Wants students to develop overlapping interests, have wide associations with many groups, enter into proper relations with others in unity of work and thought (MPC) Dewey wants to make individuals more capable of self-support, but he also stresses connections and commitments to others (Need for a Philosophy of Education, Dewey, 1934) Schools should not just use activities, but select activities that connect to democratic life, the classroom is viewed as a community. Think about: In The Water is Wide, Pat Conroy's description of his own teaching experience among island children in South Carolina, the author/teacher writes: I have read a number of books by teachers who had brilliant success by using certain methods. I would stumble upon an idea in the morning that seemed surpassingly clever and relevant, then find it foolish and absurd by afternoon. Or what appeared ordained by the gods in the autumn seemed commonplace and senseless by spring. What fired the imagination of my students one week bored and stultified them the next. So there was constant shifting in emphasis, approach, and material.
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