The role of communication and education

Transcription

1 CSI info No. 7 The roe of communication and education for sustainabe coasta deveopment Proceedings of a PACSICOM technica workshop organized on UNESCO s Coasta Regions and Sma Isands patform in association with PACSICOM Co-ordinating Committee UNESCO Communication and Education programmes UNESCO Fied Offkes in Africa An activity of the PAN-AFRICAN CONFERENCE ON SUSTAINABLE INTEGRATED COASTAL MANAGEMENT (PACSICOM) MAPUTO, MOZAMBIQUE, JULY 1998

2 The designations empoyed and the presentation of the materia in this document do not impy the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the UNESCO Secretariat concerning the ega status of any country, territory, city or area or of their authorities, or concerning the deimitation of their frontiers or boundaries. The ideas and opinions expressed are those of the authors and do not necessariy represent the views of the Organization. Efforts were made by the pubisher to ensure that practica detais - such as references, contact information (addresses, phone/fax numbers etc.) - were compete and accurate, and that a acronyms were speed out in the ist of acronyms (Annex 2). However, given probems with internationa communications, some items coud not be ascertained. The authors are fuy responsibe for their submitted materia and shoud be addressed for further information as desired. Reproduction is authorized, providing that appropriate mention is made of the source, and copies sent to the address beow. This document shoud be cited as: UNESCO, The Roe of Communication and Education for Sustainabe Coasta Deveopment. Proceedings of a PACSICOM Technica Workshop (Pan-African Conference on Sustainabe Integrated Coasta Management, Maputo, Mozambique, Juy 1998). CSf info 7, UNESCO, Paris, vi + 81 pp. The CSI info series was aunched by the Organization in Information on CSI activities can be obtained at the foowing address: Coasta Regions and Sma Isands (CSI) Unit, UNESCO, 1 rue Miois, Paris Cedex 15, France. fax: e-mai: csi@unesco.org website: SC-99iWS42 Pubished in 1999 by the United Nations Educationa, Scientific and Cutura Organization 7, pace de Fontenoy, Paris 07 SP Printed in UNESCO s workshops Pease recyce Q 0 UNESCO 1999 Printed in France

3 FOREWORD Coasta regions and sma isands face increasing demographic and economic pressure. Many of the Earth s most diverse, compex and productive ecosystems are found in coasta areas, the resources of which are of utmost importance, particuary for food security. Sma Isand Deveoping States - coasta regions in their entirety - by making the most of restricted resources, provide essons on iving in a finite yet goba word. Many African countries face serious coasta management and deveopment probems, particuary as degradation of the coasta environment is causing a decine in the quaity of ife of oca popuations. Coasta erosion and desertification provoke biodiversity oss and drinking water probems. Loca economies are adversey affected by over-expoitation of iving resources, as we as by coasta deveopment which ignores ecosystem functions and interactions, and by poution of coasta aquifers etc. Transboundary impacts are caused by marine and fresh-water poution, river damming, harbours and other major coasta deveopments. Short-term economic gains often take priority over ong-term benefits. Communication and education are essentia for raising pubic awareness and improving the capacity of peope to understand as we as appreciate issues and probems. These two broad domains are aso critica in any efforts to reinforce and deveop the knowedge, vaues, attitudes, practices and skis required to participate fuy in the sustainabe deveopment of coasta regions. Forma, non-forma and continuing education at a eves and various communication means and channes (e.g. interpersona, traditiona, the print and eectronic media as we as the new information technoogies - Internet etc.) are required for this purpose. The initiative entited Environment and Deveopment in Coasta Regions and in Sma Isands (CSI) was aunched in 1996 by UNESCO specificay to foster, for the sake of sustainabe coasta deveopment, the incusion of expertise from severa major domains into the arena of debate and action. The focus swings from natura and socia sciences to cuture, communication and education - and back again, with the sharing and interweaving of knowedge and experience. The CSI-Info series was created to disseminate information of interest to managers and other stakehoders in the coasta zone. This document presents the proceedings of a technica workshop on the theme of its tite, hed at the Pan-African Conference on Sustainabe Integrated Coasta Management (PACSICOM, which took pace in Maputo, Mozambique, 1% 24 Juy 1998). This workshop was conceptuaized, organized and funded on the CSI patform in association with the PACSICOM Co-ordinating Committee, UNESCO s Communication and Education programmes and severa of the Organization s Fied Offices in Africa. Particuar acknowedgement is due to Professor E. Saif Diop for his contribution to the preparation of this workshop, as we as his eadership from the Chair. The resuts of the workshop point to a programme dimension in which further concentration is needed. The utimate vaue of foow-up efforts wi be proven when ensuing actions contribute to a better ifestye for the men, women and chidren who ive on the African coastine, now and in the future. DIRK G. TROOST CHIEF, CSI UNESCO, PARIS CSI info No. 7, 1 PPP iii

4 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 PART A. WORKSHOP REPORT AND RELATED RESULTS 1. WORKSHOPDESCRIPTION 2. OVERVIEWOFWORKSHOPS 3. COMMUNICATIONANDEDUCATION-OUTCOMEANDRECOMMENDATIONS 4. SUMMARYSTATEMENTAND SPECIFICRECOMMENDATIONS BYTJXHNICALWORKSHOPS 5. PORTFOLIOOFACTIONPROPOSALS BY WORKSHOP ON CROSS-CUTTINGISSUES PART B. KEYNOTE PAPERS COASTAL SUSTAINABILITY CONCEPTS Michae Atchia, Educationa & Environmenta Training Services, Mauritius ROLEOFCOMMUNICATIONFORINTEGRATED SUSTAINABLEPARTICIPATION Aonso Azna; Regiona Communication Advise; UNESCO Nairobi Ofice HIGHEREDUCATION: UNESCO CHAIRSINSUSTAINABLECOASTALDEVELOPMENT E Hadji Saif Diop, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Senega PART C. DISCUSSION PAPERS EDUCATION,COMMUNICATIONAND SUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENTINCOASTALREGIONS Laurent Chares Boyomo Assaa, Universite de Yaounde II, Cameroon IMPORTANCEOFCOMMUNICATIONANDEDUCATIONINTHEPROTECTIONOFCOASTAL ANDMARINEECOSYSTEMSINCAMEROON Jacqueine Nkoyok, CONGAC, Douaa, Cameroon COMMUNICATIONANDEDUCATIONINAPARTICI~ATORYAPPROACH Aboubakari Boina, IOC/EU Regiona Environment Project, Moroni, Comoros EQ'LTATORIAL GUINEA: COMMUNICATION AND EDUCATION IN SUSTAINABLE COASTAL DEVELOPMENT Federico Edjo Ovono, Nationa University, Equatoria Guinea UNIVERSITY OFTHE INDIAN OCEAN-TRAINING,RESEARCH ANDCOMMUNICATIONFORTHEENVIRONMENT Masseande Aaoui, University of the Indian Ocean, Reunion (France) CSI info No. 7, 1999 V _._

5 COMMUNICATION AND EDUCATION IN SUSTAINABLE COASTALDEVELOPMENT: A GENDERPERSPECTIVE Margaret Gathoni Karembu, Kenyatta University, Kenya 49 COMMUNICATTONANDEDUCATION:CHAIRSANDCOMMUNITYSUPPORT Wambui Kiai, University of Nairobi, Kenya 55 SUSTAINABLECOASTALDEVELOPMENT: COMMUNICATIONANDEDUCATION INTHECOASTALAREAS OFKENYA B. A. J. Mwandotto, Coast Deveopment Authority, Kenya 57 COMMUNICA~ON AND EDUCATION: A MAURITIAN POINT OFVIEW Marybne Fraqois, Week-End Newspaper Port Louis, Mauritius 59 SUSTAINABLECOASTALDEVELOPMENT:COMMUNICATIONANDEDUCATIONINNAMIBIA Augustinus Ucham, Ministry of Environment and Tourism, Namibia 61 INFORMATION,EDUCATIONAND COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES FOR SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENTOFNIGERIA'S OIL-PRODUCING AREAS Gina Daka-Osika, Voice of Nigeria, Nigeria EDUCATION AND SUSTAINABLECOASTALDEVELOPMENT Eunice A. C. Okeke, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria SUSTAINABLECOASTALDEVELOPMENTINTHESEYCHELLES:ROLEOFEDUCATION Michee Martin, BirdLife Seychees, Mahe, Seychees SUMMARYOFVIEWSANDEXPERIENCES:SOUTHAFRICA Andre Share, Department of Environmenta Afairs and Tourism, Rogge Bay, South Africa SUSTAINABLECOASTALDEVELOPMENT:COMMUNICATIONANDEDUCATION ISSUES IN TANZANIA Revocatus Makaranga, Mtanzania Newspaper; Dar es Saaam, Tanzania 77 PART D. ANNEXES ANNEX 1. LIST OF PARTICIPANTS ANNEX 2. ACRONYMS Vi CSI info No. 7, 7999

6 INTRODUCTION A technica workshop on Sustainabe Coasta Deveopment: The Roe of Communication and Education took pace in Maputo, Mozambique, Juy It formed part of the Technica Workshops segment of PACSICOM, the Pan- African Conference on Sustainabe Integrated Coasta Management, hed in Maputo, Juy This voume presents the abovementioned workshop s input and output. The aim of this document is to give easy access to the workshop s resuts to those whose interest in coasta management is concentrated on the roe of communication and education. An identica report of this workshop is incuded in the overa Conference proceedings, aso being pubished by UNESCO under a simiar cover. PACSICOM was organized by the govemment of Mozambique in co-operation with the Government of Finand, the United Nations Educationa, Scientific and Cutura Organization (UNESCO) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). The Conference was composed of three parts: technica workshops to address specific themes; a workshop on cross-cutting issues and interinkages; and a ministeria conference, which considered poiti- ca impications and socio-economic factors. This document has three parts: Part A gives a brief report of the workshop and reated resuts; part B contains the keynote papers; and Part C presents the other submitted papers. In this version of the workshop proceedings, a papers are presented in Engish. The forma output from the PACSICOM technica workshops was communicated through a joint report, summary statements and specific recommendations to and endorsed by the ministeria conference. Thus, Sections 3 and 4 of Part A of this report are key eements of the overa conference report. The portfoio of action proposas by the PACSICOM workshop on cross-cutting issues is incuded as Section 5 because it highights an intersectora viewpoint that is particuary reevant for communication and education. The reader wi observe that, in this document, varying terms are used when referring to integrated coasta management, e.g. SICOM, ICSM, ICZM, ICAM and ICM (see Annex 2 - Acronyms). Each author s choice has been respected. CSI info No. 7,

7 WORKSHOP REPORT AND RELATED RESULTS

8 1. WORKSHOP DESCRIPTION OBJECTIVES To assess the roe of communication and education in making deveopment in African coasta regions and sma isands sustainabe, and in particuar: Appreciate key coasta issues in Africa, the status of such issues in the educationa poicies and programmes, and the probem-soving potentias offered by communication and education. Eaborate a communication and education/ training strategy for advocacy, awarenessraising, information dissemination, participation, decision-making, interactive knowedge exchange and probem-soving concerning coasta issues. The strategy wi be based on socio-cutura contexts and avaiabe technica capacities. METHODOLOGY AND APPROACH The workshop brought together communication and education experts with integrated coasta management practitioners. It consisted of: An opening session during which the overa theme was introduced by speciaists in: integrated coasta management, communication, primary/secondary education, and higher education. Three working group sessions addressing, in the context of sustainabe coasta deveopment: communication and pubic awareness, primary and secondary education, and higher education and training. A fina session to integrate and summarize the working groups concusions for penary presentation and mutuay reinforcing foow-up actions. OUTPUT Proposas for an integrated communication and education strategy for coasta management con- tributing to the eaboration of wise practices for sustainabe deveopment in coasta regions and sma isands. FOLLOW-UP Fied testing the communication and education strategy by adding to or reinforcing the communication and education content of existing integrated coasta management (ICM) projects and by incorporating the sustainabe coasta deveopment dimension into communications and forma, nonforma and continuing education through piot projects. Estabishing UNESCO Chairs on Integrated Management and Sustainabe Deveopment in Coasta Regions and in Sma Isands which wi operate in mutuay reinforcing reationships with fied project activities and wi network through university twinning arrangements. PARTNERSHIP ui%scopartners: Coasta Regions and Sma Isands (CSI) patform; Communication Division; Renovation of Secondary & Vocationa Education Division; Fied Offices in Africa with their science, communication and education speciaists. OUTSIDEPARTNERS: Communication: African Counci for Communication Education (ACCE, Nairobi); PANOS (Lusaka). Education: Project Network of Non- Governmenta Organizations in Africa (23 countries; secretariat in Ghana); Confederation of Environment and Deveopment NGOs of Centra Africa (CONGAC, secretariat in Douaa). Integrated Coasta Management: Indian Ocean Commission (IOC, secretariat in Mauritius); Secretariat for Eastern African Coasta Area CSI info No. 7, 1 PPP 5

9 Management (SEACAM, Maputo); West Indian Communication programme, representing Ocean Marine Science Association (WIOMSA, the Communication, Information and Inforsecretariat in Zanzibar). matics Sector - Kwame Boafi UNESCO ORGANIZERS LOCAL CO-ORDINATINC COMMITTEE Coasta Regions and Sma Isands patform, UNESCO Nairobi Office, represented by representing the Science Sector Trevor Sankey and Aonso Aznur - Dirk Troost UNESCO Dakar Office, represented by Science and Technoogy and Environmenta Saif Diop, and Education programme, representing the UNESCO Headquarters, Paris, represented Education Sector - Orando Ha Rose by Orando Ha Rose 2. OVERVIEW OF WORKSHOPS OPENING OF TECHNICAL WORKSHOPS Participants in a six technica workshops, incuding the workshop on Sustainabe Coasta Deveopment: The Roe of Communication and Education, attended the combined opening session hed on Saturday, 18 Juy 1998, in Maputo. H.E. Mr. Bernando Ferraz, Minister for Co-ordination of Environmenta Affairs of Mozambique, officiay opened the Technica Workshops. Dr. Patricia Bema, Intergovemmenta Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO, Mr. Haifa Omar Drammeh, UNEP, and Mr. Jarmo Kuuttia, Government of Finand, made opening statements. H.E. Antimba Toivo ya Toivo, Minister of Mines and Energy, Namibia, gave a keynote address on Diamond Mining in Littora Zones. A pane discussion foowed with Minister Toivo ya Toivo, Dr. Bema, Prof. Saif Diop and Ms. Wambui Kiai. WORKSHOP AND EDUCATION ON COMMUNICATION Prof. Diop and Ms. Kiai were appointed Chairperson and Rapporteur, respectivey. The ist of participants is given in Annex 1 of this report. A seventeen invited experts and one UNESCO staff member contributed papers for the workshop. These are incuded in Parts B and C of this document. To set the scene for the workshop, Dr. Michd Atchia, Mauritius, Mr. Aonso Aznar, UNESCO Nairobi Office, and Prof. Diop, Senega, gave introductory presentations. Severa other authors gave brief overviews of their papers and these provided the basis for a genera discussion of the issues. Working groups To deveop recommendations the workshop was divided into three working groups on: higher education (chaired by T. Sankey), preuniversity education (chaired by 0. Ha Rose), and communication and pubic awareness (chaired by A. Aznar). To keep the interdiscipinary spirit of the workshop, a groups incuded experts from each topic area. Each group presented its concusions to a penary session of the workshop for comment and discussion, and produced a situation report and recommendations for action. These written submissions were inked together to produce the contribution from this workshop to the joint report of the technica workshops. This is the primary output of the workshop and is given in section 3 (page 7). 6 CSI info No. 7, 1999

10 CLOSURE OF TECHNICAL WORKSHOPS At a fina combined penary session hed on Monday, 20 Juy 1998, for the six technica workshops, a presentation was made on the outcome of each workshop. Ms. Wambui Kiai presented the resuts of this workshop as its rapporteur. CROSS-CUITING WORKSHOP The Cross-cutting Workshop, hed on 21 and 22 Juy 1998, incuded forma representatives (chair, rapporteur and one other representative) from each technica workshop. A number of other participants in the Cross-cutting Workshop had been active contributors to the workshop on Sustainabe Coasta Deveopment: The Roe of Communication and Education. The Cross-cutting Workshop approved two texts reating to the technica workshops for onward transmission to the PACSICOM Ministeria Conference. The first is the Joint Report of the Technica Workshops, from which the communication and education part is presented in the foowing section. The summary statement and specific recommendations by the technica workshops is a shorter overview, prepared jointy by the convenors of the technica workshops, and is given in Section 4 (page 11). 3. COMMUNICATION AND EDUCATION - OUTCOME AND RECOMMENDATIONS SUSTAINABLE COASTAL DEVELOPMENT: THE ROLE OF EDUCATION AND COMMUNICATION Editoria note: The technica workshop, after some discussion, decided to use the abbreviation SICOM (sustainabe integrated coasta management) as a generic term throughout this part of the report. This choice rejects the setting of this workshop as part of the PACSICOM process. SICOM of course embraces many reated concepts such as sustainabe coasta deveopment, sustainabe coasta iving, coasta area management and sustainabe use of coasta resources. A. SITUATION The technica workshop on Sustainabe Coasta Deveopment: The Roe of Communication and Education, after deiberations and consutations, identified various factors and concerns, based on the view that the goba ecosystem comprises the atmosphere, ithosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere which are inseparabe components and interact with socia, economic, cutura and gender factors. A summary of the proceedings is presented beow as a representation of the emerging issues. The different eements of SICOM need to be defined in a way agreed upon by a. 1. Integrated coasta management The primary goa is the preservation of physica features of coasts and the conservation of biodiversity, using oca knowedge, for the benefit and we being of coasta inhabitants. Loca communities have been found to be centra to Best Practices for Coasta Management. Existing experiences ceary indicate that a mutidiscipinary approach is necessary for improving communication and management of SICOM programmes and activities. Eements that have proved to be successfu in integrated coasta management have been participation of stakehoders in the identification of issues and in strategy deveopment, the use of sustainabe approaches (ike those invoving oca communities in the coasta management) and a management committee that is muti-institutiona. CS/ info No. 7, _.-

11 A major concern raised by the Working Group was the need to sensitize govemmenta1 institutions to faciitate the deveopment of a Nationa Poicy on Coasta Management and the estabishment of a coordinating institution for this effort. 2. Education A common thrust in a the contributions on education was the identification of the participatory approach in forma and non-forma education. The exampes shared in the forum ceary iustrated the utiity of earning by doing and the effectiveness of first-hand experience in educationa efforts. Surveys have shown that environmenta education in most African States needs to be reinforced and made to incude issues and soutions about coasta zones. Environmenta education efforts have been hampered by ack of resources, weakness in the training of teachers who find it difficut to adopt the required mutidiscipinary perspective to environmenta education because they are speciaized in particuar subjects, the absence of reevant texts, and the ack of government commitment and funding. 3. Communication The need to incorporate and incude acceptabe principes of effective communication was emphasized. Communication was defined as being two-way and not a inear top-down process. The centraity of the audience in terms of needs assessment and audience anaysis and the key concern of participation from the starting point were key eements of focus in a the presentations on communication. It was proposed that the roe of media as a pubic service function shoud be highighted. Much data about coasta zones are obtained sectoray by separate speciaists from different institutions or authorities. Simiary panning and decision-making, now generay sectora, needs to become integra. Gender, as a concept, shoud be considered as a variabe of anaysis in the Information and Communication strategy. It was noted that the socia construction of roes as mae and femae has had impications on the ownership, contro and use of resources incuding the resource of information. Issues such as access to information, reevance of information, and the quaity of information are crucia in the study and the deveopment of an information and communication structure in the context of poicy and decision-making. B.BCOMMENDATIONS 1. Higher education Recognizing that usefu programmes on coasta management exist in neary every African country that has a coasta zone, it seems usefu that this information be assembed and widey shared. Recognizing that there is need for greater awareness of environmenta issues and the integrated management of coasta zones on the part of the genera pubic, incuding decision-makers and professionas, and that this must incude understanding the environmenta and the human sciences. Recognizing that these probems of coasta management and environmenta issues are compex, inter-reated and changing, and that successfu programmes aready exist at severa African universities which can provide modes for curricuum and programme deveopment at undergraduate and graduate eves as we as in-service training, we identify the foowing priorities: a) conduct an inventory of reevant experience and expertise, both human and institutiona, making fu use of existing compiations of information; b) deveop training and research programmes in the foowing areas: i) training of trainers; ii) university undergraduate programmes 8 CSI info No. 7, 7 999

12 to incude required courses on environmenta issues; iii) train speciaists in environmenta sciences and coasta management at the postgraduate eve; iv) run specia courses for professionas, e.g. Government officias, managers, awyers, teachers, business persons and journaists; v) Estabish UNESCO Chairs in sustainabe integrated coasta management for the enhancement of regiona capacities. And the Technica Workshop recommends that: African States in cooperation with UNESCO and UNEP and existing intergovernmenta, internationa and non-govemmenta organizations co-ordinate, impement and monitor an interdiscipinary approach to training in Environmenta Education and Coasta Management based on the above priorities; the OAU Secretariat ensures that these recommendations are brought to the attention of Heads of States at the next OAU meeting. 2. Schoo education In view of the importance of the coasta region in sustaining ife, especiay for those who ive cose to it, many African countries recognize that environmenta education is the proper vehice to dea with it and are making attempts at introducing coasta area issues into environmenta education. However evidence shows that there is sti insufficient treatment of coasta deveopment issues in either socia studies or sciences at the primary and secondary schoo eve. The Technica Workshop recommends that: i) Governments shoud review their educationa poicies to incude environmenta education which incorporates sustainabe coasta deveopment by:. setting up or reinforcing nationa, interdiscipinary and intersectora bodies to map out and coordinate environmenta education with specia attention on sustainabe integrated coasta deveopment. ii) Governments shoud initiate and/or reinforce training programmes on environmenta education for curricuum deveopers, teachers and teacher trainers as we as administrators by:. incuding environmenta education in the pre-service and inservice education of teachers as we as organizing reguary seminars and training workshops with the cooperation of training institutions, NGOs, etc. Estabishing a foca point for environmenta education. iii) Governments and other reevant bodies shoud provide a necessary financia and ogistic support for environmenta education by:. making necessary budget provisions for environmenta education and seeking the cooperation and assistance of internationa bodies, agencies as we as the private sector. iv) Governments shoud ensure that there is incorporation of coasta zone issues in environmenta education and assure its continuity across a eves of education by:. incorporating the environmenta dimension into the schoo curricuum in a progressive manner and estabishing a mechanism for evauation and foow-up; deveoping and disseminating appropriate teaching and earning resources. v) Governments shoud promote regiona cooperation and exchange of information and experiences in curricuum deveopment and teacher training by:. organising on a reguar basis fora for exchange of information between experts in coasta management and educators; deveoping regiona databases and utiising resources such as Internet, newsetters, etc. 3. Communication The Technica Workshop made the foowing recommendations: CSI info No. 7,

13 i) Situation (status): Lack of understanding of the communication process (horizonta and vertica transfer of technoogy and knowedge), on SICOM issues. What is to be done: Deveop human resources in communication and information processes (coection, processing and dissemination), of the various stakehoders based on Sustainabe Integrated Coasta Management (SICOM) best practices. How it is to be done: Training in participatory communication as we as information management for a the stakehoders (ministeria, media and private sector). Training of media professionas on SICOM issues. Training of community information officers in accessing, processing and disseminating SICOM issues. ii) Situation (status): Need for better understanding of the SICOM issues by the media to improve its coverage. What is to be done: Provide appropriate information and avaiabe data on ongoing and future SICOM initiatives to the media. How it is to be done: Estabish information and coordination structures between information officers for concerned ministries, coasta managers and the media using information and communication technoogies (ICTs). iii) Situation (status): Need for co-ordination between the different institutions and agents of the state on SICOM programmes, projects and activities. What is to be done: Estabish an inter-ministeria committee on information and communication on SICOM issues. Define communication and information poicies at the ministeria eves. Define nationa information structures. How it is to be done: Estabish points of contact between information officers with concerned ministries/sicom managers and the media. Create an interdiscipinary task force on communication of SICOM issues. Estabish fora at a eves of the State for a needs assessment on information and communication of SICOM issues. Deveop information networks as recommended in Nationa Environment Action Pans - (NEAPs). iv) Situation (status): Need for the active participation of private sector in SICOM. What is to be done: Recognize the crucia roe of private sector in the SICOM process. How it is to be done: Launch awareness campaigns directed towards the media. Increase information on environmenta egisation through pubications and programme productions on the subject. Promotion of active participation of private sector through the adoption of environmenta citizenship, v) Situation (status): Need for a Participatory Monitoring and Evauation system to feed the state, the private sector and internationa stakehoders on SICOM issues. What is to be done: Estabish information feedback systems (monitoring and evauation) between oca communities, state institutions and UN agencies. Recognize and accept the roe of the media in the promotion of SICOM. How it is to be done: Estabish participatory evauation and monitoring systems between the grassroots communities and the various stakehoders through the estabishment of a systematized feed-back fow of information; 10 CSI info No. 7, 1999

14 Sensitize the state, the private sector and stakehoders at a eves on the crucia roe of the media in promoting SICOM programmes, projects and activities; Aow the estabishment of independent as we as oca (community) media to cater for the community needs of information on SICOM issues. vi) Situation (status): Need for effective socia-cutura integra- tion of grassroots communities in SICOM projects. What is to be done: Integrate community indigenous knowedge, as we as socia and cutura vaues in SICOM probem soving. How it is to be done: Create specia fora for communities to share experiences and to express their aspirations regarding SICOM projects to ensure their active participation. 4. SUMMARY STATEMENT AND SPECIFIC RECOMMENDATIONS BY TECHNICAL WORKSHOPS First: Sustainabe Integrated Coasta Management (SICOM., see editoria note p. 7) is a process that needs gradua and continuous impementation. It requires compiance with the foowing principes which were particuary emphasized during the technica workshops: 1. Intra- and inter-generationa equity, which incudes both sustainabe management of natura resources and the conservation of the cutura and natura heritage; 2. Community participation based on communication at a eves and stages of decisionmaking; 3. Recognition and appication of knowedge of indigenous peope and respect of their property rights; 4. Recognition of specia needs of isand states due to their constraints and vunerabiity; 5. Deveopment of sound technica understanding, based on the integration of scientific, socia and economic variabes, monitoring of socia, economic and natura conditions and the forecasting of changes; 6. Coordination among forma and informa institutions for decision-making in resource aocation and deveopment; 7. Legisation to amend institutiona mandates, the modification of user rights and the introduction of mechanisms to reguate activities and resove conficts; 8. Consensus-buiding as a basis for good management and the prevention of conficts; 9. A hoistic and transdiscipinary approach in both forma and informa education; 10. Effective use of the media in both forma and informa means of communication; 11. Training of professionas to ensure that a the above principes become effective. We strongy commend these principes as a basis for the impementation of SICOM in Africa. The Ministers endorsed these principes, as ceary refected in the PACSICOM Statement. Second: The detaied recommendations of the technica workshops are given in the joint report. These represent our coective view on the future actions needed to achieve SICOM in Africa. We seek the support and endorsement of the Ministers for these recommendations. Third: We wish to highight the foowing specific recommendations of the technica workshops. The detais may be found in the joint report of the technica workshops. 1. It is essentia to buid a strong constituency for sustainabe integrated management. CSI info No. 7,

15 Commitment by States is required to estabish the appropriate institutiona and ega mechanisms that shape sectora roes and interactions between centra, provincia and oca governments and civi society and private sector institutions. Regiona and internationa soidarity and partnerships are important to reconcie oca needs with goba interests and concerns. 2. Provision of a sound information base for oca and regiona panning requires: (a) Formation of an Africa-wide network of nationa ocean data centres; (b) Upgrading and expanding the present African network of stations for monitoring sea-eve rise; (c) Creating a network of speciaists trained in the use of data acquired by remote sensing from space sateites; (d) Faciitating the further impementation of modem eectronic communication systems such as Internet connections and data transfer mechanisms. 3. Capacity-buiding embraces the essentia eements of human resources, infrastructure, adequate funding and supportive nationa poicies. The priorities for SICOM are: (a) Training and education in marine science and technoogy; (b) Institutiona strengthening; (c) Sustainabe funding; and (d) Integration of coasta management in the nationa deveopmenta and environmenta pans. 4. In order to enhance the integration and sustainabiity of programmes and projects, it is essentia: (a) To estabish an inter-ministeria steering committee for SICOM, deaing with matters incuding communication and information, to coordinate and ensure the effective participation of institutions among themseves and with the concerned communities; (b) To enhance the quaity and quantity of information transfer between the Govemment s institutions, their agents, intemationa bodies and non-governmenta organi- zations interested in project impementation, through the use of information and communication technoogies; and (c) To set up participatory anaysis, monitoring and evauation mechanisms. 5. Environmenta education for SICOM is important and it is essentia that govemments shoud: (a) Improve and deveop this educationa approach at a eves of forma and nonforma education; (b) Invove a reevant United Nations agencies, non-governmenta organizations and the private sector, in order to ensure an integrated and inter-discipinary approach of interest to SICOM. 6. An evauation of the potentia of earth resources in coasta areas is needed and efforts must be made to ensure their expoitation in an environmentay sound manner, invoving capacity-buiding of the participating geoscientists. Funds for geoscientific research projects and training faciities may be provided from nationa and internationa institutions. 7. River basin management and coasta area management shoud be cosey integrated. At the panning eve, proper coordination and inkages shoud be estabished between water resources management pans and and-use and urban deveopment pans. Internationa river basin organizations shoud be strengthened to ensure the proper management, protection and deveopment of internationa waters, through oca and nationa actions and regiona cooperation. A new intensive reationship between poicy making and the scientific community shoud be encouraged to create a wider knowedge base through education and research. We urge the African States, in coaboration with the PACSICOM conveners and other technica and deveopment partners, to give particuar attention to the timey and effective impementation of these actions. 12 CSI info No. 7, 1999

16 5. PORTFOLIO 0F ACTION PROPOSALS BY WORKSHOP ON CROSS-CUBING ISSUES Athough this portfoio was not a direct outcome of the communication and education workshop featured in this pubication, workshop representatives did participate in the Cnxs-cutting Workshop. The portfoio highights an intersectora viewpoint that is particuary reevant for communication and education. Foowing two days of deiberations on cross-cutting issues and inter-inkages in the management of Africa s coasta and marine environment, incuding inked river basins and catchment areas, participants at the Workshop on Cross-cutting Issues identified priorities for action in the region within the framework of existing nationa, regiona and internationa institutions and made the foowing recommendations: 1. To strengthen the existing institutiona and ega framework for integrated management of coasta areas, by: (a) Integrating marine and coasta reated issues in nationa deveopment poicies and pans to guide the sustainabe management of the coasta areas; (b) Empowering nationa institutiona structures with: (i) Strong mandates for effective actions in deaing with the mutidiscipinary and compex chaenges of the management of coasta areas; (ii) Responsibiities for promoting mutisectora approaches in the management of coasta areas; (iii) Adequate authority to reguate and faciitate the enforcement of environmenta poicy as we as to infuence nationa deveopment strategies on which invariaby, the protection of marine and coasta environment depends; (iv) Responsibiities for acceerating the ratification of a reevant subregiona, regiona and internationa environmenta agreements, conventions and protocos; (v) Reevant nationa egisation and ensuring its conformity with corresponding subregiona, regiona and internationa environmenta agreements, conventions and protocos. 2. To ensure the acceptabiity and sustainabiity of programmes and projects, by invoving a reevant stakehoders, through: (a) Reaistic participation of oca communities in the formuation, impementation and monitoring and evauation of poicies, pans, projects and programmes; (b) Effective invovement of non-governmenta organizations, to faciitate the management processes of coasta areas; (c) Invovement of the private sector as partners in the deveopment and conservation initiatives of coasta areas; (d) Ensuring an effective gender baance. 3. To buid and strengthen indigenous capabiities to cope with the fu compexity of the probems facing Africa s marine and coasta environment, by: (a) Buiding human and technica capacities in natura and socia sciences reevant to the needs of the region; (b) Expanding curricua to incude coasta and marine environment issues at a eves of education. 4. To strengthen the coection and dissemination of scientific information as a basis for effective management of coasta areas, through: (a) Enhancement of management-driven marine scientific research; (b) Coection, use and protection of indigenous knowedge; (c) Supporting sustained routine and ong-term measurements and monitoring of environmenta variabes as the basis for forecasting change; CSI info No. 7,

17 (d) Use of appropriate information deivery mechanisms; (e) Sharing of information, data and experience on integrated coasta management programmes and projects; (f) Identification of common methodoogies and harmonizing activities in information coection; (g) Periodic assessments and evauation of integrated coasta management initiatives to propagate earning and exchange of experiences. 5. To improve cooperation at subregiona, regiona and internationa eves, in order to cope with new chaenges facing Africa s coasta and marine environment, by: (a) Reviewing and updating the existing subregiona and regiona conventions, protocos and action pans; (b) Coordinating and harmonizing projects and programmes to avoid dupication and competition and to ensure cost saving; (c) Using indigenous capacities in impementation of subregiona and regiona initiatives. 6. To buid confidence and trust and to ensure the successfu impementation of integrated coasta zone management, through: (a) Estabishment of more demonstration projects and programmes in the region for sustainabe integrated coasta management (SICOM), in addition to such successfu existing projects as the Tanga Integrated Coasta Management Programme, United Repubic of Tanzania, the Large Marine Ecosystem-Guf of Guinea Project, West Africa, the protection of the coasta areas and wetands of Hammamet Guf, Tunisia, and others; (b) Identification and safeguarding of cutura and spiritua sites, as we as bioogicay diverse areas and geosites; (c) Mitigation of negative environmenta impacts. 7. To institute financing mechanisms, whereby: (a) Governments prioritize SICOM programmes and make adequate budgetary aocation for their impementation; (b) Governments honour their funding commitments to ratified conventions and protocos; (c) Governments provide incentives to the private sector to encourage their financia contribution to the impementation of SICOM programmes and projects; (d) Biatera and mutiatera donor agencies provide support for programmes and projects based on nationa, subregiona and regiona priorities; (e) GEF support for the Africa Region is equitaby expanded. 8. To sustain the management process of the marine and coasta environment which has been initiated at PACSICOM, through: (a) Active participation of a African countries in the PACSICOM foow-up process, in particuar, the Cape Town Conference and the Partnership Conference to be hed, in 1998 and 1999, respectivey, as we as initiating a subregiona PACSICOM process; (b) The support of OAU, the Economic Commission for Africa, the African intergovemmenta bodies and regiona and subregiona environmenta organizations, United Nations agencies and other mutiatera and biatera organizations in the outcome of PACSICOM and the activities envisaged in the foow-up process. 14 CSI info No. 7, 1999

18 KEYNOTE PAPERS

19 COASTAL SUSTAINABILITY CONCEPTS Michak Atchia, Educationa and Environmenta Training Services, Mauritius DEFINITION OF KEY CONCEPTS (See jigure on foowing page) D Sustainabe The concept of sustainabiity describes the main objective of this workshop, namey ensuring the continued existence of a heathy coasta environment, the resources from which can be continuay enjoyed by the inhabitants of the region. B Capacity buiding Capacity buiding is the broad-based enhancement of skis, knowedge and institutiona capabiities to faciitate the achievement of sustainabe deveopment. D Integrated The panning of integrated coasta management invoves not ony the impact of human beings on environment but aso the occurrence of natura hazards, such as cycones, foods, tides in the context of the deveopment needs and we being of the popuation concerned. Much data are often obtained sectoray, by separate speciaists from different institutions or authorities. Simiary, panning and decision-making, now generay sectora, are to become generay integra. D Coasta zone Besides the usua fexibe definition of a coasta zone as a fringe of and km wide inand from the coast, it is usefu to note that in the case of many sma isands (Zanzibar, Seychees, Comoros, Reunion, Mauritius, Madives) the size of the isand makes the entire isand a coasta zone. The hinterand outside the coasta zones, where major happenings such as agricutura run-off, erosion, rivers etc. infuence the coasta area, must be considered, for management purposes, together with the coasta zone. B Management Management is the art and science of ooking after. Let us reca some of the things happening to coasta zones these days: destruction of ands, destruction of natura habitats; upand water impoundment; degradation of cora reefs, poution of agoons, discharge of oi into the sea; dredging for sand, and recamation; over expoitation of fish and other iving marine resources, aga booms, eutrophication; urbanization, high-rise construction, exces- sive tourism; stress on the quaity of ife, wefare, education, heath, housing, recreation, occupation, income of coasta communities. Each of these aspects requires ooking after; however for sensibe resuts these must be ooked after in reation to each other, that is integrated management. According to Atchia (1995) there are four main processes in ooking after or environmenta management: environmenta monitoring; environmenta protection; environmenta resources panning and deveopment; environmenta enhancement. D Information, education, communication When a communicator (the sender) sends a message to another person or persons (the receivers) he or she may have severa purposes in mind: information, namey that the receiver shoud be made aware of something; education, namey that the receiver shoud earn and understand something; communication, namey that the receiver shoud ater his or her attitudes and behaviour, be persuaded to do (or not to do) something. CSI info No. 7,

20 the coasta areas have payed a vita roe in the socio-economic deveopment of mankind mdwe and reef areas whie coasts serve as nursery grounds for other open-sea fish Adapted from page 4 of Issues and Soutions, Atchia, M. and Tropp, S. (eds.), CSI info No. 7, 7999

21 Exampes of these functions are given beow: a radio weather forecast is pure information; a cass experiment measuring heartbeat whie ying down, sitting, standing and after a run eads to understanding a reationship between rate of heart beat and effort; this is education; an advertisement (Drink Coca Coa! Keep Maputo Cean!), an event (a baby crying to eicit a feeding response from its mother) or an observation (arge waves with white crests at sea or the sound of thunder) a may ead the receiver to appropriate action regarding consumption, itter, chid care or going out to sea; this is communication, THE ROLE OF COMMUNICATORS, PUBLIC RELATIONS OFFICERS AND EDUCATORS The first assumption is that issues have been identified and soutions to these found. The roe of communicators, pubic reations officers and educators is then to pass these on. The roe of educator is of course deeper as it invoves incorporating the knowedge, skis and desired behaviour into the make-up of the peope they teach. Ideay stakehoders together with communicators and educators take part in the process of issue identification and the deveopment of soutions. Then together they wi seect various media, pan inteectua as we as emotiona communications, identify target groups, design communication packages, test them for retention and impact vaue. Finay a campaign can appy these as required and as resources permit, and evauate resuts. SOME IDEAS FOR PROMOTING SUSTAINABLE INTEGRATED COASTAL MANAGEMENT THROUGH COMMUNICATION, AND PUBLIC AWARENESS EDUCATION Environmenta citizenship Design and impement a campaign for different key target groups from coasta areas (from schoo chidren through tourists and tourism staff to decision-makers) to introduce this con- cept. Environmenta citizenship invoves both the rights to enjoy and duties to protect the environment by a citizens. The precautionary approach Principe 15 of Agenda 21 (1992) states that in order to protect the environment, the precautionary approach sha be widey appied and when threats are serious or irreversibe damage is being done, ack of fu scientific certainty sha not be used as a reason for postponing cost-effective measures to prevent (further) degradation. Each concerned group shoud discuss how to appy this approach to their immediate surroundings. Incuded here is the appication of environmenta accounting to a govemmenta, para-stata, institutiona and corporate accounts. Learning by doing A basic and successfu earning approach consists of earners actuay doing things (e.g. ceaning beaches, repanting mangroves, putting up posters and bins, monitoring fish anding, doing fied ecoogica observations and measurements such as sainity, temperature of water, species distribution, oxygen and E. coi in agoon water etc.) as a means of obtaining firsthand knowedge, not book or eectronic information. Environmenta reporting The objective of environmenta reporting is to train journaists, pubic reations officers and others to provide information to the pubic, specia groups and the decision-makers about coasta zone events. There are many vehices for effective environmenta reporting, e.g. State of the Earth reports environmenta indicators Environmenta Impact Assessment reports environmenta audits printed press (newspapers, journaists) eectronic media (teevision, radio, the Internet) A strong recommendation is to have sound environment and deveopment journaism in e&h member state, as a means of keeping coasta zone issues and soutions continuay aive. CSI info No. 7, 1 PPP 19

22 A workshop on What s Newsworthy discusses the foowing: new eements, nearness, timeiness, importance, names, drama or confict, variety, human interest, humour and the key eement of interest/impications in peope s ives. Modeing scenarios and environmenta games One of the first environmenta computer modes (deveoped by Dennis Meadows) was about the reationship between size of feet, intensity of fishing and fish catch of a given fishery. The modem versions are geographic information systems (GIS) which are computer hardware, software and procedures designed to anayse data spatiay or geographicay hence heping sove compex panning and management probems. GIS require a high eve of equipment and training. Environmenta modes are now currenty appied to compex integrated coasta zone management probems. Goba ideas about surviva, human impact on the panet as a whoe, goba warming, seaeve rise, aws of the sea, protection of marine biodiversity, word trade and shipping etc. can be usefuy discussed in the context of management of coasta zones in Africa. Introduction of the use of simpe modeing, deveoping atemative scenarios and aways doing impact assessment shoud become a way of ife for a environment and deveopment in coasta zones. Production of simpe guides (in print, poster form or eectronicay) wi encourage this to happen. BIBLIOGRAPHY United Nations, Agenda 21: Programme of Action for Sustainabe Deveopment. Rio Decaration on Environment and Deveopment, UNCED, Rio de Janeiro, June Atchia, M. and Tropp, S. (eds.) Issues & Soutions, UNEP/John Wiey. 20 CSI info No. 7, 1999

23 ROLE OF COMMUNICATION FOR INTEGRATED SUSTAINABLE PARTICIPATION Aonso Azna; UNESCO Nairobi Ofice FOREWORD The intention of this presentation is to propose a communication system that DEVELOPMENT SYNERGY aows the state and the pubic with its different components (grassroots communities, the private sector, the media, as we as internationa organizations), to setup a synergy in decision-making, information and evauation. Aso to estabish the principes from the communication point of view, for the creation of an environment conducive to a stakehoders partnership concerned with Integrated Sustainabe Coasta Management (ISCM). WHY COMPONENT A COMMUNICATION IN ISCM? This presentation wi aso attempt to introduce a patform for information, action and participation for the pubic and an opening for it to express its needs and confront - even object to - proposed soutions without having to go through the vertica scheme of decision-making that is prevaent today. This is important especiay for those directy affected by degradation of their iving conditions. COMMUNICATION MODEL Finay, this paper wi put forward a paradigm of communication, deveopment and participation (participatory socia communication, see diagram on p. 27) that can serve to estabish a two-way communication system with the nationa communities which are the recipients of socia and economic deveopment activities. In addition, it wi propose a system for project management in which communication - seen here as a too for socia participation - constitutes an eement for action and for coordination, in addition to its origina roe of a mutipier of inputs and resources. WORKING HYPOTHESIS STATE-PUBLIC DEVELOPMENT SYNERGY A system which uses both aspects of communication - socia and participatory, as ingredients in a deveopment strategy is a necessary eement - or a patform - to bring into being a synergy between the state and the genera pubic. Such a system woud represent an opportunity for both to undertake joint action designed to concentrate, rationa&e and mutipy the efforts made within a deveopment process and in particuar in ISCM. BACKGROUND CONTINUOUS OF OBJECTIVES ADJUSTMENT The rapid changes taking pace in deveoping societies - in this case the degradation of coasta areas - require communication instruments to enabe them to adjust their objectives, activities and programmes in an on-going way. In other words, a patform is needed to aow stakehoders to reguary adjust their actions and strategies to increase the impact of their programmes. Aso, this is a CSI info No. 7, 1 PPP 21