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1 APPENDICES 264 Appendix Title Page A e-learning on educational research methodology for It is presented in university students CD and in website B Textbook on educational research methodology for university students It is presented in Textbook C Learning achievement test (pretest and posttest) 266 D Research skills test 291 E Students feedback sheet towards e-learning and lecture and textbooks method 329 APPENDIX A E-LEARNING ON EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH METHODOLOGY FOR UNIVERSITY STUDENTS It is presented in CD and in website e-leanining website user = LIKHIA PASSWORD=1234

2 APPENDIX B 265 TEXTBOOK ON EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH METHODOLOGY FOR PHYSICAL EDUCATION STUDENTS PREPARED BY MR.WISUTE TONGDECHAROEN THE LECTURER OF INSTITUTE OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SI-SAKET CAMPUS SI-SAKET PROVINCE, THAILAND It is presented in separate text book

3 APPENDIX C LEARNING ACHIEVEMENT TEST ON EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH METHODLOGY FINAL FORM Directions: There are 40 items in final form of the learning achievement test. Please read each statement carefully and then mark the option in the right margin whether you think it is 'True' or 'False'. 266 No. Questions 1. Research Methodology is a way to find out the result of a specific matter using different types of method for solving the problem. 2. Educational research is applied research which attempts to develop generalizations about teaching & learning processes and instructional materials. 3. Descriptive research involves the description, investigating, recording, analysis, and interpreting the events in the past. 4. Case study research method is an experimental research that involves an in-depth study of an individual or group of individuals. 5. In survey research method, respondents answer questions administered through interviews or questionnaires or rating scale or checklist. 6. Experimental research is a kind of research which describes what will happen when variables are carefully controlled or manipulated over all factors that may affect the results on the experiment. Answer True False

4 Continued 267 No. Questions 7. The purpose of experimental research is to predict events in the experiment setting and the ultimate purpose is to generalize the variable relationships. 8. In experimental research, the comparisons of groups (treatment and control groups) are design in order to find out the cause and effect. 9. Dependent variables are variables which are manipulated or controlled or changed. 10. Independent variables are the outcome variables and are the variables for which the researcher calculates statistics. 11. The dependent variable is the variable being affected by the independent variable. 12. Independent variables that are not related to the purpose of the study, but may affect the dependent variable are termed as extraneous variables. 13. Dependent variable refers to the status of the 'effect'(or outcome) in which the researcher is interested; the independent variable refers to the status of the presumed 'cause,' which lead to changes in the status of the dependent variable. 14. Hypothesis provides objectivity to the research activity and guides the researcher towards the direction in which the research should proceed. 15. In experimental research, the comparisons of groups (treatment and control groups) are design in order to find out the cause and effect. Answer True False

5 Continued 268 No. Questions 16. A null hypothesis always predicts the absence of a relationship between two variables. 17. The alternative hypothesis reflects that there will be an observed effect for the experiment or states an actual expectation. 18. Population is the area in which the researchers are trying to get information whereas sample is a section of population that the researchers are actually going to study. 19. A stratified random sample is a sampling technique in which the researcher divided the entire target population into different subgroups, or strata, and then randomly selects the final subjects proportionally from the different strata. 20. Sample is a group of individual persons, objects, or items from which samples are taken for measurement but population is a finite part of population whose properties are studied to gain information about the whole. 21. In random sampling, each individual is chosen entirely by chance and each member of the population has an equal chance, or probability, of being selected. 22. Cluster sampling is used when the sample is gained by the random selection of clusters from a list containing all of the clusters existing within a population. 23. In non-probability, the population does not have an equal chance of being selected; thus individual probabilities cannot be known. Answer True False

6 Continued 269 No. Questions 24. Convenience sampling is one type of probability which refers to the procedures of obtaining units or members who are most conveniently available 25. Questionnaire should be worded simply, completely and clearly, not ambiguous or vague, must be objective and attractive in appearance. 26. Rating scale is one of the enquiry forms which is a term applied to expression or judgment regarding some situation, object or character. 27. Likert scale is simply a statement which the respondent is asked to evaluate according to any kind of subjective or objective criteria; generally the level of agreement or disagreement is measured. 28. Thurstone scale is used to measure people's attitude towards a fairly clear and unidimensional concept, using a number of statements that vary in how they express a positive or negative opinion about the main concept. 29. Interview is the verbal conversation between two people where questions are asked by the interviewer to elicit facts from the interviewee with the objective of collecting relevant information. 30. Sociometry is a method used for discovery and manipulation of social configurations by measuring the attractions and repulsions between individuals in a group. Answer True False

7 Continued 270 No. Questions 31. An aptitude test is a test that attempt to measure what an individual has learned whereas an achievement test attempts to predict the capacities or the degree of achievement that may be expected from individuals in a particular activity. 32. Intelligence tests are psychological tests that design to measure a variety of mental functions, such as reasoning, comprehension, judgment, and idea of the person's intellectual potential. 33. Validity is an index of the degree to which a test measures what it purposes to measure, when compared with accepted criteria. 34. Construct validity approach concerns the degree to which the test measures the construct it was designed to measure. 35. Reliability refers to the consistency of scores obtained by the same individuals when re-examined with the same test on different occasion. 36. If a tool gives the same results on different occasions, of the abilities to whom it is applied, it is said to be validity. 37. Discrimination index is a basic assessment of an item which is a useful measure of item quality that refers to the degree to which items differentiate between higher and lower scores. Answer True False

8 Continued 271 No. Questions 38. If each score in a distribution is increased, the value of standard deviation is also increased or if there is the higher value of standard deviation there is also the higher difference between scores. 39. A correlation coefficient is a statistical measure of the degree to which changes to the value of one variable predict change to the value of another. 40. The test of the significant difference between two means is known as t test( independent) whereas ANOVA is used for comparing mean scores of more than two groups of sample on a single variable. Answer True False

9 PILOT FORM Directions: There are 42 items in pilot form of the learning achievement test. Please read each statement carefully and then mark the option in the right margin whether you think it is 'True' or 'False'. 272 No. Questions 1. Research Methodology is a way to find out the result of a specific matter using different types of method for solving the problem. 2. Educational research is applied research which attempts to develop generalizations about teaching & learning processes and instructional materials. 3. Descriptive research involves the description, investigating, recording, analysis, and interpreting the events in the past. 4. Case study research method is an experimental research that involves an in-depth study of an individual or group of individuals. 5. In survey research method, respondents answer questions administered through interviews or questionnaires or rating scale or checklist. 6. Experimental research is a kind of research which describes what will happen when variables are carefully controlled or manipulated over all factors that may affect the results on the experiment. 7. The purpose of experimental research is to predict events in the experiment setting and the ultimate purpose is to generalize the variable relationships. Answer True False

10 Continued 273 No. Questions 8. In experimental research, the comparisons of groups (treatment and control groups) are design in order to find out the cause and effect. 9. Variable is an object, event, idea, feeling, time period, or any other type of category the researchers are trying to measure. 10. Dependent variables are variables which are manipulated or controlled or changed. 11. Independent variables are the outcome variables and are the variables for which the researcher calculates statistics. 12. The dependent variable is the variable being affected by the independent variable. 13. Independent variables that are not related to the purpose of the study, but may affect the dependent variable are termed as extraneous variables. 14. Dependent variable refers to the status of the 'effect'(or outcome) in which the researcher is interested; the independent variable refers to the status of the presumed 'cause,' which lead to changes in the status of the dependent variable. 15. Hypothesis provides objectivity to the research activity and guides the researcher towards the direction in which the research should proceed. 16. In experimental research, the comparisons of groups (treatment and control groups) are design in order to find out the cause and effect. Answer True False

11 Continued 274 No. Questions 17. A null hypothesis always predicts the absence of a relationship between two variables. 18. The alternative hypothesis reflects that there will be an observed effect for the experiment or states an actual expectation. 19. Population is the area in which the researchers are trying to get information whereas sample is a section of population that the researchers are actually going to study. 20. A stratified random sample is a sampling technique in which the researcher divided the entire target population into different subgroups, or strata, and then randomly selects the final subjects proportionally from the different strata. 21. Sample is a group of individual persons, objects, or items from which samples are taken for measurement but population is a finite part of population whose properties are studied to gain information about the whole. 22. In random sampling, each individual is chosen entirely by chance and each member of the population has an equal chance, or probability, of being selected. 23. Cluster sampling is used when the sample is gained by the random selection of clusters from a list containing all of the clusters existing within a population. 24. In non-probability, the population does not have an equal chance of being selected; thus individual probabilities cannot be known. Answer True False

12 Continued 275 No. Questions 25. Convenience sampling is one type of probability which refers to the procedures of obtaining units or members who are most conveniently available 26. In purposive sampling, the researcher uses their expert judgment to select participants that are representative of the population. 27. Questionnaire should be worded simply, completely and clearly, not ambiguous or vague, must be objective and attractive in appearance. 28. Rating scale is one of the enquiry forms which is a term applied to expression or judgment regarding some situation, object or character. 29. Likert scale is simply a statement which the respondent is asked to evaluate according to any kind of subjective or objective criteria; generally the level of agreement or disagreement is measured. 30. Thurstone scale is used to measure people's attitude towards a fairly clear and unidimensional concept, using a number of statements that vary in how they express a positive or negative opinion about the main concept. 31. Interview is the verbal conversation between two people where questions are asked by the interviewer to elicit facts from the interviewee with the objective of collecting relevant information. 32. Sociometry is a method used for discovery and manipulation of social configurations by measuring the attractions and repulsions between individuals in a group. Answer True False

13 Continued 276 No. Questions 33. An aptitude test is a test that attempt to measure what an individual has learned whereas an achievement test attempts to predict the capacities or the degree of achievement that may be expected from individuals in a particular activity. 34. Intelligence tests are psychological tests that design to measure a variety of mental functions, such as reasoning, comprehension, judgment, and idea of the person's intellectual potential. 35. Validity is an index of the degree to which a test measures what it purposes to measure, when compared with accepted criteria. 36. Construct validity approach concerns the degree to which the test measures the construct it was designed to measure. 37. Reliability refers to the consistency of scores obtained by the same individuals when re-examined with the same test on different occasion. 38. If a tool gives the same results on different occasions, of the abilities to whom it is applied, it is said to be validity. 39. Discrimination index is a basic assessment of an item which is a useful measure of item quality that refers to the degree to which items differentiate between higher and lower scores. Answer True False

14 Continued 277 No. Questions 40. If each score in a distribution is increased, the value of standard deviation is also increased or if there is the higher value of standard deviation there is also the higher difference between scores. 41. A correlation coefficient is a statistical measure of the degree to which changes to the value of one variable predict change to the value of another. 42. The test of the significant difference between two means is known as t test( independent) whereas ANOVA is used for comparing mean scores of more than two groups of sample on a single variable. Answer True False

15 PREPARATION FORM Directions: There are 50 items in preparation form of the learning achievement test. Please read each statement carefully and then mark the option in the right margin whether you think it is 'True' or 'False'. 278 No. Questions 1. Research Methodology is a way to find out the result of a specific matter using different types of method for solving the problem. 2. Educational research is applied research which attempts to develop generalizations about teaching & learning processes and instructional materials. 3. Descriptive research involves the description, investigating, recording, analysis, and interpreting the events in the past. 4. The purpose of a case study is a detailed examination of a specific activity, event, institution, or person/s. 5. Case study research method is an experimental research that involves an in-depth study of an individual or group of individuals. 6. In survey research method, respondents answer questions administered through interviews or questionnaires or rating scale or checklist. 7. Experimental research is a kind of research which describes what will happen when variables are carefully controlled or manipulated over all factors that may affect the results on the experiment. Answer True False

16 Continued 279 No. Questions 8. The purpose of experimental research is to predict events in the experiment setting and the ultimate purpose is to generalize the variable relationships. 9. In experimental research, the comparisons of groups (treatment and control groups) are design in order to find out the cause and effect. 10. Variable is an object, event, idea, feeling, time period, or any other type of category the researchers are trying to measure. 11. Dependent variables are variables which are manipulated or controlled or changed. 12. Independent variables are the outcome variables and are the variables for which the researcher calculates statistics. 13. The dependent variable is the variable being affected by the independent variable. 14. Independent variables that are not related to the purpose of the study, but may affect the dependent variable are termed as extraneous variables. 15. Dependent variable refers to the status of the 'effect'(or outcome) in which the researcher is interested; the independent variable refers to the status of the presumed 'cause,' which lead to changes in the status of the dependent variable. 16. Hypothesis provides objectivity to the research activity and guides the researcher towards the direction in which the research should proceed. Answer True False

17 Continued 280 No. Questions 17. Hypothesis is a tentative prediction or explanation of the relationship between two variables. 18. In experimental research, the comparisons of groups (treatment and control groups) are design in order to find out the cause and effect. 19. A null hypothesis always predicts the absence of a relationship between two variables. 20. The alternative hypothesis reflects that there will be an observed effect for the experiment or states an actual expectation. 21. Population is the area in which the researchers are trying to get information whereas sample is a section of population that the researchers are actually going to study. 22. A stratified random sample is a sampling technique in which the researcher divided the entire target population into different subgroups, or strata, and then randomly selects the final subjects proportionally from the different strata. 23. Sample is a group of individual persons, objects, or items from which samples are taken for measurement but population is a finite part of population whose properties are studied to gain information about the whole. 24. In random sampling, each individual is chosen entirely by chance and each member of the population has an equal chance, or probability, of being selected. 25. A sample is a subset of a population that is used to represent the entire group as a whole. Answer True False

18 Continued 281 No. Questions 26. Cluster sampling is used when the sample is gained by the random selection of clusters from a list containing all of the clusters existing within a population. 27. In non-probability, the population does not have an equal chance of being selected; thus individual probabilities cannot be known. 28. In multistage sampling, the researcher selects a sample by using combinations of different sampling methods at different stages. 29. Convenience sampling is one type of probability which refers to the procedures of obtaining units or members who are most conveniently available 30. In purposive sampling, the researcher uses their expert judgment to select participants that are representative of the population. 31. Questionnaire should be worded simply, completely and clearly, not ambiguous or vague, must be objective and attractive in appearance. 32. Questionnaire is a research instrument consisting of a series of questions and other prompts for the purpose of gathering information from respondents. 33. Rating scale is one of the enquiry forms which is a term applied to expression or judgment regarding some situation, object or character. Answer True False

19 Continued 282 No. Questions 34. Likert scale is simply a statement which the respondent is asked to evaluate according to any kind of subjective or objective criteria; generally the level of agreement or disagreement is measured. 35. Thurstone scale is used to measure people's attitude towards a fairly clear and unidimensional concept, using a number of statements that vary in how they express a positive or negative opinion about the main concept. 36. Interview is the verbal conversation between two people where questions are asked by the interviewer to elicit facts from the interviewee with the objective of collecting relevant information. 37. Sociometry is a method used for discovery and manipulation of social configurations by measuring the attractions and repulsions between individuals in a group. 38. An aptitude test is a test that attempt to measure what an individual has learned whereas an achievement test attempts to predict the capacities or the degree of achievement that may be expected from individuals in a particular activity. 39. Intelligence tests are psychological tests that design to measure a variety of mental functions, such as reasoning, comprehension, judgment, and idea of the person's intellectual potential. 40. Validity is an index of the degree to which a test measures what it purposes to measure, when compared with accepted criteria. Answer True False

20 Continued 283 No. Questions 41. Construct validity approach concerns the degree to which the test measures the construct it was designed to measure. 42. Reliability refers to the consistency of scores obtained by the same individuals when re-examined with the same test on different occasion. 43. Ordinal scales provide good information about the order of choices, such as in a students satisfaction survey whereas interval scales give the researcher the order of values and the ability to quantify the difference between each one. 44. If a tool gives the same results on different occasions, of the abilities to whom it is applied, it is said to be validity. 45. Test-retest method is the method of obtaining repeated measures for the same individuals of the same ability with the same test twice. 46. Discrimination index is a basic assessment of an item which is a useful measure of item quality that refers to the degree to which items differentiate between higher and lower scores. 47. If each score in a distribution is increased, the value of standard deviation is also increased or if there is the higher value of standard deviation there is also the higher difference between scores. 48. A correlation coefficient is a statistical measure of the degree to which changes to the value of one variable predict change to the value of another. Answer True False

21 Continued 284 No. Questions 49. Research report aims to share and communicate to others for dissemination of knowledge, after the completion of research activities. 50 The test of the significant difference between two means is known as t test( independent) whereas ANOVA is used for comparing mean scores of more than two groups of sample on a single variable. Answer True False

22 ANSWER KEY LEARNING ACHIEVEMENT TEST ON EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH METHODLOGY Directions: There are 40 items in final form of the learning achievement test. Please read each statement carefully and then mark the option in the right margin whether you think it is 'True' or 'False'. 285 No. Questions 1. Research Methodology is a way to find out the result of a specific matter using different types of method for solving the problem. 2. Educational research is applied research which attempts to develop generalizations about teaching & learning processes and instructional materials. 3. Descriptive research involves the description, investigating, recording, analysis, and interpreting the events in the past. 4. Case study research method is an experimental research that involves an in-depth study of an individual or group of individuals. 5. In survey research method, respondents answer questions administered through interviews or questionnaires or rating scale or checklist. 6. Experimental research is a kind of research which describes what will happen when variables are carefully controlled or manipulated over all factors that may affect the results on the experiment. Answer True False

23 Continued 286 No. Questions 7. The purpose of experimental research is to predict events in the experiment setting and the ultimate purpose is to generalize the variable relationships. 8. In experimental research, the comparisons of groups (treatment and control groups) are design in order to find out the cause and effect. 9. Dependent variables are variables which are manipulated or controlled or changed. 10. Independent variables are the outcome variables and are the variables for which the researcher calculates statistics. 11. The dependent variable is the variable being affected by the independent variable. 12. Independent variables that are not related to the purpose of the study, but may affect the dependent variable are termed as extraneous variables. 13. Dependent variable refers to the status of the 'effect'(or outcome) in which the researcher is interested; the independent variable refers to the status of the presumed 'cause,' which lead to changes in the status of the dependent variable. 14. Hypothesis provides objectivity to the research activity and guides the researcher towards the direction in which the research should proceed. 15. In experimental research, the comparisons of groups (treatment and control groups) are design in order to find out the cause and effect. Answer True False

24 Continued 287 No. Questions 16. A null hypothesis always predicts the absence of a relationship between two variables. 17. The alternative hypothesis reflects that there will be an observed effect for the experiment or states an actual expectation. 18. Population is the area in which the researchers are trying to get information whereas sample is a section of population that the researchers are actually going to study. 19. A stratified random sample is a sampling technique in which the researcher divided the entire target population into different subgroups, or strata, and then randomly selects the final subjects proportionally from the different strata. 20. Sample is a group of individual persons, objects, or items from which samples are taken for measurement but population is a finite part of population whose properties are studied to gain information about the whole. 21. In random sampling, each individual is chosen entirely by chance and each member of the population has an equal chance, or probability, of being selected. 22. Cluster sampling is used when the sample is gained by the random selection of clusters from a list containing all of the clusters existing within a population. 23. In non-probability, the population does not have an equal chance of being selected; thus individual probabilities cannot be known. Answer True False

25 Continued 288 No. Questions 24. Convenience sampling is one type of probability which refers to the procedures of obtaining units or members who are most conveniently available 25. Questionnaire should be worded simply, completely and clearly, not ambiguous or vague, must be objective and attractive in appearance. 26. Rating scale is one of the enquiry forms which is a term applied to expression or judgment regarding some situation, object or character. 27. Likert scale is simply a statement which the respondent is asked to evaluate according to any kind of subjective or objective criteria; generally the level of agreement or disagreement is measured. 28. Thurstone scale is used to measure people's attitude towards a fairly clear and unidimensional concept, using a number of statements that vary in how they express a positive or negative opinion about the main concept. 29. Interview is the verbal conversation between two people where questions are asked by the interviewer to elicit facts from the interviewee with the objective of collecting relevant information. 30. Sociometry is a method used for discovery and manipulation of social configurations by measuring the attractions and repulsions between individuals in a group. Answer True False

26 Continued 289 No. Questions 31. An aptitude test is a test that attempt to measure what an individual has learned whereas an achievement test attempts to predict the capacities or the degree of achievement that may be expected from individuals in a particular activity. 32. Intelligence tests are psychological tests that design to measure a variety of mental functions, such as reasoning, comprehension, judgment, and idea of the person's intellectual potential. 33. Validity is an index of the degree to which a test measures what it purposes to measure, when compared with accepted criteria. 34. Construct validity approach concerns the degree to which the test measures the construct it was designed to measure. 35. Reliability refers to the consistency of scores obtained by the same individuals when re-examined with the same test on different occasion. 36. If a tool gives the same results on different occasions, of the abilities to whom it is applied, it is said to be validity. 37. Discrimination index is a basic assessment of an item which is a useful measure of item quality that refers to the degree to which items differentiate between higher and lower scores. Answer True False

27 Continued 290 No. Questions 38. If each score in a distribution is increased, the value of standard deviation is also increased or if there is the higher value of standard deviation there is also the higher difference between scores. 39. A correlation coefficient is a statistical measure of the degree to which changes to the value of one variable predict change to the value of another. 40. The test of the significant difference between two means is known as t test( independent) whereas ANOVA is used for comparing mean scores of more than two groups of sample on a single variable. Answer True False

28 APPENDIX D RESEARCH SKILLS TEST ON EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH METHODLOGY 291 FINAL FORM Directions: There are 40 questions in the final form of the research skills test. Please answer the following questions. Q1: What type of research method you can use when you want to gather information through question based? Q2: What type of research method that involves in depth study of an individual or group of individual describing and interpret events, conditions, circumstance or situation? Q3: What type of research method you can use to gather data over a period of time, not at a single point of time? Q4: What type of research method you describe what will happen when variables are carefully controlled or manipulated over all factors that may affect the results on the experiment? Q5: Read the following experiment and tell that what type of research design can be employed?

29 Q6: What type of research design you can use, if you want to provide some improvement for the effects of the treatment which is judged by the difference between the pretest and posttest scores? Q7: What type of research design that you have no need to compare with the control group in the experiment and no provision for establishing the equivalence of the experimental group and control group? Q8: What type of research design can help you to study two or more variables and each of the variables has two levels. The study aims to examine independent and dependent effects of two or more than two factors? Q9: Read the following research topic and mention the research design you can be employed? A study of effectiveness of computer assisted instruction (CAI) and lecture and textbook method on learning achievement in Mathematic subject of ninth grade students. Q10: Read the following research topic and classify the dependent and independent variable? A study of teachers morale classified by sex, age, educational qualification and teaching experience 292

30 Q11: Read the following research topic and formulate the null hypothesis? A study of teachers morale classified by sex, age, and teaching experience Q12: Read the following research topic and formulate the research questions? A study of leadership of leader classified by sex and age Q13: What type of sampling method can be used when each individual is chosen by chance and each member of the population has an equal chance, or probability, of being selected? Q14: If the researcher what to use the stratified random sampling, what the process can be done? Q15: Describe the process of systematic random sampling? Q16: What type of the tool can be used to measure the skills and knowledge of students after they have learned in any subject? 293

31 Q17: What type of the tool can be used to predict the capacities or the degree of achievement that may be expected from individuals in a particular activity? Q18: What type of the tool can be used to measure a variety of mental functions, such as reasoning, comprehension, and judgement? Q19: What type of validity you can demonstrate an association between the test scores and the prediction of the theoretical trait? Q20: What type of validity you can measure the degree to which the test items represent the domain or universe of the trait or property being measured? Q21: What type of reliability will be appropriated for your research, if you re-examine the same individual of the same ability with the same test twice? Q22: What type of reliability can be employed for your research, if you split the tool into two halves and calculated the correlation between that two halves? Q23: What are the differences between Rulon formula and Flanagan formula for testing the reliability of the tool? 294

32 Q24: How can you establish the discrimination index if the tools are the test and you want to discriminate between the bright and the poor students in a group? Q25: What is the discrimination value of the following statements in the scale? 295 No. Leader s Behaviour Upper Group Lower Group t value S.D. S.D. 1. Leader motivates team members to feel free in sharing ideas for working improvement Leader encourages employees to realize the importance of empowerment in the decision making Q26: What appropriate tests you can use for parametric data, both interval scale and ratio scale? Q27: What appropriate tests you can use for non-parametric data (nominal scale? Q28: What is the value of mean ( ) of the following test scores? 7, 9, 8, 6, 5, 4, 7, 8, 11, 17

33 Q29: What is the value of standard deviation (S.D.) of the following test scores? 7, 9, 8, 6, 5, 4, 7, 8, 11, 17 Q30: What is the value of standard deviation (S.D.) of the following test scores? 50, 52, 56, 68, 72, 81, 91, 108, 120, 133 Q31: What is the value of standard deviation (S.D.) if you add 50 to each score of the following test scores? 35, 58, 66, 69, 74, 82, 95, 112, 127, 138 Q32: What is the value of t-test (dependent) of the following scores? Test N 2 d d t test Pretest Posttest t t df Q33: The following is the learning achievement of pretest and posttest scores of students after they have learned in science subject using e-learning. Please interpret the results of following calculation? Test N 2 d d t test Pretest ** Posttest 30 df 29 t t

34 Q34: The following is the learning achievement (pretest and posttest scores) of two groups of students after they have learned in science subject using learning package and lecture method. Please calculate the value of mean ( ) and standard deviation (S.D.) of each group? No. of Students Control Group (using lecture Method) Experimental group (Using Learning Package) Pretest Posttest Pretest Posttest N = 10 = = = = S.D. =. S.D. =. S.D. =. S.D. =. Q35: Refer to the question No. 34, please verify the difference between pretest and posttest scores of two groups of students using t-test (independent)? Test N S.D. t test Pretest Experimental Group (using learning package) Control group (using lecture method) Posttest Experimental Group (using learning package) Control group (using lecture method) df 18 t t

35 Q36: Refer to the question No. 35, please interpret the results of the calculation? Q37: The following is the F-ratio on ANOVA of teachers morale rated by teachers belonging to three groups of age i.e years, years and years. Please interpret the results of this study? SOURCE OF VARIANCE df SS MS F 298 Between Group Within Group Total F-test significant at 0.05 level of confidence = 3.00 F-test significant at 0.01 level of confidence = 4.62 = Significant at 0.01 level of confidence Q38: What statistic can be used to measure the degree to which changes to the value of one variable predict change to the value of another?

36 Q39: Use the following data for the calculation of Correlation Co-efficient? 299 Test N 2 2 r xy Achievement Q40: If the value of r xy (Pearson Product Moment Formula) = 0.83 (n = 40), what are the standard error of r xy? SEr of xy r = 0. 05

37 PILOT FORM Directions: There are 41 questions in the pilot form of the research skills test. Please answer the following questions. Q1: What type of research method you can use when you want to gather information through question based? Q2: What type of research method that involves in depth study of an individual or group of individual describing and interpret events, conditions, circumstance or situation? Q3: What type of research method you can use to gather data over a period of time, not at a single point of time? Q4: What type of research method you describe what will happen when variables are carefully controlled or manipulated over all factors that may affect the results on the experiment? Q5: Read the following experiment and tell that what type of research design can be employed? 300

38 Q6: What type of research design you can use, if you want to provide some improvement for the effects of the treatment which is judged by the difference between the pretest and posttest scores? Q7: What type of research design that you have no need to compare with the control group in the experiment and no provision for establishing the equivalence of the experimental group and control group? Q8: What type of research design can help you to study two or more variables and each of the variables has two levels. The study aims to examine independent and dependent effects of two or more than two factors? Q9: Read the following research topic and mention the research design you can be employed? A study of effectiveness of computer assisted instruction (CAI) and lecture and textbook method on learning achievement in Mathematic subject of ninth grade students. Q10: Read the following research topic and classify the dependent and independent variable? A study of teachers morale classified by sex, age, educational qualification and teaching experience 301

39 Q11: Read the following research topic and formulate the null hypothesis? A study of teachers morale classified by sex, age, and teaching experience Q12: Read the following research topic and formulate the research questions? A study of leadership of leader classified by sex and age Q13: What type of sampling method can be used when each individual is chosen by chance and each member of the population has an equal chance, or probability, of being selected? Q14: If the researcher what to use the stratified random sampling, what the process can be done? Q15: Describe the process of systematic random sampling? Q16: What type of the tool can be used to measure the skills and knowledge of students after they have learned in any subject? 302

40 Q17: What type of the tool can be used to predict the capacities or the degree of achievement that may be expected from individuals in a particular activity? Q18: What type of the tool can be used to measure a variety of mental functions, such as reasoning, comprehension, and judgement? Q19: What type of validity you can demonstrate an association between the test scores and the prediction of the theoretical trait? Q20: What type of validity you can measure the degree to which the test items represent the domain or universe of the trait or property being measured? Q21: What type of reliability will be appropriated for your research, if you re-examine the same individual of the same ability with the same test twice? Q22: What type of reliability can be employed for your research, if you split the tool into two halves and calculated the correlation between that two halves? Q23: What are the differences between Rulon formula and Flanagan formula for testing the reliability of the tool? 303

41 Q24: How can you establish the discrimination index if the tools are the test and you want to discriminate between the bright and the poor students in a group? Q25: What is the discrimination value of the following statements in the scale? 304 No. Leader s Behaviour Upper Group Lower Group t value S.D. S.D. 1. Leader motivates team members to feel free in sharing ideas for working improvement Leader encourages employees to realize the importance of empowerment in the decision making Q26: What appropriate tests you can use for parametric data, both interval scale and ratio scale? Q27: What appropriate tests you can use for non-parametric data (nominal scale? Q28: What is the value of mean ( ) of the following test scores? 7, 9, 8, 6, 5, 4, 7, 8, 11, 17

42 Q29: What is the value of standard deviation (S.D.) of the following test scores? 7, 9, 8, 6, 5, 4, 7, 8, 11, 17 Q30: What is the value of standard deviation (S.D.) of the following test scores? 50, 52, 56, 68, 72, 81, 91, 108, 120, 133 Q31: What is the value of standard deviation (S.D.) if you add 50 to each score of the following test scores? 35, 58, 66, 69, 74, 82, 95, 112, 127, 138 Q32: What is the value of t-test (dependent) of the following scores? Test N 2 d d t test Pretest Posttest t t df Q33: The following is the learning achievement of pretest and posttest scores of students after they have learned in science subject using e-learning. Please interpret the results of following calculation? Test N 2 d d t test Pretest ** Posttest 30 df 29 t t

43 Q34: The following is the learning achievement (pretest and posttest scores) of two groups of students after they have learned in science subject using learning package and lecture method. Please calculate the value of mean ( ) and standard deviation (S.D.) of each group? No. of Students Control Group (using lecture Method) Experimental group (Using Learning Package) Pretest Posttest Pretest Posttest N = 10 = = = = S.D. =. S.D. =. S.D. =. S.D. =. Q35: Refer to the question No. 34, please verify the difference between pretest and posttest scores of two groups of students using t-test (independent)? Test N S.D. t test Pretest Experimental Group (using learning package) Control group (using lecture method) Posttest Experimental Group (using learning package) Control group (using lecture method) df 18 t t

44 Q36: Refer to the question No. 35, please interpret the results of the calculation? Q37: The following is the F-ratio on ANOVA of teachers morale rated by teachers belonging to three groups of age i.e years, years and years. Please interpret the results of this study? SOURCE OF VARIANCE df SS MS F 307 Between Group Within Group Total F-test significant at 0.05 level of confidence = 3.00 F-test significant at 0.01 level of confidence = 4.62 = Significant at 0.01 level of confidence Q38: What statistic can be used to measure the degree to which changes to the value of one variable predict change to the value of another?

45 Q39: Use the following data for the calculation of Correlation Co-efficient? 308 Test N 2 2 r xy Achievement Q40: If the value of r xy (Pearson Product Moment Formula) = 0.83 (n = 40), what are the standard error of r xy? Q41: If the value of r xy (Pearson Product Moment Formula) = 0.90 (n = 40), what are the standard error of r xy?

46 PREPARATION FORM Directions: There are 50 questions in the preparation form of the research skills test. Please answer the following questions. Q1: What type of research method you can use when you want to gather information through question based? Q2: What type of research method that involves in depth study of an individual or group of individual describing and interpret events, conditions, circumstance or situation? Q3: What type of research method you can use to gather data over a period of time, not at a single point of time? Q4: What type of research method you describe what will happen when variables are carefully controlled or manipulated over all factors that may affect the results on the experiment? Q5: Read the following experiment and tell that what type of research design can be employed? 309

47 Q6: What type of research design you can use, if you want to provide some improvement for the effects of the treatment which is judged by the difference between the pretest and posttest scores? Q7: What type of research design that you have no need to compare with the control group in the experiment and no provision for establishing the equivalence of the experimental group and control group? Q8: What type of research design can help you to study two or more variables and each of the variables has two levels. The study aims to examine independent and dependent effects of two or more than two factors? Q9: Read the following research topic and mention the research design you can be employed? A study of effectiveness of computer assisted instruction (CAI) and lecture and textbook method on learning achievement in Mathematic subject of ninth grade students. Q10: Read the following research topic and classify the dependent and independent variable? A study of teachers morale classified by sex, age, educational qualification and teaching experience 310

48 Q11: Read the following research topic and formulate the null hypothesis? A study of teachers morale classified by sex, age, and teaching experience Q12: Read the following research topic and formulate the research questions? A study of leadership of leader classified by sex and age Q13: What type of sampling method can be used when each individual is chosen by chance and each member of the population has an equal chance, or probability, of being selected? Q14: If the researcher what to use the stratified random sampling, what the process can be done? Q15: Describe the process of systematic random sampling? Q16: What type of the tool can be used to measure the skills and knowledge of students after they have learned in any subject? 311

49 Q17: What type of the tool can be used to predict the capacities or the degree of achievement that may be expected from individuals in a particular activity? Q18: What type of the tool can be used to collect directly information from respendents? Q19: What type of the tool can be used to measure a variety of mental functions, such as reasoning, comprehension, and judgement? Q20: What type of validity you can demonstrate an association between the test scores and the prediction of the theoretical trait? Q21: What type of validity you can measure the degree to which the test items represent the domain or universe of the trait or property being measured? Q22: What statistic you can use for measuring the concurrent validity? 312 Q23: How to calculate the reliability of the tool using split-half method?

50 Q24: What type of reliability will be appropriated for your research, if you re-examine the same individual of the same ability with the same test twice? Q25: What type of reliability can be employed for your research, if you split the tool into two halves and calculated the correlation between that two halves? Q26: What are the differences between Rulon formula and Flanagan formula for testing the reliability of the tool? Q27: What statistic you can use to estimate the difficulty value of the test? Q28: What statistic you can use to estimate the test-retest reliability? Q29: How can you establish the discrimination index if the tools are the test and you want to discriminate between the bright and the poor students in a group? 313

51 Q30: What is the discrimination value of the following statements in the scale? 314 No. Leader s Behaviour Upper Group Lower Group t value S.D. S.D. 1. Leader motivates team members to feel free in sharing ideas for working improvement Leader encourages employees to realize the importance of empowerment in the decision making Q31: What appropriate tests you can use for parametric data, both interval scale and ratio scale? Q32: What appropriate tests you can use for non-parametric data (nominal scale? Q33: What is the value of mean ( ) of the following test scores? 7, 9, 8, 6, 5, 4, 7, 8, 11, 17 Q34: What is the value of standard deviation (S.D.) of the following test scores? 7, 9, 8, 6, 5, 4, 7, 8, 11, 17

52 Q35: What is the value of standard deviation (S.D.) of the following test scores? 50, 52, 56, 68, 72, 81, 91, 108, 120, 133 Q36: What is the value of standard deviation (S.D.) if you add 50 to each score of the following test scores? 35, 58, 66, 69, 74, 82, 95, 112, 127, 138 Q37: What is the value of t-test (dependent) of the following scores? Test N 2 d d t test Pretest Posttest 30 df 29 t t Q38: The following is the learning achievement of pretest and posttest scores of students after they have learned in science subject using e-learning. Please interpret the results of following calculation? Test N 2 d d t test Pretest ** Posttest 30 df 29 t t