Chapter 7 MEMORY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

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1 Chapter 7 MEMORY Section 1: Three Kinds of Memory Section 2: Three Processes of Memory Section 3: Three Stages of Memory Section 4: Forgetting and Memory Improvement 1

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3 For normal humans, memories gradually decay with time along what s known as the curve of forgetting. Idea is that of German Psychologist Hermann Ebbinghaus 3

4 Section 1: Three Kinds of Memory Question: What are the three kinds of memory? THREE KINDS OF MEMORY Episodic memory memory of a specific event that took place in the person s presence or through experience Semantic memory general knowledge that people remember Implicit memory a memory that consists of the skills and procedures one has learned 4

5 Section 2: Three Processes of Memory Question: What are the three processes of memory? THREE PROCESSES OF MEMORY Encoding the translation of information into a form in which it can be stored, this includes structural (visual),phonemic (acoustic) and semantic (meaning) Storage the second process of memory and is the maintenance of encoded information over a period of time includes sensory memory ( information held for a brief period of time) short term memory (what we are thinking of right now) rehearsal pushes information into long term memory (permanent storehouse of information. 5

6 Section 2: Three Processes of Memory Question: What are the three processes of memory? Longterm memory has two broad types Declarative Memory (facts) Procedural Memory (skills) Retrieval third process of memory; consists of locating stored information and returning it to conscious thought from the longterm memory Serial position effect which includes primacy effect and recency effect Tip-of-the-tongue experience think we know the information, which eventually we remember. 6

7 Section 3: Three Stages of Memory Question: How are the three stages of memory related to each other and what are some problems associated with learning? Some images held in sensory memory are transferred to shortterm memory. Information that is repeated in short-term memory can be transferred to long-term memory. Sensory Memory, first stage of memory, immediate initial recording of info Short Term Memory, working memory Long Term Memory, result of rehearsal 7

8 Section 4: Forgetting and Memory Improvement Question: In what ways can memory be improved? IMPROVING MEMORY Mnemonics are strategies for remembering information. Drill and Practice doing something over and over again (repetition) Method of Loci think of a familiar path or route and then visualize each item you have to remember, driveway or house, relating to things one already knows elaborative rehearsal Forming Unusual Associations making an unusual or humorous association with something else to help you recall the information 8

9 Section 4: Forgetting and Memory Improvement Question: In what ways can memory be improved? IMPROVING MEMORY (continued) Constructing Links constructing a meaningful link between items Overlearning study material beyond mastery, carried out without error Metamemory become aware of how the memory works, its limitations, strategies for remembering etc. 9