6698-R1_ECHE_FM_ppi-xv.QXP 7/13/09 3:36 PM Page v. contents. Preface and Acknowledgments

Transcription

1 6698-R1_ECHE_FM_ppi-xv.QXP 7/13/09 3:36 PM Page v Preface and Acknowledgments xi Introducing Sheltered Instruction 2 Objectives 2 Demographic Changes 6 English Learner Diversity 7 School Reform and Accountability in the Twenty-First Century 8 Academic Literacy 11 Changes in Instructional Practice for English Learners 14 The Sheltered Instruction Observation Protocol 17 The SIOP Model 18 Implementing the SIOP Model: Getting Started 20 Summary 22 Discussion Questions 22 Lesson Preparation 24 Objectives 24 Background 25 SIOP Feature 1: Content Objectives Clearly Defined, Displayed, and Reviewed with Students 26 SIOP Feature 2: Language Objectives Clearly Defined, Displayed, and Reviewed with Students 27 Writing Content and Language Objectives 30 SIOP Feature 3: Content Concepts Appropriate for Age and Educational Background 34 SIOP Feature 4: Supplementary Materials Used to a High Degree 36 SIOP Feature 5: Adaptation of Content to All Levels of Student Proficiency 37 SIOP Feature 6: Meaningful Activities That Integrate Lesson Concepts with Language Practice Opportunities 41 Using the SIOP Protocol 42 The Lesson 42 Unit: Italian Renaissance (Tenth Grade) 42 Teaching Scenarios 43 Discussion of Lessons 49 Summary 52 Discussion Questions 53 Building Background 54 Objectives 54 Background 55 v

2 6698-R1_ECHE_FM_ppi-xv.QXP 7/13/09 3:36 PM Page vi vi SIOP Feature 7: Concepts Explicitly Linked to Students Background Experiences 56 Instructional Implications 58 SIOP Feature 8: Links Explicitly Made Between Past Learning and New Concepts 60 SIOP Feature 9: Key Vocabulary Emphasized 60 Academic Language 60 Academic Word List 63 Vocabulary Instruction 65 The Lesson 70 Unit: Mrs. Frisby and the Rats of NIMH (Sixth Grade) 70 Teaching Scenarios 71 Discussion of Lessons 76 Summary 78 Discussion Questions Comprehensible Input 80 Objectives 80 Background 81 SIOP Feature 10: Speech Appropriate for Students Proficiency Levels 82 SIOP Feature 11: Clear Explanation of Academic Tasks 83 SIOP Feature 12: A Variety of Techniques Used to Make Content Concepts Clear 85 Unit: Buoyancy (Ninth Grade) 87 Teaching Scenarios 88 Discussion of Lessons 91 Summary 95 Discussion Questions 95 Strategies 96 Objectives 96 Background 97 SIOP Feature 13: Ample Opportunities Provided for Students to Use Learning Strategies 98 SIOP Feature 14: Scaffolding Techniques Consistently Used, Assisting and Supporting Student Understanding 102 SIOP Feature 15: A Variety of Questions or Tasks That Promote Higher-Order Thinking Skills 104 The Lesson 106 Unit: The Rain Forest (Seventh Grade) 106 Teaching Scenarios 106 Discussion of Lessons 112 Summary 114 Discussion Questions 115

3 6698-R1_ECHE_FM_ppi-xv.QXP 7/13/09 3:36 PM Page vii Interaction 116 Objectives 116 Background 118 Mainstream Lesson 119 SIOP Model 120 SIOP Feature 16: Frequent Opportunities for Interaction and Discussion 121 Oral Language Development 121 Other Opportunities for Interaction 125 SIOP Feature 17: Grouping Configurations Support Language and Content Objectives of the Lesson 129 SIOP Feature 18: Sufficient Wait Time for Student Responses Consistently Provided 131 SIOP Feature 19: Ample Opportunity for Students to Clarify Key Concepts in L1 132 The Lesson 133 Unit: Economics (Twelfth Grade) 133 Teaching Scenarios 133 Discussion of Lessons 137 Summary 139 Discussion Questions 139 Practice & Application 140 Objectives 140 Background 141 SIOP Feature 20: Hands-On Materials and/or Manipulatives Provided for Students to Practice Using New Content Knowledge 143 SIOP Feature 21: Activities Provided for Students to Apply Content and Language Knowledge 144 SIOP Feature 22: Activities Integrate All Language Skills 146 The Lesson 147 Unit: Ecosystems (Eleventh Grade) 147 Teaching Scenarios 148 Discussion of Lessons 151 Summary 154 Discussion Questions 154 Lesson Delivery 156 Objectives 156 Background 157 SIOP Feature 23: Content Objectives Clearly Supported by Lesson Delivery 158 SIOP Feature 24: Language Objectives Clearly Supported by Lesson Delivery 158 Meeting Content and Language Objectives 158 SIOP Feature 25: Students Engaged Approximately 90% to 100% of the Period 159 vii

4 6698-R1_ECHE_FM_ppi-xv.QXP 7/13/09 3:36 PM Page viii viii SIOP Feature 26: Pacing of the Lesson Appropriate to Students Ability Levels 161 The Lesson 162 Unit: Italian Renaissance (Tenth Grade) 162 Teaching Scenarios 162 Discussion of Lessons 165 Summary 169 Discussion Questions Review and Assessment 170 Objectives 170 Background 172 SIOP Feature 27: Comprehensive Review of Key Vocabulary 172 SIOP Feature 28: Comprehensive Review of Key Content Concepts 174 SIOP Feature 29: Regular Feedback Provided to Students on Their Output 175 SIOP Feature 30: Assessment of Student Comprehension and Learning of All Lesson Objectives Throughout the Lesson 175 The Lesson 181 Unit: Egyptian Mummies (Eighth Grade) 181 Teaching Scenarios 181 Discussion of Lessons 187 Summary 190 Discussion Questions 190 Issues of Reading Development and Special Education for English Learners 192 Objectives 193 Issues of Reading Development and Assessment for Adolescents 194 Issues Related to Special Education 199 Special Education Services: When Are They Appropriate? 200 Students with Special Needs 205 Summary 206 Discussion Questions 207 Effective Use of the SIOP Protocol 208 Objectives 208 Best Practice in Using the SIOP Protocol 209 Scoring and Interpreting the SIOP Protocol 211 Assigning Scores 211 Not Applicable (NA) Category 212 Calculating Scores 212 Sample Lesson 213 Using SIOP Scores and Comments 216

5 6698-R1_ECHE_FM_ppi-xv.QXP 7/13/09 3:36 PM Page ix ix Reliability and Validity of the SIOP 226 Summary 226 Discussion Questions 226 Appendix A: The Sheltered Instruction Observation Protocol (SIOP ) 228 Appendix B: Lesson Plans 236 Appendix C: Research on the SIOP Model 242 Summary: Selected Findings from the SIOP Research Project 245 Current and Recent SIOP Research Studies 246 References 249 Glossary 250 References 254 Index 265