Mastering 0. Human biology

Transcription

1 Mastering 0 Human biology

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3 Mastering QHuman biology Jean Roberts M MACMILLAN

4 Jean Roberts 1991 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 33-4 Alfred Place, London WC1E 7DP. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. First published 1991 Published by MACMILLAN EDUCATION LTD Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 2XS and London Companies and representatives throughout the world Typeset & Illustrated by TecSet Ltd, Wallington, Surrey British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Roberts, Jean Mastering human biology 1. Man. Physiology I. Title 612 ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI /

5 For my parents, Anne and Frank

6 Ocontents Preface A message to the student Acknowledgements X xi xii 1 Building blocks The basic unit of life Observing cells Variety, design and function Cells working together Characteristics of living things 17 2 Cells at work Movement in and out of cells The cell and chemical reactions 35 3 Making new cells Shopping list The mechanics of cell-making 60 4 Energy for life The Sun and the green plant Deforestation The greenhouse nobody wants Fossil fuels and dying forests 86 5 Food for energy Good food - nutrition and energy From apples to energy Passing on the energy Cycles - carbon and nitrogen Energy and human use Transport Blood Blood vessels The heart Serving the body Blood groups Rhesus factor What can go wrong? 171

7 viii Contents 7 Breathing and respiration The breathing system Breathing in and breathing out Gaseous exchange Inspired and expired air Cellular respiration Take a deep breath! Artificial resuscitation Smoking Industrial diseases of the lungs Thermostats and waste disposal The skin The kidney Formation of urine Kidney failure, dialysis and transplants Support and movement The human form The nature and structure of bone Bones, bones and more bones! Joints Muscles and how they work Feet Stand up straight! Sensing and responding Neurones and nerves Responding quickly The brain and the body Stressful lives Stimulants and depressants Mental handicap Seeing Hearing Knowing where you are: balance Taste and smell Responding slowly Reproduction Sex isn't easy! The male system The female system Fertilisation and beyond Mother and baby Growth and development IVF and ET Birth control and contraception A sexually transmitted disease 334

8 Contents ix 12 Sex, blood and ear lobes Variety Setting the scene Cell division with a difference Sex Sickle cell anaemia - a case of monohybrid inheritance Blood Mistakes Changing, selecting and evolving Using the system: genetic engineering Understanding the good and the bad What are micro-organisms? Spreading microbes around The effects of pathogens Food poisoning - cause and prevention Food preservation We wouldn't be without them Defence and attack Methane, typhoid and rubbish Sewage Water Rubbish, recycling and responsibility 402 Appendix 404 Hypotheses 404 Making a table for results 405 Plotting line graphs 406 Constructing bar charts and histograms 408 Atoms, elements, molecules and compounds 410 Transverse and longitudinal sections 411 Index 413

9 QPreface The decision to study human biology often stems from an interest in how the body works. Enthusiastic students may, however, feel alienated and inadequate when they encounter mathematics and chemistry within the course, and irritated by the appearance of plants and non-human animals - these may seem out of place and unnecessary. This book is designed to enable the student to build up a good understanding and knowledge of the human being, not only as a working body but also as one that interacts with its planet and its fellow-occupants. The student will also realise that some chemistry and mathematics are integral to developing this understanding. Study of the subject crosses artificial academic barriers and enables the growth of scientific skills. The aims of GCSE human biology courses have fortunately moved us away from a cold, static approach and towards real science, real understanding and real enjoyment. Mastering Human Biology fulfils all the aims and objectives of GCSE and its subject content will meet the requirements of all the GCSE boards. This book is suitable for any student of human biology, whether he or she is following a full-time or a part-time course. Open learning students will find it easy to follow; the ideas and themes build upon each other progressively. Lack of previous scientific knowledge will not be a handicap, as new concepts are explained at the time the student needs to know them. Parts of the text are boxed, either for easy reference or to provide the student with information that may be unfamiliar, such as the commonly used units of measurement; students who do possess this knowledge can disregard that particular box, while others will have easy access to the information they need without having to find other textbooks and thereby lose the flow of the text. The book is designed to be interactive - that is, not just to provide 'facts' but to enable students to think and develop their own ideas. For example, students are encouraged to predict and deduce, and to design experiments, all of which will enable them to 'own' the subject. Mastering Human Biology will act as a facilitator, encouraging curiosity, appreciation, interest and enjoyment as well as developing scientific method and skills. JEAN RoBERTS

10 0 A message to the student How to use this book This book is designed to help you understand and learn, as well as being a source of information. You will find exercises for you to do at intervals throughout the text. Doing these exercises will help you to understand and use what you have been studying. Some notes are boxed. These notes are either for quick reference or to explain a topic or an idea used in the text with which you might not be familiar. As the text progresses there are memory checks with section references. They will remind you of ideas you have already come across earlier in the book. At the end of each section there is a summary and questions. The questions will help you use the material you have been studying and give you practice in expressing your thoughts. Pay special attention to the instructions for the experiments. Always wash your hands carefully before and after handling plant or animal material or doing microbiological work. Cover cuts and scratches with a waterproof dressing. Experiments marked with this symbol: A Should only be done in a laboratory under qualified supervision. Never attempt to do these by yourself.

11 0 Acknowledgements The author and publishers wish to thank the following who have kindly given permission for the use of copyright material: Don Mackean for Figs 1.8, 9.1 and 11.15(a) and (b) from Introduction to Biology by Don G. Mackean, John Murray. The author and publishers wish to acknowledge the following illustration suppliers: Barnaby's Picture Library; Biofotos Associates; Bioset More Education; Bubbles Picture Library; Cambridge Scientific Instruments; Camera Press Ltd; Clark's Shoes Ltd; Colorsport; Format; Philip Harris (Medical) Ltd; Macmillan Archive; Metropolitan Police; Jean Roberts; Science Photo Library; Harry Smith Horticultural Photographic Collection; Alan Thomas. Every effort has been made to trace all the copyright holders but if any have been inadvertently overlooked the publishers will be pleased to make the necessary arrangement at the first opportunity. The author also wishes to thank Dr Angela Roberts for her advice and expertise, and Dr Jean Macqueen for her continued support.