Basic Sciences Review for Medical Licensure Developed at The University of Oklahoma College of Medicine

Transcription

1 Basic Sciences Review for Medical Licensure Developed at The University of Oklahoma College of Medicine Suitable Reviews for: United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE), Step 1

2 Anatomy Embryology Gross Anatomy Neuroanatomy Microanatomy Edited by Raymond E. Papka With Contributions by James J. Tomasek Daniel L. McNeill Hubert W. Burden Raymond E. Papka Springer-Verlag New York Berlin Heidelberg London Paris Tokyo Hong Kong Barcelona Budapest

3 Raymond E. Papka, Ph.D. Department of Anatomical Sciences University of Oklahoma Health Science Center P.O. Box Oklahoma City, OK USA All contributors share the address above except: Hubert W. Burden Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology East Carolina University Greenville, NC USA Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Anatomy: embryology, gross anatomy, neuroanatomy, microanatomy I edited by Raymond E. Papka ; contributors, Raymond E. Papka... let al.]. p. cm. - (Oklahoma notes) Includes bibliographical references. lsbn-\3: e-lsbn-\3: DOl: / Human anatomy-outlines, syllabi, etc. 2. Human anatomy Examinations, questions, etc. 3. Embryology, Human-Outlines, syllabi, etc. 4. Embryology, Human-Examinations, questions, etc. I. Papka, Raymond E. II. Series. [DNLM: 1. Anatomy-outlines. 2. Anatomy-examination questions. QS 18 A ] QM31.A dc20 DNLMIDLC for Library of Congress Printed on acid-free paper Springer-Verlag New York, Inc. All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer-Verlag New York, Inc., 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use of general descriptive names, trade names, trademarks, etc., in this publication, even if the former are not especially identified, is not to be taken as a sign that such names, as understood by the Trade Marks and Merchandise Marks Act, may accordingly be used freely by anyone. While the advice and information in this book is believed to be true and accurate at the date of going to press, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Production managed by Jim Harbison; manufacturing supervised by Jacqui Ashri. Camera-ready copy prepared by the editor

4 Preface to the tj~~ In 1973, the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine instituted a requirement for passage of the Part 1 National Boards for promotion to the third year. To assist students in preparation for this examination, a two-week review of the basic sciences was added to the curriculum in Ten review texts were written by the faculty: four in anatomical sciences and one each in the other six basic sciences. Self-instructional quizzes were also developed by each discipline and administered during the review period. The first year the course was instituted the Total Score performance on National Boards Part I increased 60 points, with the relative standing of the school changing from 56th to 9th in the nation. The performance of the class since then has remained near the national candidate mean. This improvement in our own students' performance has been documented (Hyde et al: Performance on NBME Part I examination in relation to policies regarding use of test. J. Med. Educ. 60: , 1985). A questionnaire was administered to one of the classes after they had completed the Boards; 82% rated the review books as the most beneficial part of the course. These texts were subsequently rewritten and made available for use by all students of medicine who were preparing for comprehensive examinations in the Basic Medical Sciences. Since their introduction in 1987, over 300,000 copies have been sold. Obviously these texts have proven to be of value. The main reason is that they present a concise overview of each discipline, emphasizing the content and concepts most appropriate to the task at hand, i.e., passage of a comprehensive examination over the Basic Medical Sciences. The recent changes in the licensure examination that have been made to create a Step l/step 2/Step 3 process have necessitiated a complete revision of the Oklahoma Notes. This task was begun in the summer of 1991 and has been on-going over the past 3 years. The book you are now holding is a product of that revision. Besides bringing each book up to date, the authors have made every effort to make the tests and review questions conform to the new format of the National Board of Medical Examiners. Thus we have added numerous clinical vignettes and extended match questions. A major revision in the review of the Anatomical Sciences has also been introduced. We have distilled the previous editions' content to the details the authors believe to be of greatest importance and have combined the four texts into a single volume. In addition a book over neurosciences has been added to reflect the emphasis this interdisciplinary field is now receiving. I hope you will find these review books valuable in your preparation for the licensure exams. Good Luck! Richard M. Hyde, Ph.D. Executive Editor

5 Preface This book represents a major revision of the Oklahoma Notes that were previously produced as individual volumes for the review of Embryology, Gross Anatomy, Neuroanatomy, and Microanatomy. Within this single book, information regarding the four major topics of anatomical sciences has been reorganized and updated. The authors have endeavored to produce a concise and relevant study-book that will provide students a reasonably thorough review of the components of the anatomical sciences. The book is written in outline form in order to reduce the volume of descriptive prose and to facilitate the student's opportunity to get to the "meat" of the subjects. This review narrative is written expressly for students preparing to take Step 1 of the USMLE. It is a distillation of headlines of essential content for medical Embryology, Gross Anatomy, Neuroanatomy, and Microanatomy. It is written with the assumption that you previously have completed medical school courses that included dissections and microscopy. For most of us, anatomy is quickly forgotten if not used. This outline volume attempts to organize the contents of the anatomy courses into formats useful for review/recall purposes. This is not a traditional review text-there are few illustrations or diagrams. The student is encouraged to thoughtfully engage the narrative, highlight words/phrases as appropriate, and incorporate mental images of structures and their functions as you read. If the mental images fail to focus clearly as you read the narrative, students should consult atlases and more comprehensive texts used in your medical school courses. Questions for self-examination are placed separately at the end of the book. These questions are intended to be integrative so students should not expect to review a section of the anatomical sciences and then take a self-examination on that section alone. We wish you the best in your review! R.E.P. J.J.T. D.L.M. H.W.B.

6 Contents Preface to the Oklahoma Notes v Preface... vii Embryology James J. Tomasek Gametogenesis, Reproductive Cycle and Fertilization... 1 Early Development of the Conceptus: Weeks Extraembryonic Membranes and Umbilical Cord... 8 Placenta Formation of the Trilaminar Embryo Development of General Body Form, Body Cavities and Diaphragm Nervous System Musculoskeletal System Integumentary System Development of the Head and Neck Development of the Face, Palate, Tongue, and Thyroid Gland Respiratory System Digestive System and Mesenteries System Urogenital System Development of the Heart Development of the Vasculature Gross Anatomy Hubert W. Burden Basic Concepts of the Nervous System and Imaging Back and Upper Limb Head and Neck Thorax Abdomen Pelvis and Perineum 92 Lower Limb Neuroanatomy DanielL. McNeill Histology of the Nervous System Gross Features of the Brain and Brainstem Vasculature and Ventricular System of the CNS Spinal Cord and Peripheral Nerves Cranial Nerves Medulla Oblongata Pons Mesencephalon Diencephalon Basal Ganglia Cerebellum

7 x Contents Cerebrum Limbic System Autonomic Nervous System Microanatomy Raymond E. Popko Cytology Epithelium Connective Tissue Proper Cartilage Bone Peripheral Blood Hematopoiesis Immune System (Lymphatic System) Muscle Tissue Nerve Tissue (see Section on Neuroanatomy) Cardiovascular System Integumentary System Respiratory System Gastrointestinal System Urinary System Endocrine System Female Reproductive System Male Reproductive System Review Questions Answers to Review Questions