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1 !"#%&'(&)*+,+-.+-/&01!"#%&'()(*+% %,-.)%#/%0-1(2%3-4(56%07'89)1% 2#(#3456+'"#3 *+7863#-9" 6#:3;138<=>? % The Iowa Policy Project <=@5A13B#(4(3##(C/&01%+(8C/&01D<<?D EF>GHFFIJ=KKF 0005/&012&7+9823&L#9(5&3.

2 Authors and Acknowledgments!"#"%&'%()*+"%+'1-1(+&-17#MN#3(&-N;:7+9)+-1-9#1-O"1''#3,#O1'19&-';7(1-((&("#/& (("#X-+,#3'+(8&)/&015% % [''+'(1-(23&)#''&3+-("#49"&&7&)4&9+17Y&3B1(("#X-+,#3'+(8&)/&015[)&3Q#3N& '( )&3("#X545P#N13(Q#-(&)T#17("1-OT;Q1-4#3,+9#'1-O("#Y+'9&-'+-P#N13(Q#-(&)Y&3B)&39# P#,#7&NQ#-(C'"#"1''#3,#O1'1-1O,+'#3(&'(1(#1-O7&917.&,#3-Q#-(&))+9+17'&-+'';#'&)9"+7O913#C 0&3B)&39#O#,#7&NQ#-(1-OQ+93&#-(#3N3+'#O#,#7&NQ#-(54"#"&7O'1A1'(#3&)4&9+17Y&3BO#.3##)3&Q ("#X-+,#3'+(8&)A+9"+.1-1-O1:19"#7&3\'O#.3##+-4&9+&7&.8)3&Q("#X-+,#3'+(8&)/&015 % Y#.31(#);77819B-&07#O.#("#.#-#3&;'';NN&3(&)("#U&3("0#'([3#16&;-O1(+&-C("#X-+(#OY18&) %#-(317/&01CA+OJ/&01T#17("6&;-O1(+&-CX-+(#OY18&)("#];1O%+(+#'CX-+(#OY18&)@1'(%#-(317/&01C X-+(#OY18&)W&"-'&-%&;-(8CX-+(#OY18&)U&3("%#-(317/&01C1-OX-+(#OY18&)4(&38%&;-(85Y"+7# ("#'#);-O#3'';NN&3(("#3#'#139"("1(0#-(+-(&("+'3#N&3(C("#8Q18-&(-#9#'' ##0+("N&7+98 3#9&QQ#-O1(+&-'("1(13#+-97;O#O52&7+983#9&QQ#-O1(+&-'13#'&7#78("#N#3'N#9(+,#&)("#1;("&31-O ("#/&012&7+9823&L#9(5 The Iowa Policy Project "#17("1-O0#77J:#+-.&)/&01_'N#&N7#1-O("##-,+3&-Q#-(5S8N3&,+O+-.1)&;-O1(+&-&))19(J:1'#OC &:L#9(+,#3#'#139"1-O# ("#N;: )&3Q#OO+'9;''+&-&)N&7+9817(#3-1(+,#'C("#/&012& &L#9(1O,1-9#'199&;-(1:7#C#))#9(+,#1-O)1+3.&,#3-Q#-(5 [773#N&3('N3&O;9#O:8("#/&012&7+9823&L#9(13#Q1O#1,1+71:7#(&("#N;:7+9C)3##&)9"13.#C,+1("# &3.1-+^1(+&-_'0#:'+(#1("((N`aa0005+&01N&7+98N3&L#9(5&3.5!"#/&012&7+9823&L#9(+'1D=>E9HF&3.1-+^1(+&-5%&-(3+:;(+&-'(&';NN&3(&;30&3BQ18:#(1MJ O#O;9(+:7#5Y#Q18:#3#19"#O1(("#1OO3#''1:&,#C:8N"&-#1(EF>GHFFIJ=KKFC:8#Q1+71( +NNb*9&Q5-#(C&3("3&;."&("#39&-(19('1,1+71:7#1(&;30#:'+(#5 ++

3 Preface!"+'+'("#)&;3("#O+(+&-&)A<9%>*1)%*D%E(F(+8%(+%G*H-1-O+(3#)7#9('1-;Q:#3&)9"1-.#'1-O #-"1-9#Q#-(''+-9#("#N3#,+&;'#O+(+&-01'3#7#1'#O+-A18<=><5/-&3O#3(&3#N&3(("#Q&'( 9;33#-(+-)&3Q1(+&-+-1(+Q#78)1'"+&-C0#13#3#7#1'+-.("#<=>?#O+(+&-+-+-'(177Q#-('5!"+'+' ("#)+3'(C1-ON3#'#-('9&QN7#(#+-)&3Q1(+&-&-("#:1'+9)1Q+78:;O.#(')&3177)1Q+78(8N#'1-O177.#&.31N"+913#1'5!"#'#:;O.#('13#:1'#O&-7+,+-.9&'(')&3917#-O13<=>FC1-O'(1(#1-O)#O# &Q#(1M#')&3(1M8#13<=>FC0+("&-##M9#N(+&-`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c;+3#O;-O#3("#[9(5!"#9"1-.#'+-"#17("913#"1,#17'&N3&QN(#O;'(&N3#'#-(:1'+9:;O.#(';-O#3(0&'9#-13+&'` ;-O#3'(1(#O9&'(')&3("&'#"1,+-.(&N;39"1'#1N3+,1(#N #("#9&'(O+))#3#-9#'13# +-93#1'+-.C0#N3#'#-("#3#'#N131(#:;O.#(')&3#19"'+(;1(+&-5 4;:'#c;#-(+-'(177Q#-('&)("#3#N&3(0+77)&9;'&-0&3B';NN&3('1-O"&0("#81))#9(:1'+9 )1Q+78:;O.#('54+-9#("#71'(#O+(+&-C0#"1,#.3#1(78#MN1-O#O("#91N1:+7+(+#'&)("#9&'(&) 7+,+-.Q&O#7:8+-9&3N&31(+-.177&)("#Q1L&3N;:7+9';NN&3('1,1+71:7#(&7&0+-9&Q#)1Q+7+#'+- /&01`%"+7O%13#[''+'(1-9#C6&&O[''+'(1-9#E4U[2HCN;:7+9"#17("+-';31-9#)&31O;7('1-O 9"+7O3#-EA#O+91+O1-OT10BJ/HCN3#Q+;Q1''+'(1-9#1-O9&'(J'"13+-.)&3"#17("+-';31-9#N71-' 97&'#("#.1N:#(0##-:1'+9-##O'1-O("#+-9&Q#3#9#+,#O)3&Q0&3B)&3Q1-8/&01)1Q+7+#'C1-O ("#d97+))#))#9('e("1("+-o#3("##))#9(+,#-#''&)'&q#n3&.31q'5e[n3#7+q+-138n&7+98:3+#) +77;'(31(+-.97+))#))#9('+-("#%"+7O%13#[''+'(1-9#N3&.31Q01'3#7#1'#O+-P#9#Q:#3<=>F` "((N`aa0005+&01)+'9175&3.a7+B#J)177+-.J&))J1J97+))a5HY#0+7717'&+77;'(31(#("#+QN19(&)'#7#9(#O N&7+989"1-.#'&-)1Q+7+#'1-O("#+31:+7+(8(&Q##(:1'+9-##O'5 [-&("#3+-'(177Q#-(0+77N3&,+O#-#0#'(+Q1(#'&)("#N3&N&3(+&-&)/&01)1Q+7+#'0"&'#+-9&Q# )177':#7&0("#:1'+9-##O'7#,#75!"+'0+77:#3#7#1'#O'&&-1)(#3("#<=>=J><("3##J8#13[Q#3+91- %&QQ;-+(84;3,#8O1(1)&3/&01+'Q1O#1,1+71:7#+-6#:3;1385!"+'O#718+'-#9#''138+-&3O#3 (&:1'#("#1-178'+'&-("#71(#'([%4O1(1C;'+-.("#("3##J8#131,#31.#'+-&3O#3(&"1,#1713.# #-&;."'1QN7#(&Q1B#3#7+1:7##'(+Q1(#'5 +++

4

5 The Iowa Policy Project 0005/&012&7+9823&L#9(5&3. The Cost of Living in Iowa 2014 Edition Part 1: Basic Family Budgets February %!"#"%&'%()*+"%2/3%,)-.%("/0+% Y"1(O&#'+((1B#(&.#(:8("#'#O18'g!"+'71(#'(#O+(+&-&)A<9%>*1)%*D%E(F(+8%(+%G*H-1-'0#3'("+' c;#'(+&-5!"#3#n&3(o#(1+7'"&0q;9"0&3b+-.)1q+7+#'q;'(#13-+-&3o#3(&q##(("#+3:1'+9 -##O'1-O;-O#3'9&3#'("#+QN&3(1-9#&)N;:7+90&3B';NN&3(N3&.31Q')&3Q1-8/&01-'C0"& O#'N+(#("#+30&3B#))&3('C13#-&(1:7#(&N18)&3("#Q&'(:1'+97+,+-.#MN#-'#'5!"#:1'+9J-##O':;O.#('9&-'(3;9(#O)&3("+'3#N&3(3#N3#'#-(1,#38)3;.177+,+-.'(1-O13Oh;'+-. 9&'('1'&)<=>FE0+("("##M9#N(+&-&)"#17("+-';31-9#HC("#:;O.#('13#:1'#O&-0"1(+'-##O#O (&d';3,+,#e31("#3("1-d("3+,#5e!"+'+-97;o#'177&01-9#')&33#-(c;(+7+(+#'c)&&on3#n13#o1( "&Q#C9"+7O913#C"#17("913#C(31-'N&3(1(+&-C97&("+-.1-O&("#3"&;'#"&7O-#9#''+(+#'5!"#:1'+9 :;O.#(O&#'-&(+-97;O#'1,+-.'C7&1-N18Q#-('C#O;91(+&-#MN#-'#'C1-8#-(#3(1+-Q#-(&3,191(+&-C&3Q#17'&;('+O#("#"&Q#5!"#:;O.#('17'&'"&0("#:#)&3#J(1M+-9&Q#1-/&01)1Q+78 0&;7O3#c;+3#(&Q##(:1'+9-##O'0+("&;(("#:#-#)+(&)N;:7+91''+'(1-9#&30&3B';NN&3('C1-O Q#Q:#3'C("#1.#'&)("#9"+7O3#-C1-O("##QN7&8Q#-('(1(;'&)("#1O;7('5!"+'3#N&3()&9;'#'&- -&-J'#-+&3/&01"&;'#"&7O'0+("10&3B+-.1O;7(5 > Key Assumptions in Basic Needs Budgets! The family cooks and eats all meals at home, at the cost of the USDA Low-Cost family food plan.! The cost of rent and utilities is based on the HUD Fair Market Rent (FMR) at the 40 th percentile level for a house of appropriate size in the local area.! Health care expenses include insurance costs as well as out-of-pocket costs. Insurance premium costs are either the average employee share of premiums for employer-sponsored insurance in Iowa, or the premium for the lowest-cost Silver plan available on the Exchange from CoOportunity Health for 2014.! Workers drive to work, and families have other expenses for basic transportation needs, but recreational uses of transportation are not included.! On weekdays, all children are in child care when not in school during normal working hours, except those in two-parent families with only one parent working.! Child care costs are calculated using county averages for the home-based care of a 2-year-old toddler and a school-age child of 6 to 10 years based on data from Iowa Child Care Resource and Referral Networks. Costs would be higher for families using centerbased care, with an infant, or with two children under school age, and lower if all children were in school.! The budget includes expenses for clothing, telephone service, and basic household maintenance items.! Property taxes are included in rent; sales taxes are included in spending.! All income consists of wages and salaries; workers are employed full-time and year-round. Payroll taxes are paid on all income, and federal and state income taxes and credits are calculated assuming the standard deduction and use of all available credits and exemptions.

6 /&01-'N18O+))#3+-.1Q&;-(')&3("#:1'+97+,+-.#''#-(+17'O#N#-O+-.&-0"#3#("#87+,#5[*+-- %&;-(8)1Q+781-O1%718%&;-(8)1Q )19#O+))#3#-("&;'+-.9&'('C9&QQ;(+-.(+Q#'1-O "#17("+-';31-9#N3#Q+;Q'h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owa Basic Needs Budgets: Single-Parent Families!"#3#13#1:&;(>K>C=== '+-.7#JN13#-()1Q+7+#'+-/&015 < 6&31'+-.7#N13#-(C("# 9"177#-.#&)';NN&3(+-.1 )1Q+780+("#,#-&-#9"+7O+' O1;-(+-.C(&'18("#7#1'(5!1:7# >O+'N718'("#,13+&;'9&'(' '+-.7#JN13#-("&;'#"&7O'+-9;3 +-&3O#3(&Q##(("#+3)1Q+7+#'_ :1'+9-##O'5Y+("(0&9"+7O3#-C ("#:1'+91--;17:;O.#()&31 )1Q+780+("&;("#17(" +-';31-9#)3&Q1-#QN7&8#3 #M9##O'j?KC===N#38#13C 0"+9"3#c;+3#'1-"&;37801.# +-#M9#''&)j<I+-("#1:'#-9# &)1-8N;:7+9';NN&3('E'##!1:7#>H5Y+("&-#9"+7OC("# N13#-('(+77-##O'(&#13-&,#3 j<=n#3"&;3c0"#-("# Q1L&3+(8&)L&:'+-/&01N18 7#''("1-("1(5 %"+7O913#9&'('17&-#9&-';Q# >GN#39#-(&)1'+-.7#JN13#-(_' )1Q+78:;O.#(0+("&-#9"+7O 1-O<FN#39#-(0+("(0&9"+7O3#-5/-)19(CQ&-("789"+7O913#9&'(')&31'+-.7#N13#-(0+("(0& 9"+7O3#-13#17Q&'(1'713.#1'"&;'+-.9&'('5P1(1';..#'(("1()+-O+-.L&:'0+("1O#c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

7 F Basic Family Budgets: Two-Parent Families Y##'(+Q1(#:1'+9)1Q+78:;O.#(')&3 )&;3(0&JN13#-()1Q+78(8N#'56+3'(C0# #M1Q+-#(0&)1Q+7+#'0+(":&(" N13#-('0&3B+-.&;('+O#("#"&Q#C 1-O("#-(0&)1Q+7+#'0+("&-#N13#-( 0&3B+-.1-O&-#N13#-(1("&Q# )&3("#9"+7O3#-5!"#)1Q+7+#' 13#1'';Q#O(&"1,##+("#3&-#9"+7O &3(0&9"+7O3#-5 /-("#Q1L&3+(8&)(0&JN13#-()1Q+7+#' +-/&01C:&("N13#-('0&3B);77(+Q#C &397&'#(&+(5/)("#8"1,#&-78&-# 9"+7OC#19"0&3B+-.N13#-(Q;'(#13- j>f5f<n#3"&;3(&q1b##-o'q##( E!1:7#<H56&3)1Q+7+#'0+("(0& 9"+7O3#-C#19"N13#-(Q;'(#13- j>k5ign#3"&;3c&3<kn#39#-(q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c;+3#1:&;(&-#J("+3O7#'' "&;'#"&7O+-9&Q#("1-)1Q+7+#'0+(" (0&0&3B+-.N13#-('5!"+'+'713.#78 :#91;'#)1Q+7+#'0+("&-#'(18J1(J "&Q#N13#-(O&-&("1,#(&N189"+7O 913#9&'('h("#817'&'1,#Q&-#8&- (31-'N&3(1(+&-5T&0#,#3C("#0&3B+-. N13#-(Q;'(#13-'+.-+)+91-(78"+."#3

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9 %#-(317/&01i2&7B1-O';33&;-O+-.9&;-(+#'i71-O'+-("#Q+OO7#&,#3177C0+("1Q&-.("# "+."#'(9"+7O913#9&'('1-O3#-('C:;(("#7&0#'("#17("913#9&'('52&7BCA1O+'&-CP1771'CA13+&-C Y133#-C1-OW1'N#39&;-(+#'13#(+#O)&3("#7&0#'(N3+,1(#"#17("+-';31-9#N3#Q+;Q'1Q&-.("# GG9&;-(+#'5 P+))#3#-9#'+-9&'()3&Q&-#9&;-(8(&1-&("#391-:#O31Q1(+95A&-("789"+7O913##MN#-'#')&3 (0&9"+7O3#-C)&3#M1QN7#C31-.#O)3&Q17&0&)jDk<(&1"+."&)jGGIC1j?FDO+))#3#-9#56&31 '+-.7#N13#-(0+("(0&9"+7O3#-1-O0+("&;(+-';31-9#)3&Q1L&:C"#17("913#9&'('31-.#O)3&Q jdkd(&jkfgn#3q&-("c0"+7#3#-(,13+#o)3&qjk<>(&j>c<d?c1jdffo+))#3#-9#5!"#(&(17 1--;17:1'+9-##O':;O.#()&3)1Q+7+#'0+("(0&9"+7O3#-01'&,#3jGC==="+."#3+-("#"+."#'( 9&'(9&;-(89&QN13#O(&("#7&0#'(9&'(9&;-(85 Cost of Living Threshold Is More Accurate than Federal Poverty Guideline 6#O#317N&,#3(8.;+O#7+-#'13#("#:1'+')&3O#(#3Q+-+-.#7+.+:+7+(8)&3N;:7+9N3&.31Q'O#'+.-#O (&';NN&3('(3; &3B#3'5T&0#,#3C("#)#O#317.;+O#7+-#'O&-&((1B#+-(&199&;-(3#.+&-17 O+))#3#-9#'+-:1'+97+,+-.#MN#-'#'1-O0#3#O#,#7&N#O;'+-.&;(O1(#O'N#-O+-.N1((#3-'Q&3# ("1-?D8#13'1.&5!"#9179;71(+&-'("1(9&QN&'#("#)#O#317N&,#3(8.;+O#7+-#'1'';Q#)&&O+'("# 713.#'(#MN#-'#C1'+(01'+-("#>Gk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i("#:#)&3#J(1M#13-+-.'-##O#O(& N3&,+O#1)(#3J(1M+-9&Q##c;17(&("#:1'+9J-##O':;O.#(i+'Q;9""+."#3("1-("#&))+9+17 N&,#3(8.;+O#7+-#'5/-)19(C)1Q+78';NN&3(+-.+-9&Q#)&3("#'#,#-)1Q+78(8N#'O+'9;''#O+-("+' D

10 3#N&3(31-.#')3&Q>5k(&<5G(+Q#'("#)#O#317N&,#3(8.;+O#7+-#)&3("&'#)1Q+7+#'5A&'()1Q+7+#'C +-&("#30&3O'C19(;17783#c;+3#Q&3#("1-(0+9#("#+-9&Q#+O#-(+)+#O1'("#N&,#3(87#,#7+- &3O#3(&Q##(0"1(Q&'(0&;7O9&-'+O#3:1'+9"&;'#"&7O-##O'5['("#713.#'(13#1'&))1Q+7+#'_ :;O.#('E"&;'+-.C(31-'N&3(1(+&-1-O9"+7O913#H9&-(+-;#(&.3&0C("#3#0+77:#1-+-93#1'+-. O+'9&--#9(+&-:#(0##-19(;17:1'+9-##O'1-O("#)#O#317N&,#3(8.;+O#7+-#';'#O(&O#'93+:#1-O 1''+'('(3;..7+-./&01-'5 Trends in Basic Expenses for Iowans 4+-9#&;371'(>*1)%*D%E(F(+8%(+%G*H-%3#N&3(C("#,13+&;'9&QN&-#-('&)("#)1Q+78:;O.#('"1,# +-93#1'#O+-9&'(';:'(1-(+17785!"#9&'(&)("#X4P[7&0J9&'()&&ON71-)&3Q133+#O9&;N7#'0+(" 9"+7O3#-3&'#I(&>>N#39#-()3&Q<=>>(&<=>FC1-O)&3'+-.7#N13#-()1Q+7+#'3&'#>?(&>D N#39#-(5%"+7O913#9&'(')&31<J&3FJ8#13J&7O3&'#>FN#39#-('(1(#0+O#)3&Q<=>>(&<=>FC0"+7# ("#9&'(')&31kJ8#13J&7O3&'#>kN#39#-(5[,#31.#"&;'+-.9&'('+-/&01C1'Q#1';3#O:8TXP 61+3A13B#(Z#-('C+-93#1'#OIN#39#-(:#(0##-<=>>1-O<=>F)&31(0&J:#O3&&Q1N13(Q#-(C>F N#39#-()&31("3##J:#O3&&Q5!"#/Z4Q+7#1.#31(#C0"+9"3#)7#9('("#&,#31779&'(&)& O &N#31(+-.1,#"+97#C3&'#kN#39#-(5R-7897&("+-.1-O&("#3"&;'#"&7O#MN#-'#''"&0#OQ&O#31(# N3+9#+-)71(+&-C+-93#1'+-.L;'(;-O#3>N#39#-(5 6&3"#17("913#C("#N+9(;3#+'9&QN7+91(#O:8'#,#317)19(&3'56+3'(C0##QN7&8<=>?31(#'C 3#)7#9(+-.("3##31("#3("1-(0&8#13'&)+-)71(+&-54#9&-OC+-';31-9#N&7+9+#'1,1+71:7#)&3<=>? 3#)7#9(-#0Q+-+Q;Q'(1-O13O''N#9+)+#O+-("#[))&3O1:7#%13#[9(C'&0#13#-&(9&QN13+-.("# N3+9#'&)+O#-(+917N3&O;9(' C0#9"1-.#O("#Q#("&O&7&.8)&3#'(+Q1(+-.&;(J&)JN&9B#( "#17("9&'(')&3("#<=>?#O+(+&-5l##N+-.("&'#9&QN7+91(+&-'+-Q+-OC("#Q&-("789&'(&)"#17(" 913#)&31'+-.7#N13#-(0+("&-#9"+7O3&'#GN#39#-(&,#3("#("3##8#13'<=>>J<=>?C)&31'+-.7# N13#-(0+("(0&9"+7O3#-C>kN#39#-(56&3Q133+#O9&;N7#'C("#9&33#'N&-O #1'#'0#3#I N#39#-(1-O><N#39#-(56&3'+-.7#1O;7('C9&'('19(;1778O#97+-#O>=N#39#-(5 The Adequacy of Wages in Iowa 6&3Q&'(&)("#)1Q+7+#'3#N3#'#-(#O1:&,#C("#"&;37801.#3#c;+3#O(&N3&,+O#)&3:1'+9-##O'C k

11 )&3)1Q+7+#'0+("&;("#17("+-';31-9#("3&;."1-#QN7&8#3C#M9##O'("#01.#&)Q&3#("1-"17)&) /&01_'9;33#-(L&:'E6+.;3#<H5Y"+7#"1,+-."#17("+-';31-9#&-("#L&:"#7N'C("#Q1L&3+(8&)L&:' 1,1+71:7#'(+770&;7O-&(N18#-&;.")&3'+-.7#N13#-('C&3)&31Q133+#O9&;N7#0+("&-#0&3B#35 Conclusions!"#9&'(&)7+,+-.+-/&01"1'+-93#1'#O'+.-+)+91-(78+-("#N1'((0&8#13'5Y&3B+-.)1Q+7+#'1-O +-O+,+O;17'+-/&01Q;'(#13-';:'(1-(+17781:&,#("#&))+9+17N&,#3(8("3#'"&7Oi+-'&Q#91'#' -#1378("3##(+Q#'("#N&,#3(87#,#7i(&19"+#,#1,#38:1'+9'(1-O13O&)7+,+-.+-/&010+("&;( ("#"#7N&)N;:7+90&3B';NN&3('5!"&'#0&3B';NN&3('13#93+( QN&3(1-(`9"+7O913# ';:'#c;#-(3#n&3(o310+-.&-("#%&'(&)*+,+-.+-/&010+77)&9;'&-0"1(("#'#0&3b';nn&3(' 91-Q#1-)&3N13(+9;713)1Q+7+#'+-,13+&;'3#.+&-'&)/&01C1-O("#+QN7+91(+&-'&)#7+.+:+7+(8 9#+7+-.'("1(O3&NN#&N7#)3&Q';NN&3(N3#9+N+(&;'785 R,#3"17)("#L&:'+-/&01N187#''("1-0"1(+'-##O#O:8Q1-8)1Q+7+#'(&19"+#,#:1'+9'#7)J ';))+9+#-985T&0Q1-8/&01)1Q+7+#'#13-:#7&0("#)1Q+78';NN&3(+-.+-9&Q#7#,#7'3#N&3(#O "#3#gT&0Q1-8)1Q+7+#'C+-&("#30&3O'CQ;'(3#78&-0&3B';NN&3('(&.#(("#Q97&'#3(&("# :1'+9-##O':;O.#(7#,#7g!"#1-'0#3'(&("#'#c;#'(+&-'0+77:#N3&,+O#O+-1-&("#3+-'(177Q#-( &)("#%&'(&)*+,+-.+-/&013#78+-.&-("#71(#'(O1(1&-)1Q+78+-9&Q#')3&Q("#[Q#3+91- %&QQ;-+(84;3,#85 K

12 Appendix 1: Methodology for Constructing Basic Needs Budgets Food!"#X545P#N13(Q#-(&)[.3+9;7(;3#EX4P[HN3&,+O#'Q&-("78#'(+Q1(#'&)("#1,#31.#9&'(&))&;3 O+))#3#-()&&ON71-'`!"3+)(8C*&0J%&'(CA&O#31(#J9&'(1-O*+:#3175S#91;'#'(;O+#'"1,#'"&0-+( +'17Q&'(+QN&''+:7#)&37&0J+-9&Q#)1Q+7+#'(&)&77&0("#!"3+)(86&&O271-C0#"1,#9"&'#-(& ;'#("#*&0J%&'(Q&-("78#'(+Q1(#'+-9179;71(+-.1:;O.#(("1(3#)7#9(':1'+9)1Q+78-##O'5 k X4P[:1'#'+(':;O.#(1''#''Q#-(';N&-'N#9+)+9)1Q+78(8N#'0+("9"+7O3#-&)'N#9+)+#O1.#'C'& 0#"1,#)&77&0#OX4P[.;+O#7+-#'+-1OL;'(+-.)&31.#1-O)1Q+78'+^#O+))#3#-(+17'56&3)1Q+78'+^# 1OL;'(Q#-('0#"1,#1.1+-)&77&0#OX4P[.;+O#7+-#'56&3#M1QN7#C("#)&&O9&'(')&31)1Q+78&) (0&13#+-93#1'#O:8>=N#39#-(N#391N+(11:&,#("#N#391N+(19&'(&)1)&;3JN#3'&-)1Q+78+- &3O#3(&199&;-()&3("#O#93#1'#O#9&-&Q+#'&)'917#5/-17791'#'C0#"1,#1,#31.#O("# Q17#a)#Q17#,17;#'5[7("&;."3#'(1;31-(Q#17'"1,#:#9&Q#+-93#1'+-.789&QQ&-+-)1Q+78 :;O.#('1-OO+#('C0#O&-&(+-97;O#("+'1OO+(+&-179&'(C1'+(0&;7O,+&71(#&;3-&J)3+77'93+(#3+15 /-9"&&'+-.("#*&0J%&'(6&&O271-&,#3("#!"3+)(8&-#C0##M#39+'#O'&Q#9&-'+O#31(+&-&)("# Q&O#3-)1Q+787+)#'(87#1-O("#&991'+&-179&-';QN(+&-&)N3#N13#O)&&O'5 Y#;'#O("#W;-#<=>F#'(+Q1(#C)&77&0+-.("#X4P[N319(+9#:80"+9"("#W;-#9&'('&)#19"8#13 13#;'#O(&3#N3#'#-(("#1--;171,#31.#5 K Housing and Utilities!"#X545P#N13(Q#-(&)T&;'+-.1-OX3:1-P#,#7&NQ#-(ETXPH61+3A13B#(Z#-(E6AZH';3,#8+' ("#Q&'(0+O#78199#N(#O'(1-O13O)&3("#9&'(&):1'+9-##O'"&;'+-.5 I [99&3O+-.(&TXP.;+O#7+-#'C("#6AZ+'("#1Q&;-(-##O#O(&3#-(N3+,1(#78&0-#OCO#9#-(C'1)#C1-O'1-+(138 3#-(17"&;'+-.&)1Q&O#'(E-&-J7;M;38H-1(;3#0+("';+(1:7#1Q#-+(+#'56AZ'13#)+.;3#O1(("#?=("N#39#-(+7#&)3#-(5!"1(+'C?=N#39#-(&);-+('3#-()&37#''("1-("+'1Q&;-(Ck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ealth Care T#17("913#9&'('+-97;O#:&("("#)1Q+78'"13#&)+-';31-9#N3#Q+;Q'1-O&;(J&)JN&9B#( #MN#-'#'5Y#O&-&(9&-'(3;9(1:;O.#()&31)1Q+78("1(+';-+-';3#Oh"#17("+-';31-9#+' 9&-'+O#3#O1:1'+9-##O("1('"&;7O:#N13(&)#,#38:;O.#(56&3("&'#)1Q+7+#'("1(3#9#+,#"#17(" +-';31-9#("3&;."("#+3#QN7&8#3'C+-';31-9#N3#Q+;Q9&'('13##c;17(&("##QN7&8## 9&-(3+:;(+&-56&3("&'#)1Q+7+#'("1(O&-&(3#9#+,#"#17("913#:#-#)+('("3&;."0&3BC+-';31-9# Q;'(:#N;39"1'#O&-("#+-O+,+O;17Q13B#(5 I

13 !"#:;O.#()&31)1Q+78("1(+-97;O#'101.##13-#30+("+-';31-9#("3&;."0&3B+',#38O+))#3#-( )3&Q("#:;O.#()&31)1Q+78("1(Q;'(N;39"1'#+-';31-9#&-("#N3+,1(#Q13B#(C1-O)3&Q&-# 3#9#+,+-.N;:7+9+-';31-9#EA#O+91+O&34%T/2H5[:&;(k=N#39#-(&)/&01-'0+("+-9&Q#'13&;-O &;3"&;'#"&7O:1'+9-##O'7#,#7E+5#5C0+("+-9&Q#':#(0##->5D1-O<5D(+Q#'("#N&,#3(87#,#7H #+("#3;-+-';3#OCN;39"1'#O+-';31-9#N3+,1(#78C&30#3#9&,#3#O:8A#O+91+O1-Oa&3T[YlJ/5 /-N3#,+&;'#O+(+&-'C0#9&-'(3;9(#O&-78&-#:1'+9-##O':;O.#()&31.+,#-)1Q+78(8N#C1-O("# ("#(8N+917N3+,1(#Q13B#(N&7+98N3#Q+;QCN7;'&;(J&)JN&9B#(9&'('5E/)("#80#3##7+.+:7#)&3 N;:7+9+-';31-9#C("#N;:7+9+-';31-9#:#-#)+('0#3#)19(&3#O+-(&("#9179;71(+&-&)-#( 3#'&;39#'5H/-("+'#O+(+&-C0#9&-'(3;9((0&:;O.#(')&3#19")1Q+78(8N#C&-#1'';Q+-.("# Families with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amilies without ESI 6&3+-';31-9#N;39"1'#O&-("#N3+,1(#Q13B#(C0#&:(1+-#O("#N3#Q+;Q')&3("#7#1'(J#MN#-'+,# '+7,#3N71-m%&RN&3(;-+(8%"&+9#X/T#17("[77+1-9#4+7,#3m&))#3#O:8%&RN&3(;-+(8T#17("C 0"+9"&))#3'+-';31-9#C:&("("3&;."("#)#O#317#M9"1-.#1-OO+3#9(78)3&Q("#9&QN1-8C+-177GG 9&;-(+#'+-/&015!"#N3#Q+;Q'13#("#'1Q##+("#30185!"#'+7,#3N71-+'("#7&0#'(7#,#7N71- ("1(c;17+)+#')&39&'(J'"13+-.1'0#771'N3#Q+;Q';:'+O+#';-O#3("#[))&3O1:7#%13#[9(5!"# N3#Q+;Q'0#3#&:(1+-#O)3&Q("#%&RN&3(;-+(80#:'+(#+-P#9#Q:#3<=>F1-OW1-;138<=>?C )&39&,#31.#:# W1-;138&36#:3;138<=>?5Y#&:(1+-#O31(#')&3177&)("#)1Q+78(8N#' +-&;3'(;O85Y#1'';Q#O1O;7('0#3#F=&3FD8#13'&)1.#EO#N#-O+-.&-("#1.#'&)("# 9"+7O3#-H1-O-&-J'Q&B#3'h)&3'+-.7#N#3'&-'C("#31(#')&3Q17#'1-O)#Q17#'0#3#1,#31.#Oh)&3 O#'+.-#O(&9&,#3C19(; &-1,#31.#CK=N#39#-(&)"#17("913#9&'('5!"#3#Q1+-+-.F= N#39#-(13#N1+O:8("#N1(+#-(("3&;."9&JN18'C9&J+-';31-9#CO#O;9(+:7#'C1-O-&-J9&,#3#O '#3,+9#'5Y#17'&B-&0("1([%[3#c;+3#'#QN7&8#3'(&N18&;(+-:#-#)+('1(7#1'(I=N#39#-(&) ("#N3#Q+;Q'("#83#9#+,#5Y#1'';Q#("1(+-';31-9#9&QN1-+#'0+77"+(("+'(13.#(5!"#3#)&3#C+) N71-:#-#)+('13#I=N#39#-(&)N3#Q+;Q'C1-ON71-:#-#)+('13#17'&K=N#39#-(&)(&(17"#17(" 9&'('C("#-(&(17"#17("9&'('13#>5>?F(+Q#'N3#Q+;Q'E (; &-1,#31.#H5 >= Y#("#- ;'#("+'#'(+Q1(#&)(&(17"#17("9&'(':1'#O&-("#'+7,#3N71-N3#Q+;QN1+O)&3("1()1Q+78(8N#+- G

14 #19"9&;-(8C(&#'(+Q1(#(&(17&;(J&)JN&9B#(9&'('C0"+9"+''+QN78("#N3#Q+;QN1+ON7;'("#F= N#39#-(&)(&(17"#17("9&'('-&(9&,#3#O5 Transportation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k5D 9#-('H5!"#(31,#7177&01-9#199&;-(')&3("#(&(179&'(&)& O&N#31( &3 "&;'#"&7O'0+("Q&3#("1-&-#0&3B+-.1O;7(C0#1OO#O9&QQ;(#Q+7#')&3#19"1OO+(+&-171O;7(C :;(-&(-&-J9&QQ;(#Q+7#'5 Child Care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k(&>I0#3#1'';Q#O(&3#c;+3#9"+7O913#O;3+-.("#';QQ#3Q&-("'1-O(&:# #-3&77#O+-1:#)&3#J1)(#3'9"&&7N3&.31QO;3+-.("#'9"&&78#135/('"&;7O:#-&(#O("1(177("# (0&JN13#-()1Q+7+#'3#N&3(#O+-("#(1:7#'+-("+'3#N&3(0#3#1'';Q#O(&"1,#&-#9"+7O;-O#3k 1-O&-#1.#k(&>I5E[OO+(+&-17)1Q+78(8N#'0#3#9&-'(3;9(#O1-O0#3#;'#O+-#'(+Q1(+-.("# N3&N&3(+&-'&)("#N&N;71(+&-0+("+-9&Q#:#7&0:1'+9-##O'5H /-177(0&JN13#-()1Q+7+#'0+("&-78&-#);77J(+Q#0&3B#3C0#1'';Q#O("1(("#-&-J0&3B+-. N13#-(N3&,+O#'1779"+7O913#'#3,+9#'5!"#'1Q#9179;71(+&-'0#3#N#3)&3Q#O)&3("#'(1(#0+O# 1-178'+'1'0#771')&3("#9&;-(8J7#,#71-178'+'5Y#;'#O("#71(#'(O1(1C0"+9"01')3&Q("#W;78 <=>F3#N&3(')&3#19"9&;-(81-O)&3("#'(1(#1'10"&7#5 >=

15 Clothing and Household Expenses!"+'91(#.&38+-97;O#'(#7#N"&-#C97&("+-.C"&Q#);3-+'"+-.'n1NN7+1-9#'C"&;'#B##N+-.';NN7+#'C N#3'&-17913#N3&O;9('1-O'#3,+9#'C1-Od&("#3"&;'#"&7O#MN#-'#'Ce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c;+3#O (&19"+#,#("#:1'+9)1Q+78:;O.#('#-O';N:#+-.13&;-O(0+9#("#N&,#3(87#,#7C0#1OL;'(#O 'N#-O+-.O&0-(&("#7#,#719"+#,#O:8("#1,#31.#"&;'#"&7O("1(01'L;'(D=N#39#-(1:&,#("# 1-O(&:199&C#O;91(+&-C3#1O+-.Q1(#3+17'1-ON#3'&-17+-';31-9#0#3#1777#)(&;(9&QN7#(#78C+- 199&3O1-9#0+("&;3:1'+9J-##O'1NN3&19"5!"#<=>>J><)+.;3#'0#3#+-)71(#O(&<=>F;'+-.("# +-93#1'#+-("#%2/+-("#'#)+,##MN#-O+(;3#91(#.&3+#'C0"+9"01'L;'(=5<N#39#-(5! Taxes and Tax Credits!"#3#13#(0&B+-O'&)(1M#'`("&'#+QN&'#O&-("+-.'("1(0#:;8&3&0-mN3&N#3(81-O'17#' (1M#'i1-O("&'#("1(O#N#-O&-&;3+-9&Q#i)#O#317N183&77(1M#'E4&9+174#9;3+(81-O A#O+913#H1-O)#O#3171-O'(1(#+-9&Q#(1M#'523&N#3(81-O'17#'(1M#'+-("+'3#N&3(13#(3#1(#O 1'N13(&)("#:1'+9)1Q+78:;O.#(:#91;'#("#1Q&;-(&)"&;'+-.3#c;+3#OO#(#3Q+-#'("#,17;#&- 0"+9"N3&N#3(8(1M#'Q;'(:#N1+OC1-O("#1Q&;-(&-#-##O'(&'N#-O&-(1M1:7#+(#Q' O#(#3Q+-#'("#'17#'(1M&-#0+77N18523&N#3(8(1M#'13#N1+O&;(&)3#-(17+-9&Q#1-O("#3#)&3# 13#+-97;O#O+-("#9&'(&)"&;'+-.+-&;3)1Q+78:;O.#('h'+Q+71378C#MN#-O+(;3#')&3.&&O'1-O '#3,+9#'+-97;O#1-8'17#'(1M&-("&'#+(#Q'5!"#:1'+9)1Q+78:;O.#((";'3#)7#9('(&(17-##O'1-O +'("#'1Q#)&31)1Q+78&)1.+,#-9&QN&'+(+&-+-1.+,#-N13(&)("#'(1(#3#.13O7#''&)("1( )1Q+78_'+-9&Q#5 Y#("#-9&QN13#("#9&'(&)7+,+-.0+("1)(#3J(1M+-9&Q#5Y#0&3B:19B013O'(&O#(#3Q+-#("# :#)&3#J(1M01.#1-O' &Q#3#c;+3#O(&7#1,#1)1Q+780+("-#(+-9&Q#1)(#3(1M#'L;'( ';))+9+#-((&9&,#3("#:1'+9)1Q+78:;O.#(5!"#(1M#'+-97;O#O13#("##QN7&8##N&3(+&-&)N183&77 (1M#'E4&9+174#9;3+(81-OA#O+913#H1-O)#O#3171-O'(1(#+-9&Q#(1M#'C+-97;O+-.7&917'9"&&7 O+'(3+9(';3(1M#'E:1'#O&-0#+."(#O1,#31.#31(#')&3("#'9"&&7O+'(3+9('+-#19"9&;-(8&3 3#.+&-H5!1M#'0#3#9179;71(#O:1'#O&-<=>F(1M710i("1(+'C("#3;7#')&3<=>F+-9&Q#(1M 3#(;3-')+7#O+-<=>?5 Y#1'';Q#("1(("#)1Q+783#9#+,#'&-7801.#1-O' &Q#h("+'+'13#1'&-1:7#1'';QN(+&- )&3)1Q+7+#'+-("#+-9&Q#31-.#'0#13#9&-'+O#3+-.C0"#3#-&-J0&3B+-9&Q#E3#-(C+-(#3#'(C O+,+O#-O'C91N+(17.1+-'H199&;-(')&31,#38'Q177'"13#&)(&(17+-9&Q#5Y#17'&1'';Q#("1(("# )1Q+7+#'3#-(31("#3("1-&0-1"&Q#C0"+9"Q#1-'("1(("#'(1-O13OO#O;9(+&-0+77:#Q&3# :#-#)+9+17("1-+(#Q+^+-.E'+-9#("#(1MN18#30+77"1,#-#+("#3N3&N#3(8(1M#'-&3Q&3(.1.# +-(#3#'((&O#O;9(C0"+7#9"13+(1:7#O&-1(+&-'C'(1(#+-9&Q#(1M#'1-O&("#3O#O;9(+&-'13# >>

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eighting Methodology: Converting County Level Data to Metropolitan, Regional and Statewide Averages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

17 Appendix 2: Basic Needs Budget Items by County and Region!"#%&'()%*&+(),-.(/01.#2.!"#%&'(3.,&%(),-.(/01.#2.(4*%"5(/67!"#%&'(8.#(9(:*&**.2!,--*.+()"51&.=( 6*#;&.(<,-.# 6*#;&.(<,-.#!,--*.+()"51&. 6*#;&.(<,-.#!,--*.+()"51&. )"5#'("-(8.;*"# 6*#;&.( D+5& 6*#;&.( D+5&!"#%&'( D+,*- F((( EEE F((((( GHI F((( EEE F((((( GHI F(((( JKK F(((((( LIK F(((((( HIH F((( MKE F(((( N=ILE F((( ENO F( GNO F((((( MGJ F(( GNO F((((( MGJ D+,P2 (((((( ELL ((((((( HKM ((((( ELL ((((((( HKM (((((( JJH (((((((( LKL (((((((( HJO ((((( MGK ((((((( N=NIK ((((( EKJ (((( GKE (((((((( HHH (((( GKE ((((((( HHH (((((( LIO ((((((( MNH ((((( LIO ((((((( MNH (((((( JKI (((((((( EOM (((((((( HIN ((((( MNM ((((((( N=IEG ((((( JOK (((( LHO (((((((( MLJ (((( LHO ((((((( MLJ D11,#""2. (((((( EHG ((((((( HHI ((((( EHG ((((((( HHI (((((( JNI (((((((( EMJ (((((((( GMN ((((( HOE ((((((( N=INL ((((( EKL (((( LHO (((((((( HJE (((( LHO ((((((( HJE D5+5Q"# (((((( LJG ((((((( MII ((((( LJG ((((((( MII (((((( JKK (((((((( LIK (((((((( HIH ((((( MKE ((((((( N=ILE ((((( JOK (((( LHO (((((((( HKN (((( LHO ((((((( HKN >.#"# (((((( LIO ((((((( MIJ ((((( LIO ((((((( MIJ (((((( JIE (((((((( EHE (((((((( GGH ((((( HHM (((((((((( OOL ((((( EKK (((( LHO (((((((( HLK (((( LHO ((((((( HLK (((((( LEL ((((((( MLM ((((( LEL ((((((( MLM (((((( JNO (((((((( EOH (((((((( HII ((((( MNG ((((((( N=IEJ ((((( EOL (((( HKI (((((((( OLH (((( HKI ((((((( OLH >""#. (((((( LNO ((((((( MNH ((((( LNO ((((((( MNH (((((( JIL (((((((( EHL (((((((( GGO ((((( HMI (((((((((( OOM ((((( JHE (((( GKM (((((((( MKJ (((( GKM ((((((( MKJ >-.P.- (((((( LIE ((((((( HLM ((((( LIE ((((((( HLM (((((( JIG (((((((( EHH (((((((( GHN ((((( HMJ ((((((( N=IIN ((((( EEG (((( GLI (((((((( MMM (((( GLI ((((((( MMM >5B%,#,# (((((( LEE ((((((( HOI ((((( LEE ((((((( HOI (((((( JIE (((((((( EHE (((((((( GGH ((((( HHM (((((((((( OOL ((((( EJK (((( LHO (((((((( HLI (((( LHO ((((((( HLI >5.#,(R*2, (((((( LNL ((((((( MKE ((((( LNL ((((((( MKE (((((( JKG (((((((( LIM (((((((( HNL ((((( MJJ ((((((( N=IGL ((((( ENJ (((( GNI (((((((( HGM (((( GNI ((((((( HGM >5&.- (((((( LEL ((((((( OJK ((((( LEL ((((((( OJK (((((( JIG (((((((( EHH (((((((( GHN ((((( HMJ ((((((( N=IIN ((((( JOK (((( LHO (((((((( MLJ (((( LHO ((((((( MLJ ),&%"5# (((((( LKM ((((((( MLE ((((( LKM ((((((( MLE (((((( JNO (((((((( EOH (((((((( HII ((((( MNG ((((((( N=IEJ ((((( JOK (((( LHO (((((((( HME (((( LHO ((((((( HME ),--"&& (((((( LNH ((((((( MJM ((((( LNH ((((((( MJM (((((( JIL (((((((( EHL (((((((( GGO ((((( HMI (((((((((( OOM ((((( ELM (((( LHO (((((((( HKN (((( LHO ((((((( HKN ),22 (((((( EOG ((((((( HOL ((((( EOG ((((((( HOL (((((( JJH (((((((( LKL (((((((( HJO ((((( MGK ((((((( N=NIK ((((( JMG (((( LHO (((((((( HME (((( LHO ((((((( HME ).+,- (((((( LKJ ((((((( MKJ ((((( LKJ ((((((( MKJ (((((( JIE (((((((( EHE (((((((( GGH ((((( HHM (((((((((( OOL ((((( EJI (((( GJL (((((((( MKK (((( GJL ((((((( MKK ).--"(S"-+" (((((( EOH ((((((( HJK ((((( EOH ((((((( HJK (((((( JIG (((((((( EHH (((((((( GHN ((((( HMJ ((((((( N=IIN ((((( JOG (((( GGG (((((((( MHN (((( GGG ((((((( MHN (((((( LNL ((((((( MJK ((((( LNL ((((((( MJK (((((( JNK (((((((( EMG (((((((( GME ((((( HOM ((((((( N=IKI ((((( JOK (((( LHO (((((((( HKN (((( LHO ((((((( HKN (((((( JHO ((((((( LGK ((((( JHO ((((((( LGK (((((( JIG (((((((( EHH (((((((( GHN ((((( HMJ ((((((( N=IIN ((((( JOK (((( LHO (((((((( MLJ (((( LHO ((((((( MLJ (((((( EEH ((((((( HHE ((((( EEH ((((((( HHE (((((( JJH (((((((( LKL (((((((( HJO ((((( MGK ((((((( N=NIK ((((( EJE (((( GEN (((((((( HOM (((( GEN ((((((( HOM )&,' (((((( EOH ((((((( MII ((((( EOH ((((((( MII (((((( JKG (((((((( LIM (((((((( HNL ((((( MJJ ((((((( N=IGL ((((( JOK (((( LHO (((((((( HMK (((( LHO ((((((( HMK )&,'"# (((((( EOH ((((((( HJJ ((((( EOH ((((((( HJJ (((((( JIE (((((((( EHE (((((((( GGH ((((( HHM (((((((((( OOL ((((( ENI (((( LHO (((((((( MNG (((( LHO ((((((( MNG )&*#"# (((((( LIH ((((((( MNE ((((( LIH ((((((( MNE (((((( JIE (((((((( EHE (((((((( GGH ((((( HHM (((((((((( OOL ((((( JMG (((( GKE (((((((( HON (((( GKE ((((((( HON )-,4T"-+ (((((( LIJ ((((((( MIJ ((((( LIJ ((((((( MIJ (((((( JNK (((((((( EMG (((((((( GME ((((( HOM ((((((( N=IKI ((((( JOK (((( LHO (((((((( HEH (((( LHO ((((((( HEH U,&&,2 (((((( GEN ((((((( OOM ((((( GEN ((((((( OOM (((((( KGK (((((((( EIM (((((((( LHL ((((( GHI (((((((((( MLH ((((( LKL (((( HMJ (((( N=IOI (((( HMJ (((( N=IOI U,V*2 (((((( EMM ((((((( HKM ((((( EMM ((((((( HKM (((((( JNI (((((((( EMJ (((((((( GMN ((((( HOE ((((((( N=INL ((((( EKN (((( GKK (((((((( HHL (((( GKK ((((((( HHL U.B,5- (((((( EGH ((((((( MIE ((((( EGH ((((((( MIE (((((( JKK (((((((( LIK (((((((( HIH ((((( MKE ((((((( N=ILE ((((( EJK (((( LHO (((((((( MLJ (((( LHO ((((((( MLJ U.&,4,-. (((((( EHG ((((((( GOH ((((( EHG ((((((( GOH (((((( JIE (((((((( EHE (((((((( GGH ((((( HHM (((((((((( OOL ((((( EGM (((( LHO (((((((( MEK (((( LHO ((((((( MEK U.2(!"*#.2 (((((( LIH ((((((( MKL ((((( LIH ((((((( MKL (((((( JNI (((((((( EMJ (((((((( GMN ((((( HOE ((((((( N=INL ((((( LIN (((( GMK (((((((( MEO (((( GMK ((((((( MEO (((((( LIJ ((((((( MNJ ((((( LIJ ((((((( MNJ (((((( JKG (((((((( LIM (((((((( HNL ((((( MJJ ((((((( N=IGL ((((( EIM (((( GIK (((((((( MEH (((( GIK ((((((( MEH U5Q5W5. (((((( EMO ((((((( HEH ((((( EMO ((((((( HEH (((((( JIE (((((((( EHE (((((((( GGH ((((( HHM (((((((((( OOL ((((( ELK (((( HKL (((((((( OHK (((( HKL ((((((( OHK /PP. (((((( LKJ ((((((( MEE ((((( LKJ ((((((( MEE (((((( JKG (((((((( LIM (((((((( HNL ((((( MJJ ((((((( N=IGL ((((( ENM (((( GNH (((((((( HMI (((( GNH ((((((( HMI X,'.. (((((( EEG ((((((( HNJ ((((( EEG ((((((( HNJ (((((( JKI (((((((( EOM (((((((( HIN ((((( MNM ((((((( N=IEG ((((( JGN (((( LHO (((((((( HEE (((( LHO ((((((( HEE X&"'+ (((((( LKE ((((((( HHK ((((( LKE ((((((( HHK (((((( JIG (((((((( EHH (((((((( GHN ((((( HMJ ((((((( N=IIN ((((( JOK (((( LHO (((((((( MNG (((( LHO ((((((( MNG (((((( EHG ((((((( HKO ((((( EHG ((((((( HKO (((((( JIG (((((((( EHH (((((((( GHN ((((( HMJ ((((((( N=IIN ((((( EKL (((( LHO (((((((( MIM (((( LHO ((((((( MIM X-.P"# (((((( EMN ((((((( HEJ ((((( EMN ((((((( HEJ (((((( JJH (((((((( LKL (((((((( HJO ((((( MGK ((((((( N=NIK ((((( JOK (((( LHO (((((((( MIL (((( LHO ((((((( MIL S-..#. (((((( LNM ((((((( MNE ((((( LNM ((((((( MNE (((((( JIL (((((((( EHL (((((((( GGO ((((( HMI (((((((((( OOM ((((( EII (((( LOI (((((((( HJL (((( LOI ((((((( HJL S-5#+' (((((( LHL ((((((( OKH ((((( LHL ((((((( OKH (((((( JIL (((((((( EHL (((((((( GGO ((((( HMI (((((((((( OOM ((((( EOL (((( HKI (((((((( OLH (((( HKI ((((((( OLH S5%-*. (((((( EON ((((((( HMJ ((((( EON ((((((( HMJ (((((( JKK (((((((( LIK (((((((( HIH ((((( MKE ((((((( N=ILE ((((( LKL (((( HMJ (((( N=IOI (((( HMJ (((( N=IOI 3,P*&"# (((((( LKN ((((((( MJM ((((( LKN ((((((( MJM (((((( JIL (((((((( EHL (((((((( GGO ((((( HMI (((((((((( OOM ((((( EEK (((( GLK (((((((( MNK (((( GLK ((((((( MNK (((((( EMG ((((((( HEE ((((( EMG ((((((( HEE (((((( JIG (((((((( EHH (((((((( GHN ((((( HMJ ((((((( N=IIN ((((( JOK (((( LHO (((((((( HKN (((( LHO ((((((( HKN 3,-+*# (((((( LNN ((((((( MHL ((((( LNN ((((((( MHL (((((( JIL (((((((( EHL (((((((( GGO ((((( HMI (((((((((( OOM ((((( JOK (((( LHO (((((((( HKJ (((( LHO ((((((( HKJ 3,--*2"# (((((( LIE ((((((( MLM ((((( LIE ((((((( MLM (((((( JKK (((((((( LIK (((((((( HIH ((((( MKE ((((((( N=ILE ((((( EHI (((( HOI (((( N=ILO (((( HOI (((( N=ILO 3.#-' (((((( LLM ((((((( MHL ((((( LLM ((((((( MHL (((((( JNI (((((((( EMJ (((((((( GMN ((((( HOE ((((((( N=INL ((((( EIL (((( LOM (((((((( MKO (((( LOM ((((((( MKO 3"4,-+ (((((( EGG ((((((( HEO ((((( EGG ((((((( HEO (((((( JIG (((((((( EHH (((((((( GHN ((((( HMJ ((((((( N=IIN ((((( JOK (((( LHO (((((((( HKN (((( LHO ((((((( HKN 35PQ"&+ (((((( LIH ((((((( MNE ((((( LIH ((((((( MNE (((((( JKI (((((((( EOM (((((((( HIN ((((( MNM ((((((( N=IEG ((((( JOK (((( LHO (((((((( MNG (((( LHO ((((((( MNG 7+, (((((( EHG ((((((( HGO ((((( EHG ((((((( HGO (((((( JNK (((((((( EMG (((((((( GME ((((( HOM ((((((( N=IKI ((((( JOK (((( LHO (((((((( HGO (((( LHO ((((((( HGO 7"4, (((((( EMK ((((((( HHN ((((( EMK ((((((( HHN (((((( JIE (((((((( EHE (((((((( GGH ((((( HHM (((((((((( OOL ((((( JOK (((( LHO (((((((( MLJ (((( LHO ((((((( MLJ (((((( EMI ((((((( HGL ((((( EMI ((((((( HGL (((((( JIE (((((((( EHE (((((((( GGH ((((( HHM (((((((((( OOL ((((( JOK (((( LHO (((((((( MLJ (((( LHO ((((((( MLJ Y,21.- (((((( LNI ((((((( MJH ((((( LNI ((((((( MJH (((((( KGK (((((((( EIM (((((((( LHL ((((( GHI (((((((((( MLH ((((( JOI (((( GLL (((((((( MJN (((( GLL ((((((( MJN Y.TT.-2"# (((((( LNK ((((((( MIK ((((( LNK ((((((( MIK (((((( JNI (((((((( EMJ (((((((( GMN ((((( HOE ((((((( N=INL ((((( EJJ (((( GJO (((((((( HOG (((( GJO ((((((( HOG Y"%#2"# (((((( GKM ((((((( OML ((((( GKM ((((((( OML (((((( JIE (((((((( EHE (((((((( GGH ((((( HHM (((((((((( OOL ((((( LLM (((( MLN (((( N=KLE (((( MLN (((( N=KLE Y"#.2 (((((( LJK ((((((( MLM ((((( LJK ((((((( MLM (((((( JIE (((((((( EHE (((((((( GGH ((((( HHM (((((((((( OOL ((((( JEE (((( LHO (((((((( HOM (((( LHO ((((((( HOM (((((( EHK ((((((( HGM ((((( EHK ((((((( HGM (((((( JNI (((((((( EMJ (((((((( GMN ((((( HOE ((((((( N=INL ((((( JOK (((( LHO (((((((( MIG (((( LHO ((((((( MIG Z"225% (((((( LNH ((((((( MJL ((((( LNH ((((((( MJL (((((( JIG (((((((( EHH (((((((( GHN ((((( HMJ ((((((( N=IIN ((((( JOK (((( LHO (((((((( HGO (((( LHO ((((((( HGO [.. (((((( EOH ((((((( HON ((((( EOH ((((((( HON (((((( JNI (((((((( EMJ (((((((( GMN ((((( HOE ((((((( N=INL ((((( JOO (((( LMO (((((((( MIM (((( LMO ((((((( MIM [*## (((((( LEI ((((((( MHJ ((((( LEI ((((((( MHJ (((((( JIE (((((((( EHE (((((((( GGH ((((( HHM (((((((((( OOL ((((( JOI (((( GLL (((((((( MMH (((( GLL ((((((( MMH >F

18 >?!"#%&'()%*&+(),-.(/01.#2.!"#%&'(3.,&%(),-.(/01.#2.(4*%"5(/67!"#%&'(8.#(9(:*&**.2!,--*.+()"51&.=( 6*#;&.(<,-.# 6*#;&.(<,-.#!,--*.+()"51&. 6*#;&.(<,-.#!,--*.+()"51&. )"5#'("-(8.;*"# 6*#;&.( D+5& 6*#;&.( D+5&!"#%&'()*+"%,-. E"5*2, (((((( FGH ((((((( IJG ((((( FGH ((((((( IJG (((((( KHL (((((((( FMK (((((((( JMH ((((( IGF ((((((( H=LHN ((((( FHG (((( JHM (((((((( IIL (((( JHM ((((((( IIL E5B,2 (((((( FMF ((((((( IMH ((((( FMF ((((((( IMH (((((( KON (((((((( NLJ (((((((( IHK ((((( MKH ((((((( H=LJK ((((( KGO (((( NIG (((((((( IJH (((( NIG ((((((( IJH E'"# (((((( FJO ((((((( IFN ((((( FJO ((((((( IFN (((((( KOJ (((((((( NLM (((((((( IHN ((((( MKK ((((((( H=LJN ((((( KGO (((( NIG (((((((( IOH (((( NIG ((((((( IOH!,+*2"# (((((( NKI ((((((( MMK ((((( NKI ((((((( MMK (((((( OJO (((((((( FLM (((((((( NIN ((((( JIL (((((((((( MNI ((((( NON (((( IMK (((( H=LGL (((( IMK (((( (((((( NLN ((((((( MNF ((((( NLN ((((((( MNF (((((( KHL (((((((( FMK (((((((( JMH ((((( IGF ((((((( H=LHN ((((( FNH (((( NMN (((((((( IFM (((( NMN ((((((( IFM!,-*"# (((((( FGM ((((((( MOO ((((( FGM ((((((( MOO (((((( OJO (((((((( FLM (((((((( NIN ((((( JIL (((((((((( MNI ((((( NJJ (((( ILH (((((((( MIK (((( ILH ((((((( MIK!,-2%,&& (((((( NOF ((((((( MMG ((((( NOF ((((((( MMG (((((( KLN (((((((( FIN (((((((( JJG ((((( IML (((((((((( GGM ((((( FKM (((( JON (((((((( MLI (((( JON ((((((( MLI!*&&2 (((((( NOO ((((((( MFJ ((((( NOO ((((((( MFJ (((((( KOO (((((((( NLO (((((((( ILI ((((( MOF ((((((( H=LNF ((((( FIL (((( IGL (((( H=LNG (((( IGL (((( H=LNG!*B%.&& (((((( FGG ((((((( IOI ((((( FGG ((((((( IOI (((((( KLJ (((((((( FII (((((((( JIH ((((( IMK ((((((( H=LLH ((((( KGO (((( NIG (((((((( MNK (((( NIG ((((((( MNK!"#"#, (((((( NLL ((((((( MFO ((((( NLL ((((((( MFO (((((( KHO (((((((( FMJ (((((((( JMF ((((( IGM ((((((( H=LOL ((((( KGO (((( NIG (((((((( IIK (((( NIG ((((((( IIK!"#-". (((((( NHK ((((((( GHN ((((( NHK ((((((( GHN (((((( KHL (((((((( FMK (((((((( JMH ((((( IGF ((((((( H=LHN ((((( FLH (((( NGO (((((((( IKI (((( NGO ((((((( IKI!"#;"P.-' (((((( NLL ((((((( MNN ((((( NLL ((((((( MNN (((((( KKI (((((((( NON (((((((( IKG ((((( MJO ((((((( H=HLO ((((( FON (((( NIG (((((((( MFO (((( NIG ((((((( MFO!52B,*#. (((((( NLN ((((((( MLM ((((( NLN ((((((( MLM (((((( KHL (((((((( FMK (((((((( JMH ((((( IGF ((((((( H=LHN ((((( FMK (((( IHK (((((((( GIM (((( IHK ((((((( GIM AQ>-*.# (((((( FNO ((((((( IKH ((((( FNO ((((((( IKH (((((( KHO (((((((( FMJ (((((((( JMF ((((( IGM ((((((( H=LOL ((((( FOG (((( NIG (((((((( MKG (((( NIG ((((((( MKG A2B."&, (((((( FJL ((((((( IKG ((((( FJL ((((((( IKG (((((( KOJ (((((((( NLM (((((((( IHN ((((( MKK ((((((( H=LJN ((((( FHJ (((( JHF (((((((( IJN (((( JHF ((((((( IJN <,;. (((((( FFI ((((((( JGN ((((( FFI ((((((( JGN (((((( KOO (((((((( NLO (((((((( ILI ((((( MOF ((((((( H=LNF ((((( KGO (((( NIG (((((((( IMM (((( NIG ((((((( IMM <,&"(D&" (((((( FGI ((((((( IGI ((((( FGI ((((((( IGI (((((( KHO (((((((( FMJ (((((((( JMF ((((( IGM ((((((( H=LOL ((((( KGO (((( NIG (((((((( MNK (((( NIG ((((((( MNK <&'P"5% (((((( FIL ((((((( IJL ((((( FIL ((((((( IJL (((((( KHO (((((((( FMJ (((((((( JMF ((((( IGM ((((((( H=LOL ((((( FOK (((( JON (((((((( MJJ (((( JON ((((((( MJJ <"B,%"#,2 (((((( FML ((((((( IIH ((((( FML ((((((( IIH (((((( KOJ (((((((( NLM (((((((( IHN ((((( MKK ((((((( H=LJN ((((( KGO (((( NIG (((((((( IOH (((( NIG ((((((( IOH (((((( NMG ((((((( GFH ((((( NMG ((((((( GFH (((((( OJO (((((((( FLM (((((((( NIN ((((( JIL (((((((((( MNI ((((( NON (((( IMK (((( H=LGL (((( IMK (((( H=LGL <",4,,P*. 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