Level 2 PRACTICAL GRAMMAR. John Hughes and Ceri Jones. Australia Brazil Japan Korea Mexico Singapore Spain United Kingdom United States

Transcription

1 Level 2 PRACTICAL GRAMMAR John Hughes and Ceri Jones Australia Brazil Japan Korea Mexico Singapore Spain United Kingdom United States

2 Contents Introduction... page 8 Units 1 Pronouns: subject, object, reflexive I, me, myself, each other 2 there to be a/an/some/any 3 this, that, these, those Possessives possessive adjectives, possessive pronouns, possessive s, of and whose 5 Review of units 1 to 4 Pronunciation: vowel sounds 1 /I/, /i:/ or /ai/ Present simple Adverbs and expressions of frequency Present simple 8 Present continuous Present simple and present continuous Review of units 6 to 9 Pronunciation: linking sounds 1 /s/ or /z/ a/an and the Zero article the or no article with names one/ones Review of units 11 to 14 Pronunciation: the Countable and uncountable nouns Plural nouns 17 some, any, no, none some of, any of, none of 18 much/many, lots/a lot of, a little/a few enough, too many/much, too few/little Review of units 16 to 19 Pronunciation: vowel sounds 2 /e/, /ˆ / or /u:/

3 Contents 21 Past simple... page 52 Time expressions 22 Past continuous and past simple Actions in progress, temporary actions and situations, the background to a story 23 Present perfect and past simple ever, never 24 Present perfect and past simple Unfinished time, present result, recent actions, just, yet and already 25 Review of units 21 to 24 Pronunciation: past simple -ed endings Present perfect for and since 27 Present perfect continuous Past perfect Time expressions 29 used to Review of units 26 to 29 Pronunciation: irregular past participles Prepositions of time and place in, on, at 32 Prepositions of time before, after, until, by, from... to..., for 33 Prepositions of place Prepositions of movement Review of units 31 to 34 Pronunciation: linking sounds Imperatives Phrasal verbs Transitive and intransitive verbs 38 Phrasal verbs Separable and inseparable phrasal verbs 39 Verbs with two objects Review of units 36 to 39 Pronunciation: intrusive /w/

4 41 Position and order of adjectives... page Participles as adjectives Dependent prepositions 43 Adjectives and adverbs Adverbs of manner 44 Modifying adjectives and adverbs very, really, quite, not very, enough, too 45 Review of units 41 to 44 Pronunciation: stressing modifiers Comparatives Adjectives and adverbs 47 Superlatives Adjectives and adverbs 48 Modifying comparatives and superlatives as... as Review of units 46 to 49 Pronunciation: sentence stress going to and present continuous Plans, intentions and arrangements 52 will and going to Decisions 53 will and shall promising, offering, requesting, suggesting 54 Present simple for future Schedules, when/as soon as 55 Review of units 51 to 54 Pronunciation: going to will and going to Predictions 57 will/won t + probably/possibly/certainly/definitely may, might, could Speculating about the future 59 may, might, could, must, can t, couldn t Speculating about the present 60 Review of units 56 to 59 Pronunciation: contracted forms

5 Contents 61 can and could... page 132 Ability and possibility 62 can/can t, allowed to Permission and prohibition 63 must, have to, need to Obligation, prohibition, no necessity 64 could/couldn t, had to/didn t have to, wasn t/weren t allowed to Permission, prohibition, obligation, no necessity in the past 65 Review of units 61 to 64 Pronunciation: to can, could, may, would, will Requests 1 67 Could you possibly?, Would / Do you mind? Requests 2 68 Making suggestions Could, should, let s, shall, how about, what about, why don t we, why not 69 should, ought to, had better Expressing opinions and giving advice 70 Review of units 66 to 69 Pronunciation: intonation in requests Infinitive of purpose and adjective + infinitive Verb patterns Verb + -ing form or to-infinitive Change of meaning / no change of meaning 74 Verb + object + infinitive Review of units 71 to 74 Pronunciation: sentence stress all, most, some, none/no, every, each, both, either /neither any-, every-, no-, some- and -thing, -where, -one, -body Defining relative clauses who, which, that, whose, where, when 79 Defining relative clauses Combining sentences / omitting the relative pronoun 80 Review of units 76 to 79 Pronunciation: vowel sounds 3 /e/, /O:/, /@U/ or /ˆ/

6 81 The passive 1: present simple, past simple, by... page The passive 2: passive or active The passive 3: verbs with two objects have/get something done Review of units 81 to 84 Pronunciation: word stress Direct speech Reported speech (also called indirect speech ) 88 Reported questions say, tell, ask Instructions, orders and requests 90 Review of units 86 to 89 Pronunciation: contrastive stress Real conditionals: if + present simple Zero conditional and first conditional, if, when, unless 92 Real conditionals: use of modals and imperative First conditional 93 Unreal conditionals: if + past simple Second conditional 94 Real and unreal conditionals First and second conditionals 95 Review of units 91 to 94 Pronunciation: elision Subject and object questions Short answers Negative questions Indirect ways of asking questions Review of units 96 to 99 Pronunciation: intonation on questions Progress tests Appendices 1 Punctuation 2 Spelling rules 3 Common irregular verbs 4 Summary of main verb forms 5 Phrasal verbs Answer key (and tapescript) Index