Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals in India: Ensuring no state falls behind Shiladitya Chatterjee

Transcription

1 Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals in India: Ensuring no state falls behind Shiladitya Chatterjee 99 th Annual Conference of Indian Economic Association, Tirupati, December

2 Contents of Presentation I. Introduction to the SDGs II. India s performance on the MDGs and its lessons for the SDGs III. Eight policy priorities for lagging states 2

3 The SDGs: Three pillars - economic, social and environmental GOAL 1. End poverty in all its forms everywhere GOAL 2. End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture GOAL 3. Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages GOAL 4. Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all GOAL 5. Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls GOAL 6. Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all GOAL 7. Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all GOAL 8. Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all GOAL 9. Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation GOAL 10. Reduce inequality within and among countries GOAL 11. Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable GOAL 12. Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns GOAL 13. Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts GOAL 14. Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development GOAL 15. Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss GOAL 16. Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels GOAL 17. Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development 3

4 India s final performance on the MDGs was mixed 4

5 Many states fell behind on the MDGs this has to be avoided for the SDGs Final ranking of states by MDG performance

6 5 Main factors responsible for poor performance on MDGs these are relevant for SDGs as well Lack of growth Insufficient prioritization of resources for human development Inefficient use of resources poor service delivery Lack of basic infrastructure Lack of gender empowerment 6

7 MDG Performance Index Growth and MDG Performance GA KL MN AS JK PB NL CG OR ML WB MH KA RJ HP HR AP TN GJ UK TR SK y = 0.046x R² = UP MP 0.3 AR JH BR Per Capita NSDP Average Growth Rate ( to , constant prices) 7

8 Health Outcome Index More priority to human development yielded better outcomes Example: investments in public health infrastructure and health outcomes KL HP TN KA WB JK MH AP GJ PB OR AS CG HR 30 RJ MP y = -0.01x R² = 0.51 UP JH BR Persons per government hospital bed 8

9 MDG Performance Index Efficiency of public services delivery (proxy MNREGA performance) and overall MDG performance 0.85 Performance of states on MNREGA and the MDG Performance Index y = x R² = Proportion of rural households provided work as proportion of rural poor households (%)

10 Basic infrastructure crucial for MDGs example: access to roads and attendance at births Proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel TN MH KL 85 GJ KA JK AS WB OR HR MP AP CG PB RJ 45 BR UP R² = JH Kilometres of roads per 10,000 population

11 Dilemma of lagging states - daunting SDG challenges with large resource gaps for meeting them: example - Assam School Education Sector Selected school education indicators of Assam Baseline Target Target Target Net Enrol. Rate (Upper Primary) Learning outcomes (Upper Primary) L-I Math Science Net Enrol. Rate (Secondary) Learning outcomes (Secondary) NAS 2015 Score (core subjects) Resource requirements and gaps (Rs. 000 crores) Total budget requirement Resource gap

12 Policy options of lagging states for catching up on SDGs 1. Focus on all of these constraints which affected MDG performance as they will also be relevant for SDGs However, many of these will take time to be achieved (e.g. growth, basic infrastructure, women s development etc.) What then are their policy options, in the medium term? 12

13 Karnataka TN Kerala MP Andhra Chattisgarh Punjab UP All Maharashtra Gujarat Goa Haryana J&K Rajasthan Himachal Orissa Assam Uttarakhand Bihar Jharkhand WB Meghalaya Tripura Sikkim Manipur Arunachal Mizoram Nagaland Possible state strategies for the medium term 2. Maximize efforts at revenue augmentation 12 Ranking of states by own tax revenue as percent of Gross State Domestic Product (Average ) Prioritize expenditures towards SDGs Develop outcome focused budgets based on SDG outcomes

14 Literacy 2011 Possible state strategies for the medium term 4. Tackle inefficiencies in service delivery Through knowledge of and adopting good practices 100 Spending on elementary education and literacy outcome , Per pupilpublic expenditure in elementary education (Rupeess thousand)

15 Possible state strategies for the medium term 5. Introduce policy, organizational and institutional changes Outcome focus rather than sector focus Requires new coordination arrangements Paying heed to crosscutting/thematic concerns Effective decentralization of service delivery Heeding needs of poor, women, deprived groups Encouraging participation Private sector Communities, civil society 15

16 Possible state strategies for the medium term 6. Foster innovation Example: use of ICT for telemedicine; virtual classrooms etc. 7. Expand partnerships With private sector Through better use of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) funds Communities and civil society 16

17 Central Government support will also be critical for lagging states 8. Actively seek support from national level There is strong rationale for Central Government role Unanimous commitment by all countries including India - in the United Nations to achieving SDGs by 2030 This implies responsibility of Centre to support states achieve SDGs also SDG Goal 10: Reduce inequality between and within countries Inequality between states SDG achievements needs to be eliminated too 17

18 Several instruments exist at National level to assist lagging states 1. Support lagging states through Centrally Sponsored Schemes and Missions in critical SDG areas Similar to national missions in the MDG period such as NHM which proved quite successful 2. Finance Commission should consider equalizing SDG achievements in deciding allocation formula 3. More Central allocation of borrowings from international development institutions (e.g. ADB, BRICS Bank, AIB, WB etc.) for lagging states 4. Central policy incentives for greater private sector participation in lagging states 5. Central support in capacity development for lagging states Statistical capacity Knowledge and good practices 18

19 References 1. Shiladitya Chatterjee, Matthew Hammill, Nagesh Kumar and Swayamsiddha Panda. An Assessment of India s Aggregative and Comparative States Performance on the Millennium Development Goals and Identification of Key Drivers of Inter-State Variations. Indian Economic Journal 64 (1&2) Shiladitya Chatterjee, Matthew Hammill, Nagesh Kumar and Swayamsiddha Panda. Assessing India s Progress in Achieving the Millennium Development Goals: Key Drivers of Inter-State Variations. Development Papers ESCAP South and Southwest Asia Office, New Delhi. Sept Shiladitya Chatterjee. Achieving the MDGs in the Least Developed Countries of Asia and the Pacific: Importance of Cross-sectoral and Cross-thematic Impacts. United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific. Bangkok (Report prepared for UN-ESCAP) 4. Shiladitya Chatterjee. Achieving the MDGs in the Least Developed Countries of Asia and the Pacific: Policies to Improve Cross-sectoral and Cross-thematic Synergies. United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific. Bangkok (Report prepared for UN-ESCAP). 5. Shiladitya Chatterjee. Roadmap for Implementing the 2030 Agenda in the Asia-Pacific Region: Sub Regional Study for South and Southwest Asia, (Paper prepared for Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok). 19

20 Thank You 20