International Education Exchanges and Intercultural Understanding

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1 International Education Exchanges and Intercultural Understanding

2 Julie Mathews-Aydinli Editor International Education Exchanges and Intercultural Understanding Promoting Peace and Global Relations

3 Editor Julie Mathews-Aydinli Bilkent University Ankara, Turkey ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / Library of Congress Control Number: The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Cover image OJO Images Ltd / Alamy Stock Photo Printed on acid-free paper This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland

4 NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS Will Baker is the Deputy Director of the Centre for Global Englishes, Modern Languages, University of Southampton. He is the convener of the MA in Global Englishes and MA ELT: online, and also supervises doctoral students in these subjects. He is the co-editor of the book series Developments in English as a Lingua Franca (De Gruyter Mouton). His current research involves English as a Lingua Franca, Intercultural Communication, English medium instruction and English language teaching. He has published and presented internationally in all these areas, including the recent monograph, Culture and Identity through English as a Lingua Franca (De Gruyter Mouton). Yasemin Bayyurt, Ph.D. is a full professor of applied linguistics at Bogăziçi University, Turkey. Her research focuses on EIL/ELF-aware ESOL teacher education, intercultural communication, mobile language learning. Her publications include articles in international refereed/indexed journals, book chapters, and edited books, including Research Perspectives on Teaching and Learning English in Turkey: Policies and Practices, published in 2012 by Peter Lang. Hamilton Bean, Ph.D., MBA, APR is Director of the International Studies Program and Associate Professor in the Department of Communication at the University of Colorado Denver, where he specializes in the study of communication and security. Since 2005, he has been affiliated with the National Consortium for the Study or Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (START) a US Department of Homeland Security Center of Excellence based at the University of Maryland. His research has been published in numerous international journals and edited volumes. Darla K. Deardorff is Executive Director of the Association of International Education Administrators, which is based at Duke University, where she is a v

5 vi NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS Research Scholar in Education. She is the founder of ICC Global, a global network on intercultural competence. Frequently invited to speak around the world, she has published widely on topics related to international education, intercultural competence development and assessment, and global leadership. Among her six books include The Sage Handbook of Intercultural Competence (Sage, 2009) and Building Cultural Competence (Stylus, 2012), as well as a forthcoming book from Routledge. Craig Hayden is Senior Professorial Lecturer at the American University School of International Service, and scholar of media technology, diplomacy, and international communication. Craig s research focuses on public diplomacy and strategic communication, soft power, and media technology in foreign policy. Craig was a Research Fellow at the University of Southern California Center on Public Diplomacy ( ) and the co-founder of the International Studies Association Working Group on Public Diplomacy. His current project, Diplomatic Convergence: Technology, Public Diplomacy, and the Mediation of Influence (under contract with Oxford University Press) explores the transformative potential of digital media on public diplomacy. He is the author of The Rhetoric of Soft Power: Public Diplomacy in Global Contexts (Lexington Books, 2011). Yasemin Kırkgöz is a professor at the English Language Teaching Department of Çukurova University in Adana, Turkey. Her main research interests focus on foreign language education policy and its implementation, curriculum renewal and innovation management, teaching English to young learners, English-medium instruction in higher education, pre- service and in-service teacher education. She has published in a number of international journals including Teaching and Teacher Education, Educational Policy, Teaching in Higher Education and Current Issues in Language Planning. She received the 2013 IATEFL award for her work on Initiating and Managing the Process of Curriculum Innovation from the IATEFL s Leadership and Management Special Interest Group. Faruk Kural is a lecturer at the English Language Teaching Department of Yeditepe University in Istanbul, Turkey. He has a BA degree from Deakin University, an MA in Applied Linguistics from Monash University, and a PhD in English Language Education from Yeditepe University. He is interested in English as a Lingua Franca, English for Specific Purposes, syllabus design, multicultural education, functional grammar, and language planning and policy. Julie Mathews-Aydinli is a faculty member in the Graduate School of Education at Bilkent University in Ankara, Turkey and also a researcher with the Center for Foreign Policy and Peace Research. She is a former Fulbright student grantee in Turkey, and a former visiting researcher at the Center for International Higher Education at Boston College. Her works have been published in various journals, including International Studies Perspectives, Higher Education, Review of

6 NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS vii International Studies, and English for Specific Purposes. Her research interests include International higher education, second language acquisition, academic literacy development, and genre analysis of academic disciplinary discourse. Emily Metzgar is a former US diplomat, policy analyst, and newspaper columnist. Emily Metzgar is an associate professor in The Media School at Indiana University. Her research focuses on public diplomacy, international communication, and the role of media in society. She has written extensively about public diplomacy and is completing a manuscript about the Japan Exchange & Teaching (JET) Program as a Japanese government- sponsored public diplomacy effort. She is herself a JET Program alumnus. Iain Wilson teaches research methods in Political Science for the University of Toronto. This paper was developed while Chrystal Macmillan Fellow at the University of Edinburgh. He has been interested in the political consequences of student mobility for several years, and his work on the subject includes International Education Programs and Political Influence: Manufacturing Sympathy?, published by Palgrave Macmillan in 2014.

7 CONTENTS 1 Introduction: International Educational Exchanges and the Promotion of Peace and Intercultural Understanding 1 Julie Mathews-Aydinli 2 The BIG Picture: Reflections on the Role of International Educational Exchange in Peace and Understanding 11 Darla K. Deardorff 3 Exchanges and Peacemaking: Counterfactuals and Unexplored Possibilities 21 Iain Wilson 4 English as a Global Lingua Franca: Lingua Frankensteinia or Intercultural Opportunity? 41 Will Baker 5 Technology Platforms for Public Diplomacy: Affordances for Education 59 Craig Hayden ix

8 x CONTENTS 6 Strategic Communication and the Marketization of Educational Exchange 79 Hamilton Bean 7 Lessons Learned from Military Exchange Programs at US War and Staff Colleges 97 Carol Atkinson 8 The Japan Exchange and Teaching (JET) Program: 30 Years of Public Diplomacy in Practice 113 Emily T. Metzgar 9 Exploring the Impact of the Fulbright Foreign Language Teaching Assistant Program on Grantees Educational and Cultural Beliefs and Practices 131 Yasemin Kirkgoz 10 The Interculturality of Graduate Turkish Sojourners to English L1 Countries 157 Faruk Kural and Yasemin Bayyurt Index 181

9 LIST OF FIGURES Fig. 8.1 Word cloud generated by respondents descriptions of Japan 125 xi

10 LIST OF TABLES Table 7.1 Example of attendance at US War and Staff Colleges, FY 2012 Yemen 100 Table 8.1 Age of respondents at time of survey completion 120 Table 8.2 Gender of respondents 120 Table 8.3 Respondents by category of participation in JET 121 Table 8.4 Location of JET Program placement 121 Table 8.5 Duration of stay in Japan 121 Table 8.6 Correlation of current age with feeling thermometer score 122 Table 8.7 Correlation of gender with feeling thermometer score 123 Table 8.8 Correlation of job category with feeling thermometer score 123 Table 8.9 Correlation of location with feeling thermometer score 124 Table 8.10 Correlation of duration with feeling thermometer score 124 Table 9.1 Demographic profile of the participants 137 xiii

International Series in Operations Research & Management Science

International Series in Operations Research & Management Science Volume 240 Series Editor Camille C. Price Stephen F. Austin State University, TX, USA Associate Series Editor Joe Zhu Worcester Polytechnic