Apprenticeships in Dual VET

Transcription

1 Apprenticeships in Dual VET Formación profesional dual Spain 1 TARGET GROUP Q7. What is the target group of this scheme? YOUNG PEOPLE IN INITIAL VOCATIONAL EDUCATION AND TRAINING (15-16 YEAR-OLDS) YOUNG ADULTS IN EDUCATION AND TRAINING (ABOVE 16 YEAR-OLDS) UNEMPLOYED OTHER (PLEASE SPECIFY IN THE DESCRIPTION) Dual vocational training can be implemented in initial VET (VET which is part of the education system) at different levels: Lower secondary level VET: Basic vocational education and training [Formación profesional básica] (although this is foreseen in legislation, there is no evidence of any projects currently implementing basic VET in the dual VET modality) Upper secondary level VET: Formative cycles of intermediate level [Ciclos formativos de grado medio] Higher level VET: Formative cycles of higher level [Ciclos formativos de grado superior] It can also be implemented in VET provided by labour administrations that leads to professional certificates [Certificados de profesionalidad] which are not linked to an education level. Q8. What is the age of learners? BETWEEN 15 AND 18 BETWEEN 18 AND 24 ABOVE 24 Dual vocational training targets learners older than 16 years old. As a general rule, the apprenticeship contract can be signed with young people from 16 to 25 years old. This limit is increased until 30 years old until the unemployment rate is under 15% in the country. Also, the age limit is not applicable in the case of persons with disability or from disadvantaged groups, and in the case of learners participating in certain training programmes organised by the Public Employment Services under active labour market policies. Source: Website TodoFP,

2 Royal Decree 1529/ OVERVIEW OF THE SCHEME Q9. Is the scheme included in the ISCED 2011 mapping? YES NO VET upper secondary and tertiary programmes that can be implemented as dual VET- are included in the ISCED 2011 mapping with the following codes: VET intermediate level [Ciclos Formativos de Grado Medio]. ISCED 1997 level: 3B. ISCED 2011 level: VET intermediate level (distance learning) [Ciclos Formativos de Grado Medio (distancia)]. ISCED 1997 level: 3B. ISCED 2011 level: Specific vocational training advanced level [Ciclos Formativos de Grado Superior]. ISCED 1997 level: 5B. ISCED 2011 level: Specific vocational training advanced level (Distance learning) [Ciclos Formativos de Grado Superior (distancia)]. ISCED 1997 level: 5B. ISCED 2011 level: 554. VET provided by labour administrations that lead to Professional Certificates can be at different ISCED 2011 levels: 254, 351, 453. No information was found on the correspondence to ISCED 1997 levels. The following programmes that can also be implemented as dual VET- are not included in the mapping: Basic VET (lower secondary). ISCED 2011 level: 353. It does not have an ISCED 1997 level since it did not exist at the time (these programmes were created in 2014). Source: National Statistics Office. National Classification of Education (CNED-2014). Correspondence table CNED-P 2014 and ISCED-P Available at: Q10. Is the scheme part of the VET system? YES, IT IS THE MAIN ROUTE IN THE VET SYSTEM YES, BUT IT IS CONSIDERED A SECOND- CHANCE ROUTE NO, IT IS AN ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY OUTSIDE OF FORMAL VET It is an option within the main route. The main VET programmes provided by the education or labour authorities can now be delivered as dual VET. Q11. When was the scheme introduced?

3 LONG HISTORY (BEFORE 2000) RECENTLY INTRODUCED (BETWEEN ) NEW PATHWAY (AFTER 2012) Introduced by the Royal Decree 1529/2012, approved in Different VET programmes are progressively being delivered as dual VET. Q12. How did the apprenticeship scheme originate? TRADITIONAL CRAFTSMANSHIP (MASTER-APPRENTICE RELATION) TO PREPARE APPRENTICES FOR THE OCCUPATION SCHOOL-BASED VET TRACK BY INCLUDING MORE WORK-BASED LEARNING TO SUPPLY SKILLED WORKFORCE TO MATCH LABOUR MARKET NEEDS PROGRAMMES FOR THE UNEMPLOYED (ACTIVE LABOUR MARKET MEASURES) TO FACILITATE INTEGRATION ON THE LABOUR MARKET OTHER The background to the development of dual VET and the apprenticeship contract includes: A previous regulation on qualifications (Organic Act 5/2002, of June 19 on qualifications and vocational education and training) that indicates the need to further promote the cooperation of companies with the qualifications and VET system, by facilitating professional practical learning of learners in companies. It also calls for the development of mechanisms to allow public funding to be allocated to education centres or directly to companies through agreements or other procedures. It should be noted that (regular) VET programmes already include an on-the-job learning period. A previous regulation to promote youth employment (Royal Decree-Law 10/2011, of August 26). This legislation modified the formerly called training contracts to the current traineeship/apprenticeship contracts. This type of contract aims at promoting young people s access to employment and training through an alternance scheme. Q13. What are the major sources of financing of the in-company training part of the apprenticeship scheme?

4 BY COMPANIES HOSTING APPRENTICES BY EMPLOYERS THROUGH SECTORAL FUNDS BY THE STATE FROM THE EDUCATION BUDGET BY THE STATE FROM THE LABOUR / SOCIAL SECURITY BUDGET BY EU FUNDING OTHER Apprenticeship contract Companies pay for the learner working hours. Payment is established in collective agreements and adjusted to the number of hours worked. The public employment service finances training by: Providing training in its own training centres or covering training costs of private training centres. Reimbursing training costs for companies, in case training is provided by companies. The maximum costs are calculated by multiplying the number of training hours (25% of the work period in the first year and 15% in the second and third years) by 8 Euros (regular training) or 5 Euros (distance learning). The percentages of training hours are higher in the case of participants in the Youth Guarantee (50% and 25%, respectively). There is also a reimbursement of costs concerning the tutoring hours of the company s tutor (1.5 euros per student and tutoring hour, with a maximum of 40 per month and learner). Reimbursing is done through reductions in companies social security contributions. Allocating funds to Autonomous Communities and the ministry of education for training activities delivered by schools that fall under apprenticeship contracts. Cooperation agreement between the school and the company: The ministry of education funds the training provided by schools. The company covers the costs of the training provided at the company (e.g. tutoring time at the company). Companies can pay an allowance to the learner. Government and the Autonomous Communities can pay an allowance to the learner. Other entities can pay an allowance to the learner ( other entities are not further defined). Regardless of the instrument to implement dual VET (apprenticeship contract or cooperation agreement), EU funding can be allocated to training providers implementing dual education projects. As an example, the Autonomous Community of Castile and Leon allocated funds from the European Social Fund and the Spanish ministry of education to grant-aided private schools developing different innovation projects in VET, including dual VET projects. Sources: Royal Decree 1529/2012; Order ESS/2518/2013; Order ESS/41/2015. Order EDU/926/2015 of October 26 (Castile and Leon). Q14. Are there any financial incentives for companies that offer apprenticeship places?

5 YES, SUBSIDIES YES, TAX DEDUCTIONS YES, OTHER INCENTIVES NO FINANCIAL INCENTIVES Apprenticeship contract Reductions in companies social security contributions (see above). Q15. Is the scheme temporary, meaning that it is financed for a limited period of time? YES NO Q16. How many learners are enrolled in this scheme? 9,555 learners in ,555 learners in Source: Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport. Press note: Datos de la formación profesional dual del curso Q17. How many learners are enrolled in this scheme in relation to all VET students?

6 THE MAIN VET TRACK (MAJORITY OF VET LEARNERS - MORE THAN 60% OF VET LEARNERS) STRONG VET TRACK (IMPORTANT SHARE OF VET LEARNERS - BETWEEN 30%-60%) MINOR TRACK (SMALL SHARE OF LEARNERS - BETWEEN 10% AND 30%) VERY SMALL TRACK (LESS THAN 10%) APPRENTICES ARE NOT CONSIDERED AS LEARNERS (THEY ARE EMPLOYEES) With the data available we can estimate a 1.3% of learners in dual VET from the total of learners in VET in the education system. This is calculated based on: VET in the education system (intermediate level and higher level): 698,694 students in 2013/2014. Dual VET in the education system (intermediate level and higher level): 9,555 (2013/2014) (according to the interviewee this figure has increased to 15,000 in 2015/2016). No data was found to calculate the percentage of learners in dual VET from those attending training provided by labour authorities. It seems safe to say that dual VET is in any case a very small track due to its recent introduction. Sources: Ministry of education statistics; Monitoring report of dual VET ( Interview. Q18. How many learners are enrolled in the scheme in relation to all programmes for learners of the same age group? THE MAIN TRACK (MAJORITY OF LEARNERS - MORE THAN 60% OF ALL LEARNERS) STRONG TRACK (IMPORTANT SHARE OF ALL LEARNERS - BETWEEN 30%-60%) MINOR TRACK (SMALL SHARE OF LEARNERS - BETWEEN 10% AND 30%) VERY SMALL TRACK (LESS THAN 10%) 3 QUALIFICATIONS

7 Q19. Does the apprenticeship scheme result in a qualification? YES NO Q20. Which is the type of qualification obtained through the apprenticeship scheme? EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION OCCUPATIONAL / SECTORAL QUALIFICATION Educational qualifications VET lower secondary programmes. Qualification: Basic professional diploma and compulsory secondary education diploma (please note that at the moment there is no evidence of any projects delivering these programmes in the dual VET modality). VET intermediate level. Qualification: Technician diploma. VET advanced level. Qualification: Higher Technician diploma. Occupational qualification VET provided by labour administrations lead to Professional Certificates. Q21. Is the qualification included in the National Qualification Framework (NQF)? YES NO THERE IS NO NQF There is no NQF Q22. How does the qualification link to the scheme?

8 IT IS A SPECIFIC TYPE OF QUALIFICATION WHICH CAN ONLY BE OBTAINED THROUGH THIS APPRENTICESHIP SCHEME THE SAME QUALIFICATION CAN BE ACHIEVED ALSO THROUGH OTHER PROGRAMMES (I.E. SCHOOL-BASED VET) The educational qualifications can be obtained through school-based VET programmes, and the professional certificates can be obtained through training provided by labour authorities. It should be noted that these programmes include an on-the-job training period ( workplace training module in VET programmes under the education system; and practical training module in Professional Certificates). In dual VET, the incompany training module is partially or totally replaced by the alternance training. Source: Royal Decree 1529/2012. Q23. Does the scheme provide direct access to higher education? YES NO Only Vocational training of advanced level gives access to higher education. VET advanced level ( Higher Technician diploma) is already higher education (non-university). This degree gives access to Bachelor s programmes provided that the student meets the criteria established by universities. These criteria refer to: final grade obtained in the studies completed or in specific modules/subjects; relationship between the curricula of the studies completed and the relevant university degree; additional academic or vocational training and previously taken higher education studies. VET intermediate level ( Technician diploma) does not give direct access to higher education. Students would need to complete a specific training course to be able to access Vocational training of advanced level (which is part of higher education). The Basic professional diploma and Professional Certificates do not give access to higher education. Source: Eurydice Countries - Spain 4 DURATION Q24. What is the duration of the VET pathway? (please refer to the typical duration) 2 The typical duration of a VET programme in the education system is of 2 years: Basic VET (VET lower secondary programmes). Length: 2 years (please note that at the moment there is no evidence of any projects delivering these programmes in the dual VET modality). VET intermediate level. Length: between 1 and 2 years. VET advanced level. Typical length: 2 years (it can vary).

9 VET leading to Professional Certificates: the duration is not established in years. Training is organised in modules of a variable number of hours. Source: Eurydice Countries Spain; Royal Decree 1529/2012. Q25. How is the length of stay in apprenticeships defined in the regulation? IS DEFINED AS MINIMUM AND MAXIMUM IS DEFINED AS MINIMUM IS DEFINED AS MAXIMUM IS NOT DEFINED BY REGULATION The length is established for each programme, according to the durations mentioned above. In dual VET, the duration can be extended to up to 3 years. Q26. Is there a distinction between the training and working period for the time spent at workplace, as per regulation? YES, THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK MAKES THIS DISTINCTION NO, THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK MAKES NO DISTINCTION In the case of an apprenticeship contract, time devoted to work cannot be higher than 75% in the first year, and 85% in the second and third years of the working hours established in the collective agreement or, if there is no such agreement, of the legal maximum working hours. In other cases of dual VET, the learner receives an allowance and is not considered an employee, but a trainee. There is no information on legislation on a distinction between the training and working period. 5 ALTERNATION OF WORK-BASED (IN-COMPANY) TRAINING AND SCHOOL-BASED TRAINING Q27. Is in-company training a compulsory part of the scheme, as per regulation?

10 YES NO It is part of the definition of dual VET (see above). Legislation establishes different modalities with an increasing participation of the company in training: training in a training centre (e.g. school) and work activity in a company; training with the participation of the company that provides facilities or experts for part of the training; training both in the training centre and in the company: some modules are delivered by the company, to complement those delivered by the training centre; shared training by training centre and company; full training in the company. The modality most frequently used at the moment is the shared training by training centre and company. Legislation refers to companies and other entities. Source: Royal Decree 1529/2012; ReferNet Cedefop articles on apprenticeships. Q28. Is there a minimum share of time of the apprenticeship spent in incompany training compulsory as per regulation? YES, EQUIVALENT OR MORE THAN 50% YES, BETWEEN 20% AND 50% YES, LESS THAN 20% NO, NO MINIMUM SHARE IS COMPULSORY In dual VET a minimum of 33% of the training hours established in the programme are to be spent in a company. This percentage can be increased. Source: Royal Decree 1529/2012. Q29. What is the form of alternation of training between workplace (company) and school / training centre?

11 EVERY WEEK INCLUDES BOTH VENUES ONE OR MORE WEEKS (LESS THAN 1 MONTH) SPENT AT VET SCHOOL FOLLOWED BY ONE OR MORE WEEKS AT WORKPLACE ONE OR MORE MONTHS (LESS THAN 1 YEAR) SPENT AT VET SCHOOL FOLLOWED BY ONE OR MORE MONTHS AT WORKPLACE A LONGER PERIOD (1-2 YEARS) SPENT AT VET SCHOOL FOLLOWED BY A LONGER PERIOD SPENT TRAINING AT WORKPLACE VARIOUS - DEPENDS ON VET SCHOOL / TRAINING CENTRE OTHER NOT SPECIFIED According to the ministry, there is always a first period (at least a trimester) where the learner does not go to the company to ensure the acquisition of basic knowledge, at least on labour risk prevention. However, this is not determined (yet) in national level legislation. Autonomous Communities (regions) can further regulate this aspect. The following examples concern VET provided by the education system: Autonomous Community of Aragon (year 2016/2017): preference is given to projects which deliver the first year in the school and the second year of alternance training between the school and the company, through a 1-year employment contract. Source: Resolution 1/3/2016[1]. Autonomous Community of Catalonia: the in-company training is organised in two phases. In the first phase, the learner has hours of practical learning at the company (non-remunerated); in the second phase, the learner has remunerated learning at the company. This can be delivered according to two modalities: (1) Apprenticeship contract, with a minimum length of 1 year; (2) Allowance (training agreement between training centre, company and learner), with a length between 2 and 10 months per year. Source: Government of Catalonia website: Autonomous Community of the Basque Country: as a general rule, projects include a first year in the training centre (e.g. school) and a second year of alternance training between the centre and the company. Source: Government of the Basque country website: [1] 6 FORMAL RELATIONSHIP WITH THE EMPLOYER Q30. Is any contractual arrangement between the learner, company

12 and/or education and training provider, required as per regulation? YES NO 'Apprenticeship contract' or Cooperation agreement between training centres (schools) and companies Q31. Which parties enter a contractual relationship? LEARNER AND EMPLOYER LEARNER, EMPLOYER AND THE EDUCATION AND TRAINING INSTITUTION EDUCATION AND TRAINING INSTITUTION AND THE EMPLOYER (NOT THE LEARNER) OTHER NO CONTRACT IS REQUIRED Apprenticeship contract : between learner and employer, according to the official contract models established by the public employment service. There can be a previous agreement between the school and the company. Cooperation agreement between the training centre (school) and the company. There can be a previous agreement by the Autonomous Community or the province and the company, but a school signs an agreement with the company each year. This agreement establishes the training programme, the training hours at the company, and the list of students, among other aspects. Q32. What is the nature of the contract? APPRENTICESHIPS ARE A SPECIFIC CONTRACT COVERED BY THE LABOUR CODE APPRENTICESHIPS ARE A FORM OF EMPLOYMENT CONTRACT FORMAL AGREEMENT, NOT COVERED BY THE LABOUR CODE Apprenticeship contract : it is included under the Labour Code under formative contracts. Cooperation agreement between the school and the company: this is a formal agreement, not a labour contract.

13 Source Labour Code, Art. 11 Formative Contracts. Available at: Q33. Where is the contract registered? AT THE EDUCATION AND TRAINING INSTITUTION AT THE EMPLOYMENT OFFICE AT THE CHAMBERS AT THE MINISTRY OF EDUCATION OTHER Apprenticeship contract : the contract needs to be submitted to the public employment service. Cooperation agreement between the training centre (e.g. school) and the company: this agreement has to be authorised by the education authority (government of the Autonomous Community, or ministry of education in case of companies involved in a training project in several Autonomous Communities). Q34. What is the status of the learner? APPRENTICE IS A SPECIFIC STATUS STUDENT EMPLOYEE OTHER Apprenticeship contract : employee. Cooperation agreement between the training centre (school) and the company: student (trainee). 7 REMUNERATION Q35. Do apprentices receive a salary, allowance or compensation?

14 YES, ALL APPRENTICES RECEIVE A SALARY (TAXABLE INCOME) YES, ALL APPRENTICES RECEIVE AN ALLOWANCE (NOT A FORM OF TAXABLE INCOME) APPRENTICES RECEIVE A REIMBURSEMENT OF EXPENSES COMPENSATION IS POSSIBLE BUT NOT REQUIRED NO FORM OF COMPENSATION IS FORESEEN BY LAW Apprenticeship contract : payment is established in collective agreements and adjusted to the number of hours worked. In any case, it cannot be lower than the national minimum wage proportional to the hours worked. Cooperation agreement between the training centre and the company: national-level legislation establishes that learners can receive an allowance. Autonomous Communities further elaborate on this aspect. There is no common approach: learners can be offered a contract (and receive a salary), can receive a payment including also a contribution to social security (paid internship), can receive an allowance (for transport and/or subsistence) or may have no monetary compensation. Examples: The Autonomous Community of Catalonia has established that learners either have an apprenticeship agreement or an allowance. This allowance is agreed between the company and the training centre and cannot be inferior to the Public Income Index (3.5 Euros/hour approximately). The Autonomous Community of the Basque Country reiterates that learners can receive an allowance. This allowance cannot be lower than the national minimum wage proportional to the hours worked. In any case, the monthly allowance cannot be lower than 60% of the monthly national minimum wage. The Autonomous Community of Extremadura establishes a unique allowance of 1,500 Euros provided by the education authority to students in the second year of a dual VET programme. Sources: Government of Catalonia website: Decree 83/2015, of 2nd of June (Basque Country), Decree 100/2014, of 3rd of June (Extremadura), Interview Q36. Who pays the salary / allowance of the apprentice? EMPLOYERS STATE OTHER Apprenticeship contract : payment by the company Cooperation agreement between the training centre and the company: allowances can be paid by the company, public institutions or other entities (foundations, etc.). 8 RESPONSIBILITY OF EMPLOYERS

15 Q37. Is the company hosting apprentices required to provide training at the workplace? YES, OBLIGATION TO PROVIDE TRAINING AT THE WORKPLACE IS REQUIRED IN THE CONTRACT YES, IT IS REQUIRED BY LAW YES, REQUIRED BY OTHER REGULATIONS NO, NOT REQUIRED FORMALLY There are different modalities of dual VET. One of them combines training in a training centre (e.g. school) and work activity in a company (see above). Apprenticeship contract : the company is obliged to give the employee work that is related to the professional profile of the VET programme, and to ensure that the worker can attend training. Companies are also obliged to designate a tutor to coordinate work and training, and to communicate with the tutor at the training centre. Cooperation agreement between the training centre and the company: according to legislation, the agreement must specify the training programme, including the activities to be developed at the training centre and the activities to be developed at the company. Source: Royal Decree 1529/2012. Q38. What are the requirements on training companies, as per regulation? HAVE TO PROVIDE A MENTOR / TUTOR / TRAINER HAVE TO PROVIDE LEARNING ENVIRONMENT HAVE TO ENSURE LEARNING SUPPORT HAVE TO DEVELOP A TRAINING PLAN OTHER Apprenticeship contract : companies are obliged to designate a tutor. While the legislation does not establish that this tutor should provide training as such, it does determine that he or she should monitor the cooperation agreement, and support the employee during working periods to assess the development of the training programme and establish training support when necessary. The company tutor also needs to cooperate with the tutor at the training centre to evaluate learning.

16 According to the Labour Code, the company can provide training if it has adequate facilities and staff. Cooperation agreement between the training centre and the company: companies also have to designate a tutor in this case. Training activity at the company and the training centre needs to be coordinated through monthly meetings to monitor each of the students. Source: Royal Decree 1529/2012; Order ESS/41/2015. Q39. Are there any sanctions on companies that do not provide training to apprentices at the workplace? YES NO Q40. What is the role of chambers, employers' and employees' representatives (social partners), sectoral councils (if existent), in apprenticeships, as per regulation? ROLES IN DESIGNING QUALIFICATIONS/ CURRICULA ROLES IN FINAL ASSESSMENT OF APPRENTICES ROLES IN QUALITY ASSURANCE OF WORK- BASED VET RESPONSIBLE FOR THE REGULATION OF THE CONTRACT OTHER NO ROLE Social partners were consulted during the drafting of legislation on dual VET, as well as in the process of design of the National Youth Guarantee Plan. Also, there is an ongoing reflection process on dual VET involving the government, the Autonomous Communities (regions), employer s representatives, and representatives of education and training providers. The objective is to assess the ongoing experiences and agree on what should be regulated in more detail in the future. Social partners are also consulted when designing the curricula of VET programmes, through the VET General Council and the State School Council (government advisory bodies), which include representatives of employers and employees organisations, among other entities. In the case of dual VET through cooperation agreement between the training centre and the company, in many cases agreements are pre-signed with the Chambers of Commerce, as interim commitments with the companies. Chambers search and encourage participation of companies. They also provide materials, training and information to the enterprises and to the company trainers. The National Council of Chambers of Commerce is cooperating with the ministry of education by offering help to SMEs with

17 bureaucratic aspects related to work-place training and the development of training of in-company trainers. Source: Royal Decree 1529/2012; Order ESS/41/2015; ReferNet Cedefop articles on apprenticeships. Interview