FILE co r R E S TRESTRICTED Report No. PE- 16a

Transcription

1 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized (ir. ac 6- INK FILE co r R E S TRESTRICTED Report No. PE- 16a This report was prepared for use within the Bank and its affiliated organizations. They do not accept responsibility for its accuracy or completeness. The report may not be published nor may it be quoted as representing their views. INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION APPRAISAL OF AN ENGINEERING EDUCATION PROJECT IN WEST PAKISTAN June 3, 1970 Education Projects Department

2 QarreppZ Equivalents Rs Uj; 1.oo - Ra US$.21 RS 1.0 Millon - U$210,000 Mossanr of Terms NED Engineering College - Engineering College at Karachi named after its major benefactor Mr. N. E. Dinshaw

3 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Number BASIC DATA SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS... i I. INTRODUCTION The First IDA Education Project The Request for a Second Credit Socio-Economic Background The Education and Training System Education Finance... 3 II. THE NEED FOR THE PROJECT... 4 Educational Development Strategy Industrial Development... 5 III. THE PROJECT. 7 A. General. 7 B. West Pakistan University of Engineering and Technology at Lahore. 8 C. NED Government Engineering College at Karachi. 9 D. Accommodations.12 E. The Cost of the Project.12 IV. IMPLEMENTATION AND DISBURSEMENTS General Implementation Disbursements V. RECOMMENDATIONS.17 APPENDIX I - The Education System This report is based on the findings of an appraisal mission which visited West Pakistan during November-December The mission consisted of Messrs. B.S. Braithwaite (general education), R.S. Gregory (economist), J.C. Jones (technical education, consultant) and J. Kulski (architect, consultant).

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5 ANNEXES 1. Organization of the Education Department 2. Structure of the Educational System 3. Education Expenditure 1969/70 4. Education Finance 1969/70 and 1974/75 5. Distribution of 5,662 Employed Engineers, Project Details, W. Pakistan University 7. Staffing Position, W. Pakistan University and NED College 8. Project Details, NED College 9. Summary of Estimated Project Costs 10. Estimated Schedule of Construction and Disbursement 11. Educational Pyramid 1967/ General Public and Private Education, Primary and Secondary Levels, Actual and Projected Enrollments 13. General and Technical Education, Structure, Enrollment and Teachers 14. Students Completing Course and Obtaining Degree in Engineering, Actual and Projected Map

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7 P A K I S T A N Basic Data Genercal (1969/70 estimates) Size of country 365,503 sq.miles Total population 132 million Rate of population growth 2.8% Average density of population 360 per sq.mile Gross National Product US$ 16,485 million GNP per capita US$ 124 GNP growth rate (1959/ /70) 5.6% GDP by sector (1969/1970) Agriculture 45% Manufacturing 12% Construction 6% Transportation 7% Other 30% Governrment current revenue as % of GNP (1969/70): 12.2 Percentage of GDP spent on education 1.6% Education /1968 WEST PAKISTAN Population aged 5-9 8,480,000 Population aged , 640,000 Percentage of age group 5-9 in school 45% Percentage of age group in school 12.5% Education expenditure per capita US$ 1.82 Government expenditures on education as a pwrcentage of total Provincial Government expenditure 16.2%

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9 WEST PAKISTAN APPRAISAL OF AN ENGINEERING EDUCATION PROJECT Summary and Conclusions i. The primary objective of this project is to improve the quality of education at two of West Pakistan's largest engineering educational institutions, the West Pakistan University of Engineering and Technology in Lahore and the NED Government Engineering College in Karachi. The project would provide: (i) additional teaching areas; (ii) modern instructional equipment for laboratories and engineering workshops for more effective practical instruction; and (iii) fellowships for upgrading the teaching staff. ii. The requirements of the two institutions are very different. The engineering university in Lahore is well established with an enrollment of 2,100 students and a relatively good undergraduate teaching staff. Here, the project would provide new buildings and the rehabilitation of existing buildings, but its major contribution would be towards the provision of much needed equipment, the initiation of a master's degree program, and the development of a post-graduate teaching staff. iii. The NED Government Engineering College, on the other hand, is poorly housed in a congested downtown section of Karachi and has a substandard teaching staff and totally inadequate instructional equipment. It is to be relocated on a 100 acres site contiguous to the University of Karachi (outside Karachi). Aside from two hostels already constructed, the project, therefore, would assist in the construction and equipment of essentially a completely new engineering college for 1,500 students. It would, in addition, provide technical assistance for teaching staff development and for the use of the new engineering workshop equipment. iv. The project is consistent with the government's educational development strategy to emphasize technical education and university studies related to manpower needs. Moreover, the modest increase in engineering graduates and, more importantly, the improvement in the quality of engineering graduates which would be made possible by the project could materially assist the government in implementing its program for industrialization, as recommended by a recent bank mission. v. The first World Bank Group education project in West Pakistan, (IDA Credit No. 50 PAK) became effective in August, 1964, and provided US$8.5 million equivalent for: (a) construction and equipment at the agricultural university in Lyallpur; (b) technical teacher training; and (c) equipment for six polytechnical institutions. The closing date was extended by two years from December 31, 1968 to December 31, Although the shortage of rupee funds, which has adversely affected the progress of construction, has now been alleviated, a further extension at the closing date will be necessary.

10 - li - vi. The total cost of the present project is estimated at US$12.8 million equivalent, exclusive of approximately US$0.6 million of furniture which the government would provide from its own resources. The estimated foreign exchange component would equal US$6.4 million equivalent, 50% of the total project cost. Civil works contracts and equipment supply contracts would be awarded under the Association's guidelines for international competitive bidding. Detailed lists of equipment and library books to be purchased under the project would be submitted for the Association's approval. vii. The governments of the Punjab and Sind provinces, which are scheduled to be established on July 1, 1970, to replace the present province of West Pakistan, would be primarily responsible to provide the remainder of the capital costs and the necessary recurrent costs. viii. The project would be suitable as the basis for an IDA credit of US$8.0 million equivalent, approximately 62.5% of the estimated total project cost, exclusive of furniture. About $6.4 million, 80% of the credit, would finance foreign exchange expenditures, and the balance, $1.6 million or 20% of the credit, would finance local currency expenditures. The credit would be made to the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and the proceeds would be relent to the Province of the Punjab and the Province of Sind.

11 I. INTRODUCTION The First IDA Education Project Credit 1.01 In 1964 IDA provided for a credit of US$8.5 million to finance 50% of the construction and equipment for the expansion of the West Pakistan Agricultural University in Lyallpur, equipment for six polytechnics, and technical assistance for technical teacher training (Credit Agreement No. 50 PAK) Due to difficulties in developing a master plan for the university campus and to delays resulting from replacement of the consultant architect, the agricultural university portion of the project fell behind schedule and in August 1968 the closing date was extended from December 31, 1968 to December 31, Construction was seriously impeded by a lack of local currency funds. Consequently, although the shortage of rupee funds has been alleviated, the building program will not be completed by December 1970 and a further extension of the closing date will be necessary. The Request for a Second Credit 1.03 Following an IDA reconnaissance mission in June 1969 the Pakistan government in September 1969 requested IDA assistance in obtaining: a) instructional equipment and technical assistance for the University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore; b) buildings and equipment required for the proposed relocation and upgrading of the NED Government Engineering College at Karachi, together with the requisite technical assistance; c) buildings and equipment for seven new polytechnics; and d) buildings and equipment for 11 boys' vocational institutes Owing to inadequate preparation of items (c) and (d) above, only the two higher education projects (a and b above) were ready for appraisal. An appraisal mission consisting of Messrs. B. S. Braithwaite (general education); R. S. Gregory (economist); J. C. Jones (consultant, technical education) and J. Kulski (consultant, architect) visited West Pakistan in November/December During appraisal, the extensions of buildings at the engineering university at Lahore were also included within the project. The total estimated cost is US$12.8 million equivalent, exclusive of furniture costs, with a foreign exchange component of US$6.4 million equivalent.

12 -2- Socio-Economic Background 1.06 West Pakistan, the larger of the present two Pakistan provinces consists largely of semi-arid land, situated on the northwest of the Indian sub-continent. The population, 88% Muslim, is estimated to be growing at an annual rate of 3.3%, despite a vigorously promwted population control program. Although 74% of the estimated 1968 population of 58 million live in communities of 5,000 or less, a strong movement to the cities is evident, with an annual urban population growth rate of over 5%. At present, eight million Pakistanis live in the eleven largest cities, of which an estimated 2.5 million are unemployed. This rapid concentration of population has strained all the social services including education The official language is English, but there are plans to replace it with Urdu. Other regional languages exist and a proposed division of the present West Pakistan province into four smaller provinces may result in separate provincial languages In 1968, the labor force was estimated to be 17 million, with 55% engaged in agriculture, 16% in mining and manufacturing, 15% in services, 8% in commerce and 6% in all other categories. The educational background of the work force is low, since at present only 15% pass beyond the primary level of schooling. A limited absorptive capacity within the employment market and a social preference for white collar jobs keep the present educational output at second and third level from being fully employed. While the full extent of unemployment and underemployment is not known, their magnitude is evident; they constitute a major problem During the Third Plan period of , an annual growth of 6% in GDP was maintained despite the 1965 hostilities with India and a decline in foreign aid. To achieve this growth, emphasis was placed on quick yielding investments and agriculture; a concerted effort in agriculture raised the country to near self-sufficiency by These gains were made, however, at the expense of other sectors. Social services were especially hard hit and in education, particularly in primary and secondary education, only a small portion of planned projects was executed. In the industrial sector, investment was curtailed and operations were restricted by foreign exchange controls The present administration favors a more balanced approach to future development, although expansion of social services will be limited by available resources and the demands of on-going projects in other sectors. The Education and Training System 1.11 Education is administered at two levels; national and provincial. The national ministry controls major policy including planning, capital financing and revenue assistance to the provinces. The provinces operate the school system, including assisting and supervising local agency and

13 - 3 - private schools (Annex 1). Local agencies are district authorities which are mainly concerned with local government, but which in some cases operate schools. Universities are based on the British pattern and enjoy a good deal of autonomy The basic data pertaining to primary and secondary education are listed below. A detailed description of the various levels of education is provided in Appendix I. Basic Data -- Primnary and Secondary Education, 1968 Level Enroll- Pupil % in ments % of Teachers Teachers teacher Ratio private (0OOs) age group number % qualified ratio Boys:Girls Schools Primary 3,774 45% 107,057 87% 35:1 74:26 22% Secondary 1,070 15% 27,952 88% 38:1 80:20 42% 1.13 Secondary education comprises grades 6 through 10 (Annex 2) and is followed by two years of intermediate education (grades 11 and 12) which forms part of the four year bachelors degree course for arts and sciences students. Satisfactory completion of the intermediate level is a prerequisite for admission to university studies in business, engineering and medicine The minimum entry at the project institutions is a second class pass at intermediate level. Hlowever, only candidates living in certain geographic areas who fill "reserved" places are admitted with this minimal attainment. Competition for admission to the other "open" places is so intense that many places (up to 33%) are awarded to applicants already holding a B.Sc., and the remainder to those with first class intermediate passes but with more than the prescribed minimum marks. There is thus no shortage of candidates well qualified academically for training as engineers, due to the high prestige of engineering and the opportunities for employment which are anticipated following training. Education Finance 1.15 Total education expenditures for 1969/70 in West Pakistan, including the private sector, will be approximately 783 million rupees (Annex 3) corresponding to 2.1% of the West Pakistan's GDP. The present provincial government's share, 566 million rupees, is 1.5% of the provincial GDP and is considerably lower than the average for developing countries. This is due in large part to the recent development strategy which emphasized quick yielding investments and agriculture (para 1.09). For this reason, although the Third Plan ( ) allocated 988 million rupees to development expenditure on education, only 443 million rupees, or 45% of the original allocation, will have been utilized. A shift away from this strategy is

14 - 4 - evident in the projections prepared for the Fourth Plan ( ) which include 1,150 million rupees for education development, an increase of 16% above the Third Plan target but 160% above actual expenditures The Fourth Plan anticipates recurrent education expenditure increasing at an average rate of 9.4% per annum. If the increase in government receipts corresponds to the planned annual rate of economic growth, 5.5%, the share of government receipts allocated to education would increase from about 20% in 1970 to about 23% in 1975 (Annex 4). The government is experiencing difficulties in allocating 20% of its revenues to education and may be unable to increase this proportion. Even if it does, the increase of 3% will allow financing of only a modest capital expansion, and the government will have to re-examine its development targets to ensure that the necessary supporting recurrent expenditure will be available Not much is known at present of the fiscal resources, budgets, or development plans of the four provinces which will replace the Province of West Pakistan on July 1, It is assumed that they will receive the central government's financial support in much the same manner as the Province of West Pakistan now does and perhaps in a degree somewhat comparable to their present pro rata share. Consequently, the recurrent costs of the project institutions cannot be compared with the projected total educational recurrent expenditures or the budgets of the new provinces in which they would be located. The central government, however, has agreed to provide the Provinces of the Punjab and Sind with the necessary annual funds to meet the anticipated recurrent costs of the proposed project. II. THE NEED FOR THE PROJECT Educational Development Strategy 2.01 There has been considerable criticism of the educational system in recent years and in July 1969 the Ministry of Education published proposals for a New Educational Policy. This document identified existing shortcomings (Appendix I) and concluded that if education was to be an effective instrument of national development, a radical departure from existing policies would be required. Accordingly, "a massive shift towards vocationally and technically oriented education" was called for The Fourth Plan is still in the formative stage, but the policy memorandum on education strategy states that the plan aims to "check the unrestricted growth of traditional education and to make the system more functional with respect to the future needs of the developing economy". Priorities therefore include an expansion of higher education related to manpower needs and employment opportunities.

15 - 5- Indus trial Development 2.03 In the Second Plan period 1960 to 1965, Pakistan underwent rapid development largely as a result of growth of its industrial sector. The success of industrialization was attributable to the performance of the private sector to wihich the Plan had given emphasis The Third Plan ( ), continued to emphasize industrialization in development, but before the Third Plan could be implemented, the Indo-Pakistan war broke out and Pakistan's resource position and priorities were altered. As a result, the government gave priority to import substitution projects and others which offered quick returns to the economy. Consequently, the output of the agriculture sector showed a spectacular increase in 1967/68, but the reallocation of resources to achieve this slowed the growth of industry Present indications are that the guidelines for further industrialization recommended by the Bank's industrial policy mission of October- November 1969 will be substantially adopted for the Fourth Plan period ( ). In this event, the prospects for industrial growth at a rate ranging between 7.4% (the rate for ) and 12% (the rate for ) are favorable For further industrial growth an increase in the supply and quality of engineering graduates will be necessary. The number of additional engineers that will be required cannot be determined with precision since a measure of confusion surrounds the estimates of the numbers of engineers employed or not effectively used at present. Conflicting views were presented to the appraisal mission, which concluded that some unemployment may indeed exist among particular types of engineers, but that the change of emphasis from the development of the industrial sector to the agricultural sector during the past three years undoubtedly contributed significantly to the present difficulties in the employment of engineers. In 1969, an ILO advisory team analyzed the engineering manpower that would be required to implement the government's renewed emphasis on industrialization. Estimating the 1970 stock to be 9,400, they projected a need in West Pakistan for 14,100 engineers by 1975 and 21,200 by To meet this, they concluded that engineering enrollments in West Pakistan will have to increase from the present level of 5,500 to 8,400 by 1975 and to 12,000 by This estimate may prove to be on the high side, but demonstrates, as an order of magnitude, that a modest expansion of engineering enrollments at this time would be justified More important than the quantitative need is the need to improve the quality of engineering education being offered in Pakistan today. Present training is highly theoretical and deficient in workshop and laboratory practice. In a country where much of the industrial design is still imported, and, therefore, most of the local engineers are employed in either maintenance or shop operations, this lack of practical instruction is particularly serious. Consequently, employers are reluctant to hire graduates, preferring instead to use practically trained men. This practice is common

16 -6- in Pakistan (Annex 5). As there are limits to the extent to which craftsmen or technicians can be up-graded, attempts to employ them in positions requiring a broader and more scientific education can only result in lower efficiency The engineering universities and colleges at present do not assist graduates in gaining employment, and as the engineering employers do not use the government employment service, each graduate must seek employment through his individual efforts, without adequate knowledge of the real needs of the industry and the opportunities available which might be more appropriate for his particular talents. Placement offices established within the engineering university and college could provide the prospective graduates with an overall view of government's and industry's needs and assist in more effectively matching job requirements with individual abilities. In the process, liaison between the engineering institutions and employers, now completely lacking, could be established and utilized to ensure the relevance of the curricula to the real needs of the employers. Accordingly, the government has provided assurances that such placement offices with proper staffing will be established at least one year prior to the completion of the project In addition to having more and better qualified engineers educated at the bachelor's degree level, a need has been growing within West Pakistan in recent years for a smaller corps of professional engineers educated at a higher level. At present no full time post-graduate engineering courses exist in West Pakistan. Such courses for selected students should be developed, and the West Pakistan University of Engineering and Technology, which offers these courses on a part-time basis, is the best choice for initiating a full-time post-graduate engineering program. Initially, the courses would lead to a M.Sc. degree; and perhaps at a much later date, a doctoral program might be started. The graduates of the program would be used in senior government posts requiring such a background, in supervising professional engineers in public and private enterprises and for teaching posts in other engineering institutions. The provision of such postgraduate courses would also mean that many students who now go abroad at considerable expense to obtain higher degrees would be able to take appropriate courses in their own country. Apart from the savings in foreign exchange, the availability of such engineering courses in Pakistan would undoubtedly reduce the "brain drain" in this field since many who now study abroad fail to return to Pakistan To sum up, the existing system of training engineers is deficient qualitatively and to some extent in quantity. With the renewed emphasis to be placed upon industrial development as expressed by the government in the Fourth Plan ( ) more and better engineers will be needed.

17 -7- III. THE PROJECT A. General 3.01 At the West Pakistan University of Engineering and Technology in Lahore, the project would provide two new academic buildings plus administrative, conmunal and boarding facilities, the rehabilitation of existing buildings, instructional equipment for both new and existing buildings, library books and periodicals, and technical assistance to up-grade the teaching staff. At the NED Government Engineering College in Karachi, the project would provide for the construction and equipment of a completely new college and technical assistance for up-grading the teaching staff. The project would make possible (a) an increase of 642 in the combined undergraduate engineering enrollment; (b) the initiation of a full time M.Sc. engineering program at the West Pakistan University of Engineering and Technology; and (c) a significant up-grading at both institutions in the quality of instruction and the students' practical work Details of the existing and proposed extensions at the two project institutions are as follows: Enrollments Boarding Accommodation Staff Houses Insti- pre- addi- total pre- addi- total pre- addi- total tution sent tional sent tional sent tional West Pakistan Engineering University (a)b.sc. courses 2, ,415) ) , (b)m.sc. /) courses ) NED Engineering College B.Sc. Courses 1, i , TOTALS 3, ,335 1,304 1,000 2, / part-time

18 -8- B. West Pakistan University of Engineering and Technology at Lahore 3.03 This university was established in 1961 in succession to the formmer Lahore Government College of Engineering and Technology. Since then, a major building program has been implemented which has permitted student enrollment to increase from 300 to the present 2, The university offers four-year first degree courses in civil, electrical, mechanical, mining, chemical and metallurgical engineering, and a five-year course in architecture. Part-time courses at M.Sc. level are offered in civil, mechanical, electrical and chemical engineering and in town planning. About 2,100 B.Sc. and 85 M.Sc. students were enrolled in By 1975, thiese numbers will be 2,400 and 420 respectively. (Annex 6) 3.05 The university is largely autonomous, controlling its curricula and examinations and awarding its own degrees. Teaching staff are appointed and graded internally. Funds are obtained from the government and from independent sources. Development expenditures must be approved by both provincial and central governments and are met from these two sources. Seventytwo percent of recurrent expenditure in 1968/69 was financed from the provincial government, 11% from fees, interest, etc. and the balance of 17% from drawing on cash reserves. The government's contribution will have to increase substantially within the next two or three years when the present cash balances will have been exhausted. Buildings 3.06 Included in the project are new buildings for the departments of civil and electrical engineering, comprising laboratories, workshops and classrooms, plus administrative, communal and boarding facilities. As a result of the additional accommodations so provided, the university will be able to allocate the space released by these two departments to provide much needed accommodations for other departments. In addition, the project would include the rehabilitation of approximately 195,000 sq. ft. of existing academic buildings. Equipment 3.07 Much of the equipment taken over in 1961 was obsolete and has been replaced between 1962 and 1967 with the aid of a United Nations Special Fund grant of rupees 2,400,000 and the university's own contribution of 1,600,000 rupees. With the contemplated expansion in enrollment and the development of postgraduate courses and research programs, more specialized equipment is required. Most of this is for the five engineering departments, and will equip the new laboratory/shops and teaching spaces in the new buildings. The project would include US$1.3 million for these purchases (Annex 6).

19 -9- Library 3.08 The existing library has some 35,000 volumes, but additions are required to meet the growing needs of the university, particularly in relation to post-graduate and research work. The project would provide US$53,000 for the purchase of reference books, research periodicals and journals. Technical Assistance 3.09 The teaching staff of the university is well qualified (Annex 7) and fully competent to the level of a first degree. It would be necessary, however, to give further training to selected members of staff if the more specialized requirements of post-graduate and research work are to be fully met. The university has been improving the quality of its staff by a careful policy of overseas training. This has resulted to date in four teachers obtaining Ph.D. and two obtaining M.Sc. degrees, while 22 others are still studying abroad. The project would complete this phase of the university's staff development program by including US$166,000 for overseas training. C. NED Government Engineering College at Karachi 3.10 The college was established in 1922 with funds subscribed partly by the community and partly from the estate of Mr. N.E. Dinshaw, a wealthy philanthropist. Its original purpose was to train engineers for irrigation schemes. It was enlarged by further private gifts in 1944 and, in its present form, was taken over by the government in 1947 following independence The college offers four.year full-time courses to first degree level in civil, electrical and mechanical engineering. The curricula and examinations are approved by the University of Karachi for its degree of B.Sc. engineering, and are satisfactory The college is administered on the same basis as a government department, with finance, staff establishment and appointments subject to control by the provincial government. As students fees are paid to the provincial government, the college has no independent source of income The student : staff ratio is high (24:1), compared with the more appropriate corresponding figure of 10:1 for the West Pakistan University of Engineering and Technology. Similarly, the establishment of senior posts is lower than at the engineering university (Annex 7). The training provided is heavily weighted towards theory, and as a result of these factors, together with the low workshop and laboratory operating expenditure, the recurrent cost per student in 1968/69 was only US$170 compared with US$635 for the engineering university.

20 The college is located in a densely populated commercial section of the center of Karachi, with no possibility of expansion on the present site. With little increase in accommodations, the student enrollment has increased from an original 300 to its present 1,190 (Annex 8). Social facilities are therefore almost completely lacking and teaching accommodations are overcrowded and often unsuited to their purposes. Equipment is largely obsolete and unused so that laboratory and shop work is minimal. The project would assist in the complete reconstruction and re-equipment which is necessary in order for this college to provide an acceptable engineering education program at degree level. A completely new and modern engineering college would be constructed on a 100 acres site adjacent to the University of Karachi. Two student hostels are being constructed and the project would provide for the construction and equipment for two additional hostels, together with all required academic and communal buildings, and staff housing. Enrollment and Accommodation 3.15 The project as submitted envisaged an enrollment of 2,000 students by 1975 with capital and recurrent expenditure estimates unrealistically low. Because of the uncertainties associated with (a) the actual level of demand for engineering graduates in West Pakistan and (b) the willingness of the provincial government to accept the higher adjusted capital and recurrent expenditures, the total enrollment has been reduced to 1,500 students. The government has provided an assurance that this enrollment is acceptable and will not be exceeded without an appropriate increase in the available accommodation. Library 3.16 The present library provision of some 10,000 books Is inadequate in coverage and, in addition, most of the books are out-of-date. The lists of requested books have been examined and a sum of US$126,000 has been included in the project to bring the library to an appropriate standard. Revised lists within this total will be submitted to the Association for approval before ordering. Teaching Staff Development 3.17 The development of a properly qualified teaching staff will be the most essential and most difficult element in upgrading the quality of education at this college. Because of the unsatisfactory conditions described above, recruitment of qualified teachers has been unsuccessful and the present staff is inadequate both in numbers and qualifications (Annex 7). To achieve an acceptable student-teacher ratio of approximately 16:1 for an undergraduate engineering college, a total of 42 university graduates would have to be added to the teaching staff to match the proposed enrollment of 1,500 students. This would represent an increase of about 115% of the present teaching staff with degrees.

21 The present deficiencies are not only in total staff numbers; the establishment is out of balance. The number of senior posts should be increased to a level such as exists at the West Pakistan University of Engineering and Technology (Annex 7). To effect this, the distribution of posts should be as follows: Grade of post Existing Proposed Professor 4 8 Associate Professor 5 13 Assistant Professor Lecturer or Demonstrator The government has agreed to emply, within three years of the Credit Agreement date, a teaching staff at the NED Engineering College with the aboveproposed numbers of teaching grades. Technical Assistance 3.19 As it is unlikely that many of the teacher recruits will have post-graduate degrees, a massive training program will be necessary to upgrade the qualifications of these recruits and a substantial number of the existing staff. For this purpose, and to ensure that the newly equipped engineering workshops and laboratories would be effectively utilized, the project would include technical assistance as follows: (a) for up-grading ten members of the existing staff: ten man years of overseas education leading to the Ph.D. degree and six man years at the West Pakistan University of Engineering and technology leading to the M.Sc. degree. (b) for up-grading the teacher recruits: 30 man years of overseas education leading to the Ph.D. degree and 30 man years at the West Pakistan University of Engineering leading to the M.Sc. degree. The teachers to be enrolled in the doctoral program would already have a master's degree and immediately upon appointment would be seconded for the overseas training. (c) The appointment of four expatriates with special experience in engineering laboratories to advise on the most effective utilization of the new laboratory equipment and to emphasize practical instruction within the various curricula. The appointments would be of three years' duration commencing six months before the transfer of the college to its new site.

22 In view of the time required to recruit prospective staff members with the minimum qualifications to profit from the training described above, as well as the time required for the training itself, efforts to initiate recruitment should be started as early as possible. The government has provided assurances that immediate steps would be taken to recruit the numbers of teachers and to implement the post-graduate programs, as described above, in accordance with the time-table outlined in Annex 8. The borrower and the Association would agree on the selection of the teachers to be trained overseas and of the institutions to provide such training. D. Accommodations 3.21 The schedules of accommodations under the proposed project are economical. The size of lecture rooms, drafting rooms, laboratories, workshops and supporting facilities have been based on austere standards Provision for staff housing and boarding accommodation at NED Government Engineering College is necessary because the new campus is located outside the Karachi urban area. Boarding accommodation at West Pakistan University of Engineering and Technology is included because the university draws its students from the whole nation and a critical shortage of housing exists in Lahore. With the completion of the 500 boarding places proposed at the engineering university, 46% of the student population would be provided with housing Location of both institutions accords with the geographic distribution of population (see Map) and is consistent with government policy to expand higher technical education in heavily populated and industrialized urban centers. The sites are available and are satisfactory. E. The Cost of the Project 3.24 The estimated total project cost, exclusive of about US$570,000 for furniture which the government would provide from its own resources, is US$12.78 million (Annex 9). The foreign exchange component of US$6.35 million represents about 50% of this amount, the details of which are given below: Rs (millions) US$ (millions) % of Local Foreign Total Local Fore ng Total Total 1. West Pakistan Engineering University % 2. NED Engineering College % 3. Technical Assistance % 4. Contingency % TOTAL %

23 The costs by various types of expenditures would be as follows: 1. Construction Rs (millions) US$ (millions) % of Local Foreign Total Local Foreign Total Total Academic & Communal Facilities % Boarding Facilities % Staff Houses % Site Development % Professional Fees % Sub-total % 2. Equipment % 3. Technical Assistance % 4. Contingency % TOTAL % 3.26 Unit costs used in the above estimates are based upon late 1969 prices for similar construction in West Pakistan, increased by 15% to cover the expected escalation of construction costs during the project implementation period. The resulting unit cost of US$10.00 per square foot is reasonable. In addition, an allowance averaging 10% of the estimated total project cost is included for contingencies. The estimated foreign exchange component ranges from 30% for construction, to 95% for equipment, and to 100% for books The capital cost of academic facilities per student place has not been calculated for the West Pakistan University of Engineering and Technology because the project would provide equipment for, and extensions to, already existing buildings. The capital cost of academic and communal facilities per student place at the NED Government Engineering College is US$2,260, an economical figure. The only other engineering degree institution financed by the World Bank Group is the Scihool of Engineering in the University of Zambia. There, under conditions not comparable to Pakistan, the cost of academic facilities per student place was $3,720. Estimated unit costs for the project institutions (excluding technical assistance, professional fees and contingencies but including furniture costs) are shown below.

24 Project Institutions Unit Costs (US$) Site Build- Furni- Equip- Total Unit Development ing ture ment Cost Category 1. Academic and Communal NED Engineering student College place 167 1, , Boarding West Pakistan boarding 200 Engineering Univer- place 1, ,040 NED Engineering sity College " 100 1, , Staff Housing(average) West Pakistan staff - - Engineering Univer- house sity NED Engineering College " " 1,470 10, , Equipment cost estimates for both institutions are reasonable. Detailed lists with itemized costs would be compiled by the borrower and submitted to the Association for approval not less than one year after the Credit Agreement signing. A limited amount of equipment would be purchased directly from suppliers, without competitive bidding, in instances where equipment with specialized characteristics would be required for particular teaching or research programs or where undue delays in initiating such programs could be avoided by this method. The amount to be procured in this manner at each institution would be limited to $10,000 per year, with the total not to exceed $40,000. A semi-annual report would be submitted to the Association summarizing the amounts expended and the reasons for such procurement. A master list of furniture to be provided by the borrower for the project institutions will be subject to prior agreement with the Association The present provincial government of West Pakistan has approved the allocation of sufficient funds to cover the capital requirements of the West Pakistan University of Engineering and Technology. For the NED college, however, the government has allocated only 22.6 million rupees, 4.3 million of which has already been spent for student hostels. The cost of completing this college with 1,500 students has been estimated by the Association staff at 30.2 million rupees, an amount considerably in excess of the government's estimate for a college of 2,000 students. During the negotiations, the government has indicated its willingness to provide the requisite additional funds. Moreover, to prevent delays in project execution caused by rupee shortages, as experienced in the first West Pakistan IDA education project, the Government of Pakistan has provided assurances that a separate account, distinct from the normal Ministry of Education budget, would be established by the respective provinces solely for use in the implementation of each project item. This account (Project Revolving Fund) would be replenished quarterly with sufficient funds to meet the anticipated expenditures of the next three months. The establishment of each Project Revolving Fund, together with an initial deposit in each Fund of Rs 250,000, would be a condition of effectiveness of the credit.

25 The combined annual recurrent costs of the project institutions by 1975 would be about US$3.2 million. If the US$0.4 million which the engineering university is likely to receive from fees and its own resources is deducted, US$2.8 million would have to be provided by the provincial government. As the provisional Fourth Plan allocates only US$1.9 million for these costs in 1974/75, assurances have been obtained that sufficient additional allocation for the recurrent expenditures of the project institutions will be made by the respective provincial governments. IV. IMPLEMENTATION AND DISBURSEMENTS General 4.01 The proposed project would be implemented from 1970 to 1975 with construction being completed early in Civil works contracts and contracts for equipment supply would be awarded in conformity with the Association's guidelines governing international competitive bidding. Items would be grouped to the extent practicable to form sizeable bid packages and to permit bulk procurement as necessary to encourage such competitive bidding. It is expected that foreign manufacturers would win most equipment contracts but that the local construction industry would win the civil works contracts. The proposed project is well within the capacity of the West Pakistan construction industry to implement and there are sufficient numbers of qualified building contractors. The schedule of construction (Annex 10) is feasible. Local equipment manufacturers would be allowed a preferential margin of 15% of the c.i.f. landed costs of competing imports or the level of customs duties generally applicable, whichever is the lower During the credit negotiations the government provided assurances that a pre-qualification system, acceptable to the Association, would be employed to ensure that only appropriately qualified contractors would be allowed to submit bids for construction. Implement ation 4.03 Consultant architects would be commissioned to design both project institutions. They would be responsible for the preparation of master plans, specifications and working drawings. They would also supervise tendering, construction, and installation of equipment, and would authorise payments. The need for careful selection of project architects is particularly important in view of the delays in implementing the previous IDA Credit. Therefore the signing of agreements between the government and architects, acceptable to the Association, on terms and conditions agreeable to the Association would be a condition of effectiveness of the the credit.

26 A project unit, headed by a full-time project director, would be established within each institution for the proper execution of the project. Each unit would include on a full-time basis an architect, an equipment specialist and an accountant, all agreeable to the Association. The government has provided assurances that both project units would be provided with sufficient supporting staff, office space, equipment, transportation and finance to enable them to function effectively. The appointment of the Project Directors and Project Architects, together with adequate supporting staff, would be additional conditions of effectiveness. Both project directors have already been selected by the government in consultation with the Association Each institution would be responsible for managing the technical assistance program relating to it but the project director would be responsible for co-ordinating the program and assisting the university or college in its administration The consultant architects would prepare a manual of routine maintenance to be followed by each project institution. During negotiations, the government has provided assurances that maintenance funds would be provided to each project institution on an agreed scale, commencing one year after the completion of the buildings. Disbursements 4.07 The proposed credit would cover the foreign exchange costs of the project which are estimated to be about US$6.4 million equivalent (80% of the credit) and would provide about US$1.6 million equivalent for local currency financing (20% of the credit). The credit would be disbursed on the basis of: (a) identifiable foreign exchange costs of professional fees and technical assistance; (b) the cost of equipment and books; and (c) an appropriate percentage of civil works contracts. This percentage would be adjusted as necessary so that withdrawals would be distributed over the project implementation period. Undisbursed funds would be cancelled The Borrower, the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, would re-lend the proceeds of the credit, to the Province of the Punjab and the Province of Sind on the same terms and conditions as those of the credit from the Association to the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Execution of Project Agreements between these provinces and the Association would be a condition of effectiveness of the credit.

27 V. RECOMMENDATIONS 5.01 During negotiations, the government provided assurances that it would employ, within three years of the Credit Agreement date, a teaching staff at the NED Engineering College with an agreed number and distribution of teaching grades; and to implement an agreed program of post-graduate studies at overseas institutions and at the engineering university at Lahore to up-grade selected members of the present teaching staff and newly recruited teachers (paras ) Conditions of effectiveness of the loan would be: (a) the employment of consultant architects agreeable to the Association on terms and conditions agreeable to the Association (para 4.03); (b) the appointment of the Project Directors and Project Architects, together with adequate supporting staff (para 4.04); (c) the establishment of a separate account (Project Revolving Fund) sole]y for the implementation of the project, which would be replenished quarterly, together with an initial deposit of Rs 250,000 into each Project Revolving Fund (para 3.29); and (d) the execution of each Project Agreement by the appropriate province (para 4.08) The proposed project is suitable as the basis for an IDA credit of US$8.0 million. The borrower would be the Islamic Republic of Pakistan which would re-lend the proceeds of the credit to the Provinces of the Punjab and Sind (para 4.08).

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29 APPENDIX 1 Page 1 THE EDUCATION SYSTEM Administration 1. The structure of the education system provides for (a) five years of primary education; (b) three years of lower secondary education; (c) two years of upper secondary education; (d) two years of intermediate education, either general or technical and (e) two to five years of higher education in university or professional courses. Intermediate education may be given in separate colleges or in universities. Instruction up to the end of secondary schooling is in the vernacular or Urdu; thereafter it is in English. General education is academic in character and oriented towards success in entry to the succeeding stage. 2. Education is not compulsory. No fees are charged in government or local-agency primary schools and only a nominal fee is charged in corresponding secondary schools and at higher education levels. A liberal provision of scholarships and free places to post-primary institutions is available for meritorious and poor students. 3. Non-government education makes a major contribution to general education ranging from 22% of the provision of primary education to 42% of secondary and 51% by the degree stage (Annex 11). 4. Education after the intermediate stage is in two stages described as the degree stage and the post-graduate stage. While a bachelor's degree in arts or sciences may be obtained at the end of the degree stage, there are several courses, including engineering, which require four years of training after the intermediate stage to obtain a bachelor's degree (Annex 2). General Education 5. Primary Education is inadequate and inefficient. In 1968, only 45% of the 5-9 age group was enrolled and the drop-out rate was 49%. Though 87% of the teachers are trained, conditions of work are very poor with many schools consisting only of mud huts and some holding classes in the open without benefit of furniture or equipment. The majority of schools have few teaching aids. Enrollment in non-government schools is 22% of the total. 6. Secondary Education. Numbers in general secondary schools have increased 60% in seven years with 15% of the total age-group enrolled at present. This increase has occurred mainly in government schools where the proportion of enrollments has increased from 38% in 1961 to 58% in This means that there are still some 42% of secondary school pupils taught in non-government schools. A high progression rate of 60% from

30 APPENDIX 1 Page 2 primary education is followed by a drop-out rate of 50% over the five secondary years (Annex 12). Of those who do complete the course through grade 10 about half continue their education at the next stage. There is little diversification of the curriculum which is mainly a preparation for the college and university stages. Buildings and equipment are as deficient as in the primary stage; staffing ratios are worse. Classes of over 75 are not infrequent; some are over 100. Many secondary schools lack even chairs or desks. Though qualified teachers number 88% of the staff employed, instruction is dominated by repetitive learning unrelated to the t pupils interests or abilities. The best-equipped secondary schools are certain boarding establishments in the private sector and the pre-cadet colleges. Though scholarships to these exist, the high fees charged limit attendance to the children of above average means. 7. Intermediate Education. This is provided for two years either in ad hoc colleges or as the first two years of the university bachelor's degree program. At this stage the proportion of students educated in nongovernment institutions has increased to 55%. Though relatively high numbers are enrolled, standards are low due to ill-prepared students, oversized classes and inadequate buildings, libraries and scientific equipment. 8. University Degree Level Education. West Pakistan has six universities serving the province, namely Karachi, Peshawar, Punjab and Sind, plus the specialist universities, engineering at Lahore and agriculture at Lyallpur. The newly-established University of Islamabad, concentrating on science and post-graduate work, is small as yet and is to serve all Pakistan. Enrollment in these universities at degree level (grades 13 and 14) represents 38% of those pursuing their studies at this stage, the remainder being in professional colleges (27%) and non-governmental institutions (35). Excluding professional education, non-governmental institutions at this level enroll 51% of the students, so that in general education in West Pakistan there are more students enrolled in non-governmental establishments as the stages of education progress. Technical Education 9. The structure of technical education in West Pakistan provides for three levels of training corresponding to the needs of the craftsman, the technician, and the professional engineer or technologist. 10. At the first level the craftsman may be produced either within industry or within technical institutes and vocational schools (grades 9 and 10) variously administered by government departments or private interests. Courses in the Government Training Centers are normally of eighteen months duration including, where possible, a period of up to three months of supervised training within industry. There is a ready demand for the output of these courses which have in large measure taken the place of apprenticeship in the industrial crafts.

31 APPENDIX 1 Page Training at the second or technician level is given in some seventeen Polytechnics or equivalent institutions (grades 11, 12 and 13) under the general direction of the Directorate of Technical Education: the conversion of eight technical institutes to polytechnics is under consideration. The government polytechnic institutes require the successful completion of a five-year secondary school course (grade 10) as a minimum entry condition but some 30% enter with an Intermediate Science qualification (grade 12). These schools, together with the commercial schools with one or two year courses, provide for 0.3% of the age group or 7% of the pupils of this group who are enrolled in some form of schooling (Annex 13). The three-year polytechnic course combines a considerable amount of practical work with theory so that the product, according to individual choice or ability, may ultimately occupy a supervisory position in the workshop or work in a technical office. The "Fourth Five-Year Plan" proposes to amend the existing pattern by providing alternative courses from the end of the second year. It is intended that the majority of students shall continue as at present for a third year leading to a diploma award but that a selected number shall continue for a total of four years leading to a B.Sc. (technical) degree. In the first instance, the changes will apply to two polytechnics to be designated as "technical colleges". 12. At the third level, professional engineers and technologists are trained in the West Pakistan University of Engineering and Technology at Lahore (2,100), in university schools of engineering at Peshawar (1,280) and Sind (880), in the NED Engineering College affiliated to Karachi University (1,200) and private colleges such as Dawood. The courses are of four years' duration, following intermediate science level, and lead to the B.Sc. (Engineering) degree. Two-year part-time courses leading to the M.Sc. (Engineering) degree are already offered at Lahore (Annex 6).

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33 WEST PAKISTAN: ORGANIZATION OF THE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT GVERNOR GOERO.INISTER SECRETARY EDUI.CATION AND CHANCELLOR I INTERMEDIATE UNIVER5STIES AND AND SECONIDAIRY...,n....EN...GI...EE...N... 4 EXAMINATfNIN EOENGE EDLICATION ~ ~ AND ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~EUCTONAFAR I I.. I -. I I I ~~~~~I [CAL 'REAU OF VICE'~~~~~~~~EDUCC C R EGIONDALY OFIE - DIRRY ECTORDATE D CORT UEA OFR EXTESIO H-p INSPEC TINIFSADLSI REGIONALOFFICES ION UCAEC L SC RTI E I CO I S L E TL L DIVISIONAL OFFICES NSPECTOR DISTRICT OFFICES I z INST TEEEIONS SEONORLPIMR PLYECNIDCMERIA8VCAIOA

34 WEST PAKISTAN: STRUCTURE OF THE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM PRIY1PRIMARY R Y FI RST CYCLE _. -SECONDARY * INTERMEDIATE DEGREE P -- POST - GRADUATE lm VOCATIONAL SCHOOLS 1 2 COMMERCIAL INSTITUTES Technl 1 2 TEducaioQn { POLYTECHNICS r - _ P~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~RIMARY TEACHER TRAINING ARTS AND SCIENCES General Erucation ENGINEERING * QUALIFYING EXAMINATION MEDICINE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY Agriculturol Eucolution AGRICULTURAL INSTITUTES Schooi yer Ag I I I +- I I -- I-- I Age I, Note The oge group relationship applies only when students enter the school at 5 and proceed through the systemr withofut repeting IBRD-4727

35 *WEST PAKISTAN EDUCATION EXPENDITURE 1969/70 A. Recurrent Expenditure 1. Departmeat of Education Other Departments: Health 7.8 Frontier 7.4 Agricultu.re 2.4 -Other Total Recurrent B. Capital Expenditure 1. Provincial Government Education Department Other Provincial Departments Total Capital C. Total Government Expenditure on Education 1. By Province alone Central Government Contribution Province and Central Government D. Estimated Adjustment for Defense Department Education Expenditure (10%) 60.0 E. Estimated Private Contribution to Education F. Total Expenditure on Education Source: Government budget (A-C) and Staff estimates (D-F).

36 ANNEX k Education Finance 1969/70 and 1974/ /70 197/75 (mil.lions of" rp.c ) 1. Proviricial recurrent expenditure on education 3' Provincial recurrent receipts 2,031 2,65li 3. Provincial GDP 37,800 49,b!00 Is, Provincial recurrent expenditure on education as a m-.vcertage of provincial recurrent receipts 19.7g23 %. Provincial recurrent expendi ture as a pereenta-e of urovincial GDP l.0,4 1.2% Source: 2Beget of Wst 1aki3t.n, Dew.laop t Statistics of West Pakistan and Staff estimates.

37 .AM=E 5 Distribution of 5,662 employed engineers, 1966 a) p lover b) By qualification c) By type Govemnment 28% Degree 67% Civil 46% Autonomous body 49% Diploma 22% Mechanical 29% Private 23% Not Qualified 11% Electrical 20% Other 5% 100% 100% 100% Source: Directorate of Labor Welfare. Survey of 605 establishments with more than 20 employees (494 private, lllgovernment)

38 ANXTFa 6 West Pakistanvert Project Engin erinand Technolo> Details Fquipmen b Department Cos;t (['is,) Civil engineering 1833,000 Mechanical engineering 335, 000 alec trical engineering 256,ooo Clhemical engineering 307,000 Metallurgical engineering 119,000 M4athematics 5,000 Chemistry 7,000 Physics 45,0(0 Directorate of research 23,000 Public relations 19,000 Transport 14,()00 Totl 1,313,(100 j Enrollment of Students Department t degree H-figher degrees lst degr(c Higher degrees Civil LGngineering Mechanical Engineerinrg L10 alectrical " :125 Mining it Chemical o Metallurgical " Architecture Town Planning , La5 420-_

39 ANNEX 7 W. Pakistan University of Engineering and Technology and N. E. D. Egineering College Staffing Position Position W. P. U. N. E. D. 1967/ /70 Vice Chancellor/Principal 1 1 Deputy 1 1 Heads of DepartmentLs 9 ) ) 3 Professor 6 ) Associate Professo-r nil 5 Assistant Professor nil 3 Reader 27 1 Lecturer Assistant lecturer & demonstrator Total Qualification W. P. U. N. E. D. 1968/ /70 Doctorate 27 1h MasLer's degree achelor' s de -rc 85 2)4 Diploma 37 6 Other Staff total h (1968/69) Student total Staff/student ratio 1:9.7 1:24.3

40 ANNEX.$ N_E.D. Egneering College aah Project Equipment Details and Books Equipment Books Department $ $ Civil engineering 251,000 35,700 Mechanical engineering 560,000 46,200 Electrical engineering 00o,ooo 31,500 General science and hurmanities 741,000 12,600 Public relations 28,ooo - Total $ 1, 313,)000 $ 126,000 N.B: The equipment allocations for civil and mechanical engineering may be varied within the total. Fellowships Technical Assistance (year in which training comnences) I 1970 / / / / )4 /_75 Type of course A B A A B A B A B 2 yr;,.minimum(ph.d.) I yr. (M.Sc.) 12 _ _. Effective staff addition nil Total effective staff (senior) _1 77 ixpatriate staff I 3 years L I l l 1 Note: A = new recruitment B = existing staff Enrollment of Students Actual Project proposal Recommended Department 1968/ / /75 Civil engineering lmechanical engineering Electrical engineering Total 1,l90 2,000 1,500

41 WkST PAXISTAN EDUCATION PROJECT ANNEX 9 Summary of Estimated Project (In US$ '000) Costs TI W'EST PAKISTAN UiAIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AIM] TECHNOLOGY hcademic Staff Facil-ities Hostels Housing Total F.E. Component Civil Works 3, ,907 1,172 Equipment and Books 1, ,386 1,319 Professional Fees 306 8; Technical Assistance Sub-Total 1j, , 50 2,796 Contingencies Total 5,385 1,050-6,435 3,076 THE N. E. D. GOVERMMENT EiNGDEERING COLLEGE Academic Staff Facilities Hostels Housing Total F. E. Component Civil Works 1, ,h44 1,032 Equipment and Books 1, ,459 1,392 Professional Fees L;6 Technical Assistance Sub-Total 3, ,764 2,974 Contingencies Total 4, ,340 3,271 Grand Total 9,779 2,040.O ,775 6,347

42 WEST PAKISTAN: WEST PAKISTAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY AND N.E.D. GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE. ESTIMATED CONSTRUCTION AND DISBURSEMENT SCHEDULE. S 6,530,000 DISBURSEMENT (in U.S. Dollars) 457,000 S 2,090,000 S 3,591,000 S 392,000 RATE ( 7% ) ( 32% ) ( 55% ) ( 6% SELECTION OF ARCHITECTS AND PREPARATION OF MA5TER PLANS _ PRELIMINARY DESI GN CONTRACT DOCUMENTS APPOINTMENT OF ARCHITECTS _N/Ui requi P MENT 9 ~~~~~~CONTRACTS CONT RACTS OCCUPANCY DATE CONSTRUCTION CREDIT AGREEMENT SIGNING DATE EQUIPMENT DELIVERY AND INSTALLATION LIA BI LI TY PERI OD I i C STAGES (in months IBRD (R)

43 WEST PAKISTAN: EDUCATIONAL PYRAMID YEAL OF GOVERNMENT AND NON-GOVERNMENT SCHOOL ENROLLMENTS (000s) STUDY LEVEL 16 POST-GRADUATE LEVEL I I 14 I I 20 6 DEGREE6 13~~ _ 13 LEVEL I 26 8i I 12 INTERMEDIATE 44 u1o LEVEL 60 L 14 10) I ~~~~~~~~~~ I100 "" ~~I 23 Second Cycle BOYS 3GIRLS 9 I SECONDARY LEVEL 43 7 First Cycle X-----I NoNoGOvERNMENT ~~~~~~~~NON-GOVERNMENT PRIMARY LEVEL I " 'g IBRD-4732

44 West Pakistan General Public and Private Education Primary and Secondary Levels Actual and Projected Enrollments (OOs) Grade Primary 1 1,038 1,028 1J129 1,195 1,280 1,390 1,49.5 1,575 1,640 1,735 Level ,005 1,115 1,315 1,310 1, ,140 1, , Total 1-5 3,154 3,376 3,774 4,050 4,255 4,6i0 5,050 5,500 5,950 6,450 Secondary Level C Total ,033 1,066 1,020 1,155 1,300 1,445 1,600 1,770 1,975 Total ,086 4,409 4,840 5,070 5,110 5,910 6,495 7,100 7,720 8,425 Source: Pakistan National Commission on Manpower & Education

45 WEST PAKISTAN GENERAL & TECHNICAL EDUCATION SrRUCTURE, ENROLLMENT AND TEACHERS % of Pupil/ Enrollmert Age Group Enrollment Teaching Qaalified Teacher Population as % of Level Grades Coverage (OOOs) Staff Staff Ratio (OOOs) age group General Education Primary level , ,057 87% 35:1 8,480 45% Secondary Level ,066 27,712 88% 39:1 7,140 15% Intermediate level ii) ( 2, % ) 6, % 24:1 ( Degree Level 13-1l ) ( 2, % Post Graduate above % 8:1 n.a. n.a. Technical Education Vocational Schools n.a. 18:1 2, % Polytechnics noa. 11*1 3, % Commercial Institutes n.a. 30:1 2, % Agricultu~ral Schools n.a. n.s. n.a. 2,500 o.o6% Professional ) , % Colleges above 9.1 ) 1,750 n.a..na. n.7a Teacher Traininf Training Colleges * % 9:1 1, % Normal Schools U % 9: % Source: West Pakistan Education Department 4 >4J

46 StUdents completing course and obtaining degree In engineering, actual & projected ) *0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~4 ~~.. _ Mechanical Electrical Civil Chemical mining a Textile Architecture Town Planning l Total O ~~~ ~~FbS roj.totlcn ot passe ba.sd on 72% suoceses ) Source: So=ret National National ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Candssion on Mar.power and EfucatSion woata.ftw f>"sbs n7sso"w Completed means those who have completed the course. Passed means those who have campleted the course and passed the degree exa9nation.

47 WEST PAKISTAN 7 U J EDUCATION PROJECT ' china 5PopvahoE pur" Wper squore miut U -Or 1000 KA *citla with iero than~ I000,000 lnowalftwt * CMOies wih nm ti bftntbitaf *IWed PaW t4sty of Elngik ad Te9yto" Laotw. _.X /t /uo5 2 KED. Swermerit n*enwtrcollege.kati _ L'Riw, ODlvision bound riss za syfm >-ts 0_,DERA #SAv,,, 2',7 Z H 08-30* / A AFGHANISTAN F G i 7 > s \ C H A, LORALAI S B o 2 4E-/-12X%GS G A I1INDIA s - M h _s f X.. N D I A I RCAN BAHAWALPI R[ I RAN M r ~~~~~~I 98*10~~~~~~~~~~~ M A K, R A Nl JI ~~ ~~~.. *~~~~~~ CHINA o \ D A D U SANGHAR ("TWEST I' ~/LASBELA J H Y 'A-AD~ITN D K ARACI I 11 < 25e ARABIA ) Aleao DthSAUDI KArchi THAR PARKAR i. ABI _ Arabian _fpkistan >t A r a bi a n S e a T TTA RN S< \ea $0#.I AgA tceylon 65 / /nadin Ocean FEBRUARY 1970 IBRD-2795 ayof Benga