Puerto Rican Post-Maria Relocation by States

Transcription

1 Puerto Rican Post-Maria Relocation by States RESEARCH BRIEF Issued March 2018 By: Jennifer Hinojosa, Nashia Román, and Edwin Meléndez Centro RB This research brief presents findings of the relocation of Puerto Ricans to the U.S. mainland as a result of aftermath of- Hurricane Maria. Data from FEMA and school enrollment data from the selected state s Department of Education were used to analyze Puerto Rican relocation patterns in the U.S. mainland. Prior estimates of the magnitude of this exodus have been based on movement of passengers or statistical projections based on recent migration trends from Puerto Rico to the United States. In this report, we use post-hurricane Maria school enrollment data from Florida, New York, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Illinois school districts and FEMA to assess the population flows and relocation from Puerto Rico to the U.S. mainland. In the decades prior to Hurricane Maria, in the post-economic crisis exodus also known as the Millennial Migration, Florida became the preferred destination of Puerto Rican migrants. According to the most recent data available from the U.S. Census Bureau, migration from Puerto Rico to Florida increased significantly from less than half a million at the turn of the new millennium to 1,067,747 by 2016 and after the post Hurricane Maria exodus, the state is expected to have the largest share of Puerto Ricans in the U.S. mainland. Overall, the findings from the FEMA data show that Puerto Ricans have dispersed throughout the United States to a large extent following existing population nodes, showing recent migration flows to the Northeast and to the U.S. south in particular. DATA AND METHODS In this study we use school enrollment and FEMA changeof-addresses data as indicators of the relocation of Puerto Rican migrants to the U.S. mainland. We assume that families that enroll their children in a state s school system are more likely to stay over a longer period of time or to relocate permanently than families that have a shorter time horizon in mind and that chose not to enroll their children in schools. Data from FEMA include self-reported data on any survivor s current mailing address who first registered claims with FEMA in 2017 as a result of Hurricane Maria and Hurricane Irma--it is important to note that addresses are often change and not notified to FEMA. Furthermore, data is divided by the number of households and the number of total household members within a household by county. The data presented here is a snapshot at a point of time. The total number of incoming Puerto Rican migrants and settlement, as projected from FEMA and school enrollment data, changes continuously due to individuals and families moving to other states, moving back to Puerto Rico, or moving to other school districts or counties within the same states. 1

2 SCHOOL ENROLLMENT ESTIMATES The school enrollment data indicates that just five months after the Hurricane Maria catastrophe, the exodus of Puerto Ricans to the states with the largest concentrations of recent emigrants--florida, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, New York, Connecticut, New Jersey and Illinois--reached the lower bound predication of the prior study for school-age children. The following estimates below shows school enrollment data collected between December 1st and February 22th, 2017 by school districts. According to our survey of seven school districts and data provided by the Governor s office, 11,554 Puerto Rican students enrolled in Florida s school districts, 2,556 in Massachusetts, 2,874 in Pennsylvania, 2,218 in New York, 1,827 in Connecticut, 886 in New Jersey, and 607 in Illinois. Overall, student enrollment in all school districts surveyed for this study exceeded the lower bound estimates, however, Massachusetts, Connecticut and New York surpassed the predicted estimates (see table 1). In the case of Massachusetts and Connecticut, school enrollment was near the upper bound estimates relative to the other states in this study. On the other hand, Florida, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey school enrollment has yet to pass the predicted estimates of incoming school age children (see table 1). Florida According to Florida s Department of Education a total of 11,554 students from Puerto Rico enrolled in Florida s public-school districts, this is a 12% increase since December 5, 2017, when a total of 10,324 students were Table 1. Enrollment of Post-Maria Age Children and Predicted Estimates by Selected States P u e r t o R i c a n C h i l d r e n Population (2016) Average of -Age Children Migrants ( ) Lower Bound Upper Bound Enrollment Data All States 1,220,906 13,050 10,324 11,554 n/a Selected States 972,578 10,732 8,643 9,828 22,247 Florida 227,430 4,955 2,590 3,285 11,554 Pennsylvania 114,620 1,652 1,960 1,619 2,599 Texas 44,204 1, n/a New York 215, ,218 Massachusetts 80, ,556 New Jersey 102, Connecticut 68, ,827 Ohio 32, n/a California 41, n/a Illinois 45, Source: American Community Suvey, various years and survey of selected Department of Education. Note: Lower bound estimates are double the lowest number of migrants registered during the prior three years. Upper bound estimates are three times the highest number of migrants registered during the prior three years. Since the ACS estimates are based on random sampling of the population, the smaller the numbers reported in this table the larger the margin of error for the estimates. 2

3 enrolled. Relative to other states surveyed for this report, Florida s school districts were the most impacted of incoming school age children from Puerto Rico as a result of the exodus after Hurricane Maria. According to our prior estimates reported in October 2017, the total number of school age Puerto Rican children in Florida (11,554), surpassed the predicted lower bound estimates, and is currently between our lower (9,666) and upper bound (15,408) predicted estimates (Meléndez and Hinojosa, 2017). To date, this figure (11,554) represents an increase of 9% over the school enrollment level in 2015 of Puerto Rican students statewide (see table 2). Between December 5th and February 6th, 2018, Florida s school districts continue to show an influx of incoming students from Puerto Rico, especially in school districts in Central and Southeast regions (see figure 1). As of February 6th, 2018, at least 60% of Puerto Rican school age children from Puerto Rico who relocated to Central Florida alone, and are enrolled primarily in the following counties: 22% in Orange County school districts, 19 percent in Osceola, 8% in Hillsborough, and 7% in Polk County. Compared to school enrollment data reported in December 5, 2017, Central Florida showed an increase from 53% to 60%, a 7-percentage point increase. Osceola County school districts (-341), Lee (-192), and Hillsborough (-88) were among the counties to show student enrollment decline since December. On the other hand, Orange County school districts showed the highest increase from 2,590 students in December to 3,285 students in February, an increase of 700 students. In addition to Orange County school districts located in central Florida, Lake (293) Polk (154), Seminole (123), and Volusia (104), showed increase of one hundred students or more during the three-month period. districts located in the south region of the state also showed a slight increase from 19% from December 2017 to 20 percent in February 2018, an addition of 337 students. In absolute terms, Miami-Dade County school districts showed the largest increase of student enrollment from 788 to 911 students from Puerto Rico, a difference of 123 students. Broward County school districts also showed an increase of 123 students (from 642 to 735 students). Table 2. Puerto Rican Student Enrollment in Florida Districts K-12 Puerto Rican S t u d e n t E n r o l l m e n t (2015) Enrollment as of 12/5/2018 Enrollement as of 2/6/2018 % Increase of Over Enrollment Level in 2015 Statewide Totals 210,004 10,324 11,554 6% Selected Counties 146,947 8,643 9,828 - Orange 36,143 2,590 3,285 9% Osceola 19,991 1,960 1,619 8% Miami-Dade 19, % Polk 10, % Hillsborough 23, % Broward 15, % Seminole 8, % Florida Virtual NA NA Palm Beach 9, % Lake 3, % Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2015 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates and Florida Deparment of Education 3

4 Figure 1. Post-Hurricane Maria Puerto Rican Student Enrollment (K-12) in Florida Districts Source: Florida Deparment of Education Source: Florida Deparment of Education Massachusetts As of February 18th, 2018, a total of 2,556 students displaced by Hurricane Maria enrolled in Massachusetts school districts, an increase from 2,298 students since January 22, 2018, an 11% change. To date, this figure represents an increase of 3% over the school enrollment level in As shown in table 1, our prior estimates reported in October 2017, the total number of school age Puerto Rican children in Massachusetts (2,556), is almost as high as the predicted upper bound (2,580) estimate (Meléndez and Hinojosa, 2017). Between January 2017 and February 2018, in terms of absolute change, Worcester County school districts showed an increase of 68 students from Puerto Rico (from 477 to 545 students) followed by 51 in Hampden (from 815 to 866 students), 49 in Essex County (from 201 to 250 students), and 17 students in Suffolk. On the other hand, a few school districts showed no change or a slight decline of student enrollment. 4

5 Table 3. Puerto Rican Student Enrollment in Massachusetts Districts K-12 Puerto Rican S t u d e n t E n r o l l m e n t (2015) Enrollment as of 1/22/2018 Enrollement as of 2/18/2018 Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2015 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates and Massachusetts Deparment of Education % Increase of Over Enrollment Level in 2015 Statewide Total 77,325 2,298 2,556 3% Selected Counties Total 153,555 4,456 4,896 - Hampden 24, % Worcester 12, % Bristol 6, % Essex 10, % Suffolk 9, % Middlesex 7, % Plymouth 2, % Norfolk 2, % Hampshire % Franklin % Figure 2. Post-Hurricane Maria Puerto Rican Student Enrollment (K-12) in Massachusetts Source: Pennsylvania Deparment of Education 5

6 Pennsylvania As of February 22, 2018 a total of 2,874 student from Puerto Rico displaced by Hurricane Maria enrolled in Pennsylvania s school districts. This was an 8% increase from January 16, 2018, when a total of 2,407 Puerto Rican school age children enrolled in the state s school districts. To date, this figure (2,874) represents an increase of 3% over the school enrollment level in 2015 (see table 1). As shown in table 1, our prior estimates reported in October 2017, the total number of school age Puerto Rican children in Pennsylvania (2,874), surpassed the predicted lower bound estimates (880) (Meléndez and Hinojosa, 2017). Overall, school districts located in the southeast region of the state had the largest influx of Puerto Rican school age children (see figure 3). As of January 30, 2018, counties with the largest intake of Puerto Rican school age children were Lehigh County school districts (481 students) followed by Philadelphia (414), Berks (367), Dauphin (254), York (254), Lancaster (225), Northampton (213), and Lebanon (193). As show in figure 3, student enrollment from Puerto Rico was seen a lower rate on the western and central regions of the state like: Erie County (39 students), Franklin (26), Northumberland (26), Montgomery (31 students), Allegheny (23 students), and Schuylkill (14 students). In a one month span, Dauphin County school districts showed the largest absolute change of Puerto Rican student enrollment from 138 to 254 students followed by 88 students in Lehigh, 84 in Berks, and 49 in York. While Luzerne, Indiana, Northumberland, Carbon, Potter, and Lycoming showed slight decline of Puerto Rican student enrollment displaced by Hurricane Maria. Table 4. Puerto Rican Student Enrollment in Pennsylvania Districts K-12 Puerto Rican S t u d e n t E n r o l l m e n t (2015) Enrollment as of 1/16/2018 Enrollement as of 2/22/2018 % Increase of Over Enrollment Level in 2015 Statewide Total 108,390 2,407 2,874 3% Selected Counties 84,098 2,101 2,532 - Lehigh 11, % Philadelphia 31, % Berks 11, % Dauphin 3, % York 4, % Lancaster 9, % Northampton 5, % Lebanon 3, % Luzerne 1, % Lackawanna 1, % Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2015 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates and Pennsylvania Deparment of Education 6

7 Figure 3. Post-Hurricane Maria Puerto Rican Student Enrollment (K-12) in Pennsylvania Source: Pennsylvania Deparment of Education New York 4 As of January 29th, 2018, a total of 2,218 students displaced from Puerto Rico have enrolled in New York State s school districts, this is an 8% increase since the total count of 2,052 in January 4th, To date, this figure (2,218) represents an increase of 1% over the school enrollment level in 2015 of Puerto Rican students (K-12) statewide. As shown in table 1, our prior estimates reported in October 2017, the total number of school age Puerto Rican children in New York (2,218), surpassed the predicted lower bound estimates and the predicted estimate (2,095) (Meléndez and Hinojosa, 2017). Overall, the proportion of displaced students from Puerto Rico who enrolled in upstate region school districts located in upstate regions of the state exceeded to students who enrolled in New York City school districts. Among the top 5 school districts, at least 21% of students from Puerto Rico enrolled in Rochester City schools (547 students) followed by 19% in Buffalo (455), 4% in New York City (411), 4% in Yonkers (98), and 2% in Syracuse (81). In terms of absolute change, 6 out of the 39 school districts reported by New York State s Department of Education, showed an increase of student enrollment of displaced students from Puerto Rico, while the 33 remaining school districts remained the same since the last time the data was collected. districts with significant increases included Dunkirk City (from 26 to 40 students) Syracuse City (from 53 to 81 students), Buffalo City school districts (from 374 to 455 students), and Rochester City (from 512 to 547 students). On the other hand, displaced students enrolled in New York City school districts remained at 411 7

8 Table 5. Puerto Rican Student Enrollment in New York Districts K-12 Puerto Rican Student Enrollment (2015) Enrollment as of 1/4/2018 Enrollement as of 1/29/2018 Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2015 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates and New York Deparment of Education % Increase of Over Enrollment Level in 2015 Statewide Total 231,384 2,052 2,218 1% Selected Counties Total 164,019 1,594 1,757 - Rochester City 8, % Buffalo City 6, % New York City 138, % Yonkers Public s 4, % Syracuse City 2, % Amsterdam City 1, % Dunkirk City % Binghamton City % * Mount Morris Central, Victor Central, East Ramapo, and Rensselaer City Utica City 1, % between both periods, as well as the remaining 33 school districts in the state. Connecticut As of February 9, 2018, Connecticut school districts received a total of 1,827 students from Puerto Rico as a result of Hurricane Maria, a 54% change compared to student enrollment reported in January 22, As shown in table 1, our prior estimates reported in October 2017, the total number of school age Puerto Rican children in Connecticut (1,827), surpassed the predicted lower bound estimates, and is currently near the upper bound (1,860) predicted estimate (Meléndez and Hinojosa, 2017). At least 39% of Puerto Rican students displaced by the storm were enrolled in Hartford County s school districts followed by 33% in New Haven, 9% in Fairfield, 5% in New London, 5% in Windham, and 1% in Middlesex. In a four-week span of school enrollment data reported on January 22 and February 9th, 2018, Connecticut s school districts showed an increase of 639 students. Unlike other states reported in this study, Puerto Rican student enrollment increased across all school districts in Connecticut. In absolute change, Hartford County school districts (from 494 to 710 students) showed the highest gain of Puerto Rican students displaced by the storm followed by New Haven (from 402 to 208 students), Fairfield (from 139 to 169 students), New London (from 76 to 91 students), Windham (from 65 to 86 students), and Middlesex (from 12 to 14 students). 8

9 Table 6. Puerto Rican Student Enrollment in Connecticut Districts K-12 Puerto Rican S t u d e n t E n r o l l m e n t (2015) Enrollment as of 1/22/2018 Enrollement as of 2/18/2018 % Increase of Over Enrollment Level in 2015 Statewide Total 71,538 1,188 1,827 3% Selected Counties Total 140,953 2,376 3,507 - Hartford 27, % New Haven 22, % Fairfield 12, % New London 4, % Windham 2, % Middlesex 1, % Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2015 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates and Connecticut Deparment of Education Figure 4. Post-Hurricane Maria Puerto Rican Student Enrollment (K-12) in Connecticut Source: Connecticut Deparment of Education 9

10 Table 7. Puerto Rican Student Enrollment in New Jersey Districts K-12 Puerto Rican S t u d e n t E n r o l l m e n t (2015) Enrollment as of 2/22/2018 % Increase of Over Enrollment Level in 2015 Statewide 104, % Selected Counties 75, Camden 11, % Essex 12, % Cumberland 5, % Union 6, % Middlesex 9, % Passaic 9, % Atlantic 5, % Hudson 11, % Burlington 3, % Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2015 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates and New Jersey Deparment of Education Figure 5. Post-Hurricane Maria Puerto Rican Student Enrollment (K-12) in New Jersey Districts Source: New Jersey Deparment of Education 10

11 New Jersey 6 As of February 22, 2018, a total of 886 students displaced from Puerto Rico enrolled in New Jersey s school districts. To date, this figure (886) represents an increase of 1% over the school enrollment level in 2015 of Puerto Rican students (K-12) statewide. As shown in table 1, our prior estimates reported in October 2017, the total number of school age Puerto Rican children in New Jersey (866), surpassed the predicted lower bound estimates (Meléndez and Hinojosa, 2017). A large proportion of student enrollment relocated to Camden County school districts (139 students) followed by 10% in Essex (109 students), 9% in Cumberland (85 students), 8% in Union (82 students), 7% in Middlesex (71 students), 5% in Passaic County (61 students), and 5% in Atlantic (43 students). Illinois 7 A total of 607 students from Puerto Rico enrolled in Illinois school districts from September 20, 2017 to February 7, About half (50.1%) of Puerto Rican students enrolled in Chicago s public school districts. The remain ing students from Puerto Rico enrolled in Illinois s school districts are not reported in this study due restriction of reporting less than 10 students in school districts. FEMA RELOCATION ESTIMATES According to data provided by FEMA a total of 40,013 household members and 19,271 households, who changed their mailing address since they first registered with FEMA, re-located to the U.S. mainland as a result of Hurricane Maria. As shown in figure 6, Florida and other U.S. southern states received a majority of the Puerto Rican migrants. Yet, traditional states of settlements such as New York, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Illinois, Ohio, and California are currently experiencing population growth, and more importantly dispersed settlement patterns within their respective states when compared to existing Puerto Rican settlements (see figure 6). Post-Hurricane Maria Puerto Rican migrants are also relocating in areas beyond central cities of traditional states of settlement. enrollment data also show this trend, particularly in New York State, whereby Puer- Table 8. Distribution of FEMA Evacuees and Millennial Migrants ( ) in Selected States Total Puerto Rican Population 2016 % of Puerto Rican Population Millennial Migration % Millennial Migration Total FEMA Evacuees % FEMA Evacuees All States Total 5,450, % 64, % 40, % Selected States Total 4,423,107 81% 53,429 82% 35,584 89% Florida 1,067,747 20% 24,221 37% 18,013 45% Pennsylvania 444,263 8% 6,333 10% 2,954 7% Texas 196,460 4% 5,500 8% 1,361 3% New York 1,081,110 20% 3,822 6% 3,683 9% New Jersey 470,143 9% 3,251 5% 1,690 4% Massachusetts 319,042 6% 3,109 5% 3,399 8% Connecticut 298,245 5% 2,614 4% 2,281 6% Ohio 122,204 2% 2,420 4% 460 1% California 214,255 4% 1,145 2% 419 1% Illinois 209,638 4% 1,015 2% 1,324 3% Source: FEMA and U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey 1-year estimates 11

12 to Rican school-age children showed higher enrollment rates in New York State s upstate region than in school districts located in New York City (see table 7). Regionally, more than half of post-maria Puerto Rican migrants relocated in the South (55%) followed by 35% in the Northeast, 7% in Midwest, and 3% in West (see figure 6). In terms of total household members, Florida (18,013) received the most Puerto Rican evacuees followed by New York (3,683), Massachusetts (3,399), Pennsylvania (2,954), Connecticut (2,281), New Jersey (1,690), Texas (1,361), Illinois (1,324), Georgia (530), and Virginia (479). As shown in figure 6, Orange County (4,503) followed by Osceola (2,839), Miami-Dade (1,610), Polk (1,490), Hillsborough (1,366), Broward (1,122), and Seminole (815) counties showed the highest number of Puerto Rican evacuees. However, counties located in traditional states of settlements were also among the top counties with the most Puerto Rican evacuees, a total of: 1,290 evacuees relocated in Hampden (Massachusetts) followed by 1,289 in Philadelphia (Pennsylvania), 1,116 in Cook (Illinois), 1,001 in Hartford (Connecticut), 841 in Bronx (New York), 719 in New Haven (Connecticut), 589 in Worcester (Massachusetts), 587 in Monroe (Upstate New York), and 450 in Kings County (New York). Table 8 shows the population distribution by state of the total Puerto Rican population in 2016, the average number of Puerto Ricans who arrived between 2013 and 2016 (also known as the Millennial migration), and recent data from FEMA of the total household members evacuees in the selected states. It is evident that post-hurricane Puerto Rican migration is and continues to be driven by Millennial migration, in terms of relocating to similar states, located in both U.S. South, particularly Florida, and in traditional states of settlement. More importantly, Puerto Ricans showed dispersion within both states of new and traditional states, by residing in counties outside central cities. As shown in table 8, 45% of FEMA evacuees relocated to Florida followed by 9% in New York, 8% in Massachusetts, 7% in Pennsylvania, 6% in Connecticut, 4% in New Jersey, 3% in Texas, 3% in Illinois, 3% in Illinois, 1% in Georgia, and 1% in Virginia. On the other hand, Millennial migration also showed similar, if not close predicated estimates to the FEMA evacuee relocation. For example, during the Millennial migration period, at least 37% relocated to Florida followed by 10% in Pennsylvania, 8% in Texas, 6% in New York, 5% in New Jersey, 5% in Massachusetts, 4% in Connecticut, 4% in Ohio, 2% in California, and 2% in Illinois (see table 8). Eight out of the top 10 states discussed in this report are the same between the distribution of FEMA evacuees and millennial migrants (with the exception of Georgia and Virginia). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS To some extent, based on student enrollment and FEMA data, post-hurricane Maria migrants, generally followed the distribution and predication made from the average of the last three years of settlement from Puerto Rico as result of the Island s economic crisis. In other words, post-maria Puerto Rican migrants relocated to states where millennial migrants settled between 2013 and However, three states of traditional settlement like Massachusett, Connecticut, and New York whereby the magnitude of post-hurricane Maria Puerto Rican school age children arrivals was over what we had expected in our previous study (Meléndez and Hinojosa, 2017). For example, school age children in all three states surpassed our predicted estimates and it is expected to be greater than our upper bound estimates in the coming months. It is also important to note, that families and friends who lived in these traditional states like the Northeast (e.g., New York, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and New Jersey) and Midwest (e.g., Illinois), not identified through FEMA or school enrollment data, also played a major role in relocation by housing their friends and relatives displaced by Hurricane Maria. Puerto Ricans in the military service (inactive, active and veterans) also played a role in also relocating their friends and relatives in the New South, West and Midwest regions (Franqui-Riveria, 2017). According to Franqui-Riveria, top destination for Island-born active duty personnel included Texas, North Carolina, 12

13 Virginia, Florida, and Georgia (Franqui-Rivera, 2017). Overall, data from FEMA confirms that Puerto Rican evacuees are settling in almost every state and every region of the county (see figure 6). However, this trend is a continuation of the Millennial migration from Puerto Rico, stateside Puerto Ricans who were moving from state to state, and natural growth (Vargas-Ramos & Hinojosa, 2017). As discussed by Hinojosa and Vargas-Ramos (2017), between 2000 and 2014, the Puerto Rican population showed notable population growth in the U.S. south, particularly, in states like: North Carolina, Texas, Georgia, Virginia, and Florida, while states like Pennsylvania and Ohio, were among the only traditional states of settlement to show population growth. On the other hand, Puerto Rican population decline were observed in the following states of traditional settlement: New York, New Jersey, Illinois, and California. Lastly, Puerto Ricans in Connecticut and Massachusetts showed, at the time, no population growth or decline and instead remained steady between 2000 and However, this narrative of Puerto Rican population growth and decline change and has been intensified by the incoming Puerto Rican newcomers during the 2017 post-hurricane Maria wave. 13

14 14 Figure 6. FEMA Evacuees (Total Household Members)

15 Figure 7. FEMA Evacuees in Selected Northeast States Figure 8. FEMA Evacuees in Florida 15

16 Notes 1. Edwin Meléndez and Jennifer Hinojosa, Estimates of Post-Hurricane Maria Exodus from Puerto Rico, Centro RB , Issued October As of February 18, Edwin Meléndez and Jennifer Hinojosa, Estimates of Post-Hurricane Maria Exodus from Puerto Rico, Centro RB , Issued October Due to unavailable data and numerous merges of school districts, mapping and comparative analysis is not discussed in this report for New York State. The most recent data, January 29, 2018 is analyzed and discussed in this research brief. 5. A total of 1,188 students were reported to have relocated to Connecticut s school districts on January 22, New Jersey s Department of Education cannot confirm that these aggregated counts at the county level include every student enrolled who was displaced from Puerto Rico by Hurricane Maria. Comparative analysis is not discussed in this report as the most recent data, 7. Due to unavailable data and numerous merges of school districts, mapping and comparative analysis is not discussed in this report for Illinois. The most recent data, February 7, 2018 is analyzed and discussed in this research brief. More importantly, students are not distinguished between who newly enrolled directly from Puerto Rico. 8. Add FEMA disclosure and data information. 9. According to the author he describes the New South as the former original confederate states. References Franqui-Rivera, Harry Migration and Military Service: a Pathway to the Middle Class. In State of Puerto Ricans 2017, eds.edwin Meléndez and Carlos Vargas-Ramos New York: Centro Press. Meléndez, Edwin, Hinojosa, Jennifer, and Roman, Nashia Post-Hurricane Maria Exodus from Puerto Rico and Enrollment in Florida. Research Brief. Center for Puerto Rican Studies, Hunter College,CUNY. Meléndez, Edwin and Hinojosa, Jennifer Estimates of Post-Hurricane Maria Exodus from Puerto Rico. Research Brief. Center for Puerto Rican Studies, Hunter College, CUNY. Vargas-Ramos, Carlos and Hinojosa, Jennifer Introduction. In The Almanac of Puerto Ricans in the United States, eds. Carlos Vargas-Ramos and Jennifer Hinojosa New York: Centro Press. The Center for Puerto Rican Studies (Centro) is the nation s leading university-based institution devoted to the interdisciplinary study of the Puerto Rican experience in the United States. Centro is dedicated to understanding, preserving and sharing the Puerto Rican experience in the United States. Centro invites Centro Voices contributors to make use of the extensive archival, bibliographic and research material preserved in its Library and Archives. The Centro Library and Archives is devoted to collecting, preserving and providing access to resources documenting the history and culture of Puerto Ricans. The Centro Library and Archives was established in 1973 as a component of the Center for Puerto Rican Studies. The collections include books, current and historic newspapers and periodicals, audio, film & video, manuscripts, photographs, art prints, and recorded music. The Library and Archives provides services and programs to the scholarly community as well as the general public. Constituents are diverse and come from the United States and abroad. The Library and Archives facilitates access to information on its holdings through the City University s online public catalog or CUNY+. It also provides research and information assistance via phone and . Centro Library and Archives Silberman Building, 2180 Third Avenue at 119th Street, Room 121, New York, N.Y Library: Archives: centropr.hunter.cuny Follow Hunter College, The City University of New York 695 Park Avenue, E1429 New York, N.Y Voic Fax: Center for Puerto Rican Studies Hunter College, CUNY 695 Park Avenue New York, NY , centropr.hunter.cuny.edu