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1 International Conference for Academic Institutions Gujarat, India January 9, 2013 Francisco Marmolejo Tertiary Education Coordinator The World Bank 1

2 Dominique Moisi. Geopolitics of Emotions (2009) 2

3 International trends in higher education International trends in higher education Massification Still asymmetrical access / retention/ graduation Increasing international student mobility Revolution in teaching, learning and curriculum Quality assurance, accountability and qualification frameworks Financing higher education The private providers revolution The academic profession The research environment Information and communications technology Massification Still asymmetrical access / retention/ graduation Increasing international student mobility Revolution in teaching, learning and curriculum Quality assurance, accountability and qualification frameworks Financing higher education The private providers revolution The academic profession The research environment Information and communications technology 3

4 Southern and West Asia 12% Sub-Saharan Africa 3% Arab states 5% Central and Eastern Europe 14% Central Asia 1% Upper secondary and post secondary non-tertiary = 100 North America and Western Europe 25% Latin America and Caribbean 11% East Asia and Pacific 29% Male-tertiary Female-tertiary Male-below upper sec Female-below upper sec Source: OECD (2004) Education at a Glance: OECD Indicators 2004, Table A11.1a, p.175. Access Rates in Higher Education and GDP Per Capita 4

5 International trends in higher education Massification Still asymmetrical access / retention/ graduation Increasing international student mobility Revolution in teaching, learning and curriculum Quality assurance, accountability and qualification frameworks Financing higher education The private providers revolution The academic profession The research environment Information and communications technology More than ever more people are having access to higher education 5

6 International trends in higher education Massification Still asymmetrical access / retention/ graduation Increasing international student mobility Revolution in teaching, learning and curriculum Quality assurance, accountability and qualification frameworks Financing higher education Latin America & the Caribbean 2% Oceania 9% Africa 4% Asia 12% The private providers revolution The academic profession The research environment Information and communications technology North America 23% Source: OECD (2012) Education at a Glance Europe 50% International trends in higher education Massification Still asymmetrical access / retention/ graduation Increasing international student mobility Revolution in teaching, learning and curriculum Quality assurance, accountability and qualification frameworks Financing higher education The private providers revolution The academic profession The research environment Information and communications technology 6

7 Sequential? Multi-task? 7

8 My brain!! I have a netbook, MP3 Players, flashdrive, IPAD Dad, what did you use in school when you were student? International trends in higher education Massification Still asymetricalaccess / retention/ graduation Increasing international student mobility Revolution in teaching, learning and curriculum Quality assurance, accountability and qualification frameworks Financing higher education The private providers revolution The academic profession The research environment Information and communications technology International trends in higher education International trends in higher education Massification Still asymetricalaccess / retention/ graduation Increasing international student mobility Revolution in teaching, learning and curriculum Quality assurance, accountability and qualification frameworks Financing higher education The private providers revolution The academic profession The research environment Information and communications technology Massification Still asymetricalaccess / retention/ graduation Increasing international student mobility Revolution in teaching, learning and curriculum Quality assurance, accountability and qualification frameworks Financing higher education The private providers revolution The academic profession The research environment Information and communications technology 8

9 Public vs. private higher education institutions in Brazil Número de Ins tuiciones en la Educación Superior - Brasil En Sector Privado En Sector Público Outof HEIsin Brazil, only252 are public Private & Confidential 34 International trends in higher education International trends in higher education Massification Still asymetricalaccess / retention/ graduation Increasing international student mobility Revolution in teaching, learning and curriculum Quality assurance, accountability and qualification frameworks Financing higher education The private providers revolution The academic profession The research environment Information and communications technology Massification Still asymetricalaccess / retention/ graduation Increasing international student mobility Revolution in teaching, learning and curriculum Quality assurance, accountability and qualification frameworks Financing higher education The private providers revolution The academic profession The research environment Information and communications technology 9

10 International trends in higher education World OECD countries USA Japan Germany France South Korea Engand Netherlands China Canada Israel India Norway Brazil New Zaeland Portugal Taiwan. World: 47,022 USA: 13,715 China: 667 India: 161 Massification Still asymetricalaccess / retention/ graduation Increasing international student mobility Revolution in teaching, learning and curriculum Quality assurance, accountability and qualification frameworks Financing higher education The private providers revolution The academic profession The research environment Information and communications technology Mexico Francisco Marmolejo fmarmole@ .arizona.edu 10

11 Implications for higher education Yes, but 11

12 Every wants one No one knows what it is No one knows how to get one Philip G. Altbach (2004) World Class : Ranking among the foremost in the world; of an international standard of excellence Webster Dictionary 12

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14 Concentration of Talent Students Teaching. Staff Researchers Resources Top Leading-Edge Graduates Research Supportive WCU Regulatory Framework Public Budget Autonomy Resources. Dynamic Academic. Endowment Revenues Technology Freedom Tuition Fees Transfer Research Grants Leadership Team Strategic Vision Culture of Excellence Favorable Governance Source: Salmi (2009) Source: Salmi (2009) Source: Salmi (2009) 14

15 Source: Salmi (2009) Faculty members / Researchers Incoming students Proper balance between undergraduate and graduate students University Undergraduate Students Graduate Students Share of Graduate Students (%) Harvard 7,002 10, Stanford 6,442 11, MIT 4,066 6, Oxford 11,106 6, Cambridge 12,284 6, LSE 4,254 4, Beijing 14,662 16, Tokyo 15,466 12,

16 Faculty members / researchers Incoming students Proper balance of undergraduate vs. graduate students International dimension John Hudzik It shapes institutional ethos and values and touches the entire higher education enterprise. It is essential that it be embraced by institutional leadership, governance, faculty, students, and all academic service and support units. International students: Harvard (19%) Cambridge (18%) Not only impacts all of campus life but the institution s external frames of reference, partnerships, and relations. COMPREHENSIVE INTERNATIONALIZATION The global reconfiguration of economies, systems of trade, research, and communication, and the impact of global forces on local life, dramatically expand the need for comprehensive internationalization and the motivations and purposes driving it. Foreign professors: Caltech (37%) Harvard (30%) Oxford (36%) Cambridge (33%) John Hudzik 16

17 More than 3.3 million students abroad. It is forecasted that by 2020 there will be 7 million international students Source: OECD and UNESCO Institute for Statistics (for data on non-oecd countries and up to 1995). % OECD average It is forecasted that by 2020 the number will increase to 7 million international students Australia United Kingdom Austria Switzerland New Zealand Belgium Ireland Canada¹ Sweden Denmark Iceland Netherlands Finland Hungary United States Japan Spain Slovak Republic Portugal Norway Slovenia Estonia Poland Chile 17

18 Major players: U.S.A., U.K. and Australia Middle powers: France, Germany, Spain, Italy Evolving destinations:canada, New Zealand, Japan Emerging contenders: Malaysia, China, Singapore Source: Verbik, L. et al. (2007) International Student Mobility: Patterns and Trends. The Observatory on Borderless Higher Education Korea: 4.6% India: 6.8% China: 17.1% Source: OECD Education at a Glance

19 Other OCDE 9% U.S.A. 20% England 14% Germany 12% Austria 2% Italy 2% Swiss 2% Belgium Australia 10% 2% Spain 2% Japan 4% France 9% Students traveling abroad for a short period of time with their imported teacher, remaining together, continuing to speak mainly their own language even while abroad, and having just a superficial glimpse at the foreign culture and people 19

20 Who needs international education anyway? In the 21st Century there will be only two kinds of people: Those who think globally, and those who are looking for work Internationalized curriculum Foreign language competency Dual/joint degrees International certification of competencies International Accreditation Significant presence in relevant international consortia Peter F. Drucker Francisco Marmolejo A good idea, but.. A critical need Source of prestige and $$$ Means for better education About mobility of bodies About mobility of societes Marginal Mainstreamed A priority for tomorrow A priority for yesterday 20

21 Government support 81 (*): GDP equivalent based on PPP Source: OECD. Education at a Glance

22 Government funding Endowments EUA Endowment (Millones USD 2005) Inglaterra Endowment (Millones USD 2005) Harvard University 25,460 Cambridge 6,080 Yale University 15,200 Oxford 5,320 Stanford University 12,160 Edinburgh 340 University of Texas 11,590 Manchester 228 Government funding Endowments Tuition and fees Significant research funding Efficient financial and administrative management practices Princeton University 11,210 Glasgow

23 Used in 100 higher education institutions in MENA countries. Voluntary participation. Institutional level: Review of governance practices compared with self-defined benchmarks National level: Review of overall public policies Expansion to other regions 23

24 TIPO TALENTO RECURSOS GOVERNANZA Universidad de investigación Universidad de Enseñanza U.Tecnológica Universidad Abierta -Estudiantes y profesorado de excelencia. -Enfasis en posgrado Concentración en estudiantes de licenciatura Diversidadde matrícula -Excelente profesorado para enseñanza técnica y pedagogía -Diversidadde alumnado -Excelente profesorado parala enseñanza a distancia All depends of 24

25 There is not a single formula China South Korea Singapur& Malaysia Russia India Mexico Nigeria Chile What may work in one case may not be the best solution in another case Continuing doing things the same way, but expecting to have different results Source: Salmi (2009) 25

26 For every complex problem there is an answer that is clear, simple, and wrong. H. L. Mencken 26

27 Francisco Marmolejo Tertiary Education Coordinator The World Bank Tel. +1 (202)