DEHEMS project. Description of the Professional Domains SCIENCE. Country: Poland

Transcription

1 DEHEMS project Description of the Professional Domains SCIENCE Country: Poland 1

2 Professional domain Science 1 in Poland 1 Study fields/study areas covered by the professional domain Science Science domain, as defined in the DEHEMS project with ISCED codes 42, 44, 46 and 48 (including mathematics and computing) encompasses the following study fields in the Polish education system of higher education (in the descending order of the number of students): Computer science Mathematics Biology Biotechnology Computer science and econometrics Geography Chemistry Physics Geology Oceanography Astronomy Biophysics Acoustics 2 Types of institutions offering programs within the field of Science The following types of HEIs are offering the study fields covered by Business and Economics: universities (uniwersytety), technical universities (wyższe szkoły techniczne), agricultural academies (wyższe szkoły rolnicze), academies of economics (wyższe szkoły ekonomiczne), All these HEI can be divided into public and non public schools. For the domain of science, primarily due to high costs of education, programmes in this study domain are offered mainly by public HEIs. 1 Since the definition provided by WP5 leader includes mathematics and IT, we decided to change the name of the domain to Science. 2

3 3 Quantitative overview 3.1. Number of offered study programs There is a vast diversity of offered study programmes, as any of HEI has possibilities to create their own study programs within defined study fields under compliance to regulations set at the national level by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education Number of HEI offering the program According to the data of Central Statistical Office there are 148 institutions of higher education offering study programs in the field of Science Number of enrolled students (increasing/decreasing?) In the 2008/2009 academic year there were about thousand students in higher education institutions, i.e. by 0,5 % fewer than in the previous year. It was the third successive year to record a decline in the number of students, which could have been influenced to a large extent by demographic changes (from year to year the population aged has been decreasing). Of the total number of students, 6,9% was the number of students in the group Science (Life sciences and Computing). Data shows a decrease of this share from 6.9% to 6.5%. Table 1. Students and graduates by the study field, 2007/ /2009 comparison. Students Graduates 2007/ / / /2008 In thousands: 1937,4 1927,8 410,1 420,9 Of which in % by the study fields 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 Education science and teacher training 12,0 11,8 15,0 15,2 Humanities and Art 8,8 8,2 8,3 8,1 Social Sciences 13,9 13,5 15,0 14,8 Business and Economics 30,7 30,6 35,4 35,3 Law 3,1 3,1 1,9 1,8 Life science 2,0 1,9 2,3 2,3 Computing 4,9 4,6 4,1 3,7 Engineering 6,8 6,9 5,4 5,1 Health 5,8 6,1 5,5 6,4 Other 12,0 13,3 7,1 7,3 Source: Higher Education Institutions and Their Finances in 2008, Central Statistical Office, Warsaw

4 Table 2. Students enrolled in the study field Science, as of Total Public HEI Non public HEI Total BA % Total BA % Female % Acoustics Astronomy Biophysics Biology Chemistry Physics Geography Geology Computer science Computer science and econometrics Mathematics Oceanography Total Source: Higher Education Institutions and Their Finances in 2008, Central Statistical Office, Warsaw Number of graduates (last available cohort) The total number of graduates for the academic year of 2007/2008 is around 420 thousand, of which graduates of Science field constitute 7,2%. Table 3. Graduates in the study field Science, as of Total Female % BA % MA % Other % Full-time Part-time programmes % programmes % Acoustics Astronomy Biophysics Biology Chemistry Physics Geography Geology Computer science Computer science and econometrics Mathematics Oceanography Total Source: Higher Education Institutions and Their Finances in 2008, Central Statistical Office, Warsaw PhD quota Of the overall number of 32,5 thousand PhD students in Poland in the academic year 2008/2009 the highest share was the study field Humanities and Art with 27,9%. The number of PhD students of the study field Science is not available, however it can be approximated by the sum of Life 4

5 science, Physical science and Chemistry which gives the number of PhD students of 3648, which constitutes 11,2% of all PhD students in Poland. Table 4. PhD Student by study field academic year 2008/2009. Total Total Of which females Full-time programmes Of which Total females PhD students Part-time programmes Of which Total females Number of opening PhD courses Total Of which females Total Chemistry Physical science Humanities and Art Health Business and Economics Law Agriculture Technical Theology Life science Other Source: Higher Education Institutions and Their Finances in 2008, Central Statistical Office, Warsaw Gender distribution In the overall number of 1,9 million students, women form a slightly dominating group with a share of 57,0%. In the study field of Science the domination of men is very profound. The fraction of female students is only 31,4% (see table 2). There are however two study fields dominated largely by women: biology and chemistry, having female shares over 70%. The male domination on the other hand is the highest in the computer science, with female share less than 10% Quota of foreign students and students with a migration background Unfortunately there is no detailed data on foreign students broken down by study fields, only the general numbers are available. Of the total number of foreign students reaching 15862, the group Science makes only 4,5% in the number of students and 4,1% in the number of graduates (see table 5). It may be a result of small offer of studies in English offered by Polish HEIs within this field. 5

6 Table 5. Foreign students and graduates, as of Students Graduates SPECIFICATION total females on the first year total females Group Science life science physical science mathematics and statistics Computing Total Source: Higher Education Institutions and Their Finances in 2008, Central Statistical Office, Warsaw Study programmes in the domain of Science Higher education system in Poland leaves HEIs with a high degree of autonomy in terms of the offered study programmes. Although the list of fields of study (kierunki) is defined in the regulation of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education 2, together with a description of so-called minimum curriculum content (minima programowe), HEIs may offer original study programmes as long as they fulfil minimum content criterion. As a result each of HEIs offers individualised programme, often under the name of a (often very narrow) speciality (for instance, field of study: management, speciality: marketing management in professional and tourism services and in media 3 ). Due to a very high number and variety of specialities, it is not possible to list them all in a comprehensive way 4. However, it is possible to focus on characteristics of general fields of studies encompassed by domain of Science. Among 118 official study fields, there are 6 that may be considered to belong to the domain of Science (as defined in DEHEMS project) with a reasonable number of students, covering nearly 90% of all students in the field. These are: Computer science Mathematics Biology Geography Chemistry Physics 2 Currently there are 118 of them. A full list may be found at 3 An example of a field of study and speciality form the Economic Academy in Katowice. 4 Even if it was possible, the individual character of programmes makes them incomparable. 6

7 In the remaining part of the chapter, each of the study programme is briefly characterised in terms of its duration, content and degree that it may lead to. At the end, some information on certificates and licences necessary to carry out some of professions related to Science are presented. 4.1 Computer science General description and duration According to the regulations of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education, the first cycle studies in computer science may lead to bachelor or engineer degree. In the former case they are expected to last at least for 6 semesters and include at least 2000 hours of courses, with the total number of ECTS points equal to at least 180. In the case of engineer degree, the studies should last at least for 7 semesters and include 2300 hours with 210 ECTS points. As for second cycle studies, in case of students holding BA degree, they last at least for 4 semesters and include at least 960 contact hours, with the total number of ECTS points equal to at least 120. In case of engineer degree holders, their second cycle studies should last at least for 3 semesters and include 780 hours of contact hours with at least 90 ECTS points. Formal general curricula: short description It is expected that the graduate in computer science (first cycle studies) has general knowledge in computer science with proficiency in a chosen speciality. He/she should have knowledge and skills to solve IT problems even in non-standard situations - and also be able to give an opinion based on incomplete or limited information subject to legal and ethical principles. He/she should be also able to discuss IT problems, both with IT experts and non-professionals as well as to supervise IT teams. Graduates should have skills to undertake employment in IT companies, state administration and local governments and should be prepared to work in education sector. Engineering graduate should in addition have technical knowledge and skills. He/she should know the basics of construction of modern computers, operating systems, computer networks and databases management. They should be familiar with computer programming and software engineering principles. They should also have basic knowledge in the field of artificial intelligence and computer graphics. They should also know at least one foreign language at the B2 level of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) put together by the Council of Europe and be prepared for undertaking the studies of the second cycle. In case of BA degree, the minimum curriculum contents requires HEIs to offer at least 150 hours (20 ECTS points) of courses on so-called basic content (treści podstawowe) and 600 hours (67 ECTS points) of courses on field-specific content (treści kierunkowe). As for basic content it concludes: mathematics, calculus, linear algebra, probabilistic and statistics. The field-specific contents include: basics of programming, algorithms, computer systems architecture, operational systems, network technologies, programming languages, graphics, artificial intelligence, databases, programming engineering, social and professional problems of IT. There are no specific regulations on the number of course hours devoted to each of these domains. As for engineers, it required that curriculum includes at least 255 hours of basic contents (27 ECTS points) and 660 hours of field-specific contents with physics and technical science compulsory among basic contents. 7

8 Moreover, it is required that students undergo a practical training that should last at least for 3 weeks in case of BA degree and 4 weeks in case of engineering degree. The rules and form of this training is left for HEI to determine. The minimum programme also provides compulsory classes in foreign languages (120 hours, 5 ECTS points) and physical activities (60 hours, with possibly 2 ECTS points). It is required that programmes include at least 60 hours of subjects belonging to Humanities and Art (at least 3 ECTS points). It is formally required that programme includes classes on protection of property rights, occupational health and safety. It is required that at least 50% of the contact hours should be in a form of tutorials, laboratory classes or project seminars. For preparing to a final (BA) examination and preparing an BA thesis, students get 15 ETCS points. In case of engineering studies, programme should include a team engineering project. For his contribution to the engineering project, the effort put into the thesis and preparation for the final exam a student receives 15 ETCS points. As for second cycle studies, it is expected that the graduates have a general knowledge of information technology and demonstrate proficiency in the chosen specialty. They should have knowledge and skills to solve IT problems even in non-standard situations - and also be able to give an opinion based on incomplete or limited information subject to legal and ethical principles. They should be able to discuss issues with both IT experts and non-professionals as well as work as heads of teams. Graduates should have skills that allow them to work in IT companies, state administration and local government and be prepared to work in education. Graduates should get a habit of lifelong learning and professional development and be prepared to undertake research challenges and third degree studies (PhD). The minimum curriculum contents requires HEIs only to offer courses with field-specific contents, which should last for at least 150 contact hours (19 ECTS points) and should include modelling and analysis of IT systems and IT applications. There are no requirements as for practical training, language courses etc. It is required that at least 50% of the contact hours should be in a form of tutorials, laboratory classes or project seminars. For a final (MA) examination and for preparing a (MA) thesis students get 20 ETCS points. Degrees and certificates Programmes offered in the field of computer science include currently programmes leading to three degrees: licencjat (BA), inżynier (engineer, equivalent of BA) after first-cycle programme and magister (equivalent of MA) after second-cycle programme. 4.2 Mathematics General description and duration According to the regulations of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education, the first cycle studies are expected to last at least for 6 semesters and include at least 1800 contact hours, with the total number of ECTS points equal to at least 180. As for second cycle studies, they last at least for 4 semesters and include at least 1000 contact hours, with the total number of ECTS points equal to at least

9 Formal general curricula: short description As for first-cycle studies, graduates should have basic knowledge of mathematics and its applications. Graduates should have skills to: carry out mathematical reasoning (proofs), in particular a clear identification of assumptions and conclusions, to make complex calculations, to present mathematical content in speech and writing, to extract qualitative information with quantitative data, to formulate problems in a terms of mathematics in symbolic form with mathematical models needed in the applications of mathematics and develop them, to use IT tools to solve theoretical and practical mathematical problems. Graduates should be prepared to work in institutions using mathematical models and to teach mathematics. They should know a foreign language at B2 level of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) put together by the Council of Europe and should be able to use specialist language in mathematics. A graduate should be prepared to undertake studies of the second cycle. In the teaching of the mathematical content, it is recommended to use mathematical IT packages and use PC during classes. The national curriculum recommends using elements of mathematical modelling and practical examples of applications of mathematical theories. The minimum curriculum contents requires HEIs to offer at least 690 hours (85 ECTS points) of courses on so-called basic content (treści podstawowe). It includes: introduction to logics, differential and integral calculus, algebra, probability and statistics, informatics and calculation mathematics. Moreover, it is required that students should undergo a practical training that should last at least for 3 weeks. The rules and form of this training is left for HEI to determine. The minimum programme also provides compulsory classes in foreign languages (120 hours, 5 ECTS points), IT skills (30 hours, 2 ECTS points) and physical activities (60 hours, with possibly 2 ECTS points). As for IT skills it is assumed that the content of courses should enable students to pass European Computer Driving License, ECDL). It is required that programmes include at least 60 hours of subjects belonging to Humanities and Art (at least 3 ECTS points). It is required that at least 50% of the contact hours should be in a form of tutorials, laboratory classes or project seminars. For preparing to a final (BA) examination and preparing a BA thesis, students get 10 ETCS points. As for second cycle studies, graduates should have deep knowledge of mathematics and its applications. Graduates should have skills to: carry out mathematical reasoning (proofs), in particular testing mathematical hypotheses, to present mathematical content in speech and writing, building mathematical models, using advanced IT models to solve mathematical problems. The minimum curriculum contents requires HEIs to offer courses with basic (120 hours, 16 ECTS points) and fieldspecific contents (90 hours, 12 ECTS points). The basic content courses include courses in real and complex analysis and topology. Field-specific courses should include number theory, logics, calculus, differential equations, geometry and topology, stochastic methods, discreet mathematics, numerical methods, application of mathematics. There are no requirements as for practical training, language courses etc. It is required that at least 50% of the contact hours should be in a form of tutorials, laboratory classes or project seminars. Programmes should include at least one own student project taken during the studies. It is required 9

10 that at least 50% of the contact hours should be in a form of tutorials, laboratory classes or project seminars. For a final (MA) examination and for preparing a (MA) thesis students get 20 ETCS points. It is recommended to support the teaching through the use of mathematical IT tools, in particular with use of mathematical packages. It is recommended that the hours spent in the basic content, depending on preparation of students, have been used to strengthen the learning outcome of the first degree studies. It is also recommended that students who got credit for required contents during undergraduate studies, have possibility to participate in other classes. Degrees and certificates Programmes offered in the field of mathematics include currently programmes leading to two degrees: licencjat (equivalent of BA) after first-cycle programme and magister (equivalent of MA) after second-cycle programme. 4.3 Biology General description and duration According to the regulations of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education, the first cycle studies in biology are expected to last at least for 6 semesters and include at least 2200 contact hours, with the total number of ECTS points equal to at least 180. As for second cycle studies, they last at least for 4 semesters and include at least 1000 contact hours, with the total number of ECTS points equal to at least 120. Formal general curricula: short description It is expected that graduates (first cycle studies) have knowledge and skills of general issues of biology with strong foundations of mathematics and natural sciences. They should be able to use their knowledge and skills with observance for legal and ethical principles. Graduates should have a professional problem-solving skills and should be able to collect and process information and have good ability for written and oral communication and teamwork. Graduates should be prepared to work in research and diagnostic laboratories and to carry out basic research with use of biological material - in industry, government, nature conservation sites and in education. A graduate should know a foreign language at B2 level of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) put together by the Council of Europe and should be able to use specialist language in biology. A graduate should be prepared to handle the research equipment, for selfdevelopment of their professional skills and to undertake study of the second cycle. The minimum curriculum contents requires HEIs to offer at least 210 hours (22 ECTS points) of courses on so-called basic content (treści podstawowe) and 675 hours (71 ECTS points) of courses on field-specific content (treści kierunkowe). As for basic content it concludes: mathematics, physics, biophysics and chemistry. The field-specific contents include the following: molecular biology and biotechnology, structure, functions and development of living organisms, evolution and environmental biology. 10

11 Moreover, it is required that students should undergo a practical training that should last at least for 3 weeks. The rules and form of this training is left for HEI to determine. The minimum programme also provides compulsory classes in foreign languages (120 hours, 5 ECTS points), IT skills (30 hours, 2 ECTS points) and physical activities (60 hours, with possibly 2 ECTS points). As for IT skills it is assumed that the content of courses should enable students to pass European Computer Driving License, ECDL). It is required that programmes include at least 60 hours of subjects belonging to Humanities and Art or economics (at least 3 ECTS points). It is required that at least 50% of the contact hours should be in a form of tutorials, laboratory classes or outdoor classes. The curriculum should included classes on protection of intellectual property rights, occupational health and safety and ergonomics. For preparing to a final (BA) examination and preparing a BA thesis students get 10 ETCS points. As for second cycle studies, it is expected that the graduates possess an extended comparing to the first cycle studies - knowledge of biology and expertise in a chosen specialty. They should have theoretical knowledge, allowing for description and explanation of processes and phenomena occurring in nature. Graduates should be prepared to work in research and diagnostic laboratories and to carry out basic research with use of biological material - in industry, government, nature conservation sites and in education. A graduate should be prepared to undertake study of the third cycle (PhD). Similarly to the first-cycle studies, the minimum curriculum contents requires HEIs to offer courses with basic and field-specific contents. As for basic content courses, they should include at least 75 contact hours (8 ECTS points) and should include methodology of natural sciences, statistical methods in biology and bioethics. As for field-specific courses, they should include at least 120 hours (12 ECTS points) from the following: microscope techniques, in vitro methods, paleobiology, phylogenesis and reconstruction techniques, bioinformatics, plants ecology, hydrobiology, techniques of marking of biological molecules, evolutionary econology, endocrinology, human genetics, biogeography. There are no requirements as for practical training, language courses etc. It is required that at least 60% of the contact hours should be in a form of tutorials, laboratory classes or outdoor classes. For a final (MA) examination and for preparing a (MA) thesis students get 20 ETCS points. Degrees and certificates Programmes offered in the field of biology include currently programmes leading to two degrees: licencjat (equivalent of BA) after first-cycle programme and magister (equivalent of MA) after second-cycle programme Biotechnology General description and duration 11

12 There are two types of approach to the organization of studies in biotechnology. One approach leads to obtaining an Engineer (inżynier) degree (programmes offered by technical universities). The other leads to BA degree (licencjat) and is offered by other types of HEI. According to the regulations of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education, the first cycle studies in biotechnology leading to BA degree are expected to last at least for 6 semesters and include at least 2200 hours of courses, with the total number of ECTS points equal to at least 180. As for second cycle studies, they last at least for 4 semesters and include at least 1000 contact hours, with the total number of ECTS points equal to at least 120. The first cycle studies in biotechnology leading to Engineer degree are expected to last at least for 7 semesters and include at least 2400 hours of courses, with the total number of ECTS points equal to at least 210. As for second cycle studies, they last at least for 3 semesters (for graduates with engineer degree) and include at least 900 contact hours, with the total number of ECTS points equal to at least 90. Formal general curricula: short description Graduates (first cycle studies) are prepared for interacting between technology and modern methods of experimental biology and to undertake tasks that require interdisciplinary collaboration with specialists from other fields. Graduates with BA degree should be prepared to work in biotechnology and related industries, working in research laboratories, testing and diagnostics, performance analysis of the basic and fundamental research using biological materials, handling test apparatus and/or technological equipment and develop their own professional skills. Graduates with Engineer degree should be prepared to work in biotech industry and related industries, working in research laboratories, monitoring and diagnostics, performance analysis of the basic and fundamental research using biological material, the use of technological equipment and test equipment; of biotechnological processes and develop their own professional skills. Graduates should know at least one foreign language at the B2 level of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) put together by the Council of Europe and be prepared for undertaking the studies of the second cycle. Table 6. Minimum curriculum content for biotechnology first cycle studies First cycle studies BA (licencjat) degree Engineer degree hours ECTS points hours ECTS points Basic curriculum content Mathematics Physics and biophysics Chemistry Field-specific curriculum content Experimental biology 2. Biological aspects of biotechnology 3. Technological aspects of biotechnology 12

13 Moreover, it is required that students should undergo a practical training that should last at least for 4 weeks. The rules and form of this training is left for HEI to determine. The minimum programme also provides compulsory classes in foreign languages (120 hours, 5 ECTS points), IT skills (30 hours, 2 ECTS points) and physical activities (60 hours, with possibly 2 ECTS points). English language is strongly suggested. As for IT skills it is assumed that the content of courses should enable students to pass European Computer Driving License, ECDL). It is formally required that programme include classes on protection of property rights, occupational health and safety, ergonomics. It is required that programmes include at least 60 hours of subjects belonging to Humanities and Art (at least 3 ECTS points). Engineer first-cycle programs should include engineer drawing classes. It is required that at least 50% of the contact hours should be in a form of tutorials, laboratory classes or project seminars. For preparing to a final (BA) examination and preparing a BA thesis students get 10 ETCS points. For preparing to a final engineer examination and preparing an engineering project, students get 15 ETCS points. The knowledge of English is recommended. It is also recommended to provide classes on use of modern computer techniques in biotechnology. As for second cycle studies, it is expected that graduates should have the theoretical knowledge that allows the description and explanation of processes and phenomena occurring in nature and everyday life, as well as the expertise knowledge of the field. Graduates should be prepared to use its expertise in the development and optimization of biotechnological processes, design and conduct of processes aimed at obtaining products with desired characteristics, design and conduct experiments, and conduct research in biotechnology. Graduates should be prepared to work in units of study and research facilities of the biotechnology industry and related industries, research laboratories, testing and diagnostic centers. Graduate should acquire habits of lifelong learning and professional development and be prepared to undertake research challenges and take the third cycle studies (PhD). Similarly to the first-cycle studies, the minimum curriculum contents requires HEIs to offer courses with basic and field-specific contents. As for basic content courses, they should last for at least 30 contact hours (3 ECTS points) and should include methodology of experimental research (30 hours). The field-specific courses should include at least 120 hours of courses (15 ECTS points) covering: ecological, social and economic aspects of biotechnology. There are no requirements as for practical training, language courses etc. It is required that at least 50% of the contact hours should be in a form of tutorials, laboratory classes or project seminars. For a final (MA) examination and for preparing a (MA) thesis students get 20 ETCS points. Degrees and certificates Programmes offered in the field of biotechnology include currently programmes leading to two degrees: licencjat (BA) and inżynier after first-cycle programme and magister (equivalent of MA) after second-cycle programme. 13

14 4.5. Geography General description and duration According to the regulations of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education, the first cycle studies in geography are expected to last at least for 6 semesters and include at least 1800 hours of courses, with the total number of ECTS points equal to at least 180. As for second cycle studies, they last at least for 4 semesters and include at least 800 contact hours, with the total number of ECTS points equal to at least 120. Formal general curricula: short description It is expected that graduates in geography (first cycle studies) have basic knowledge of geography and understand the relationships in the human-nature functioning. They know the fundamental processes in nature, society and economy; have the ability to use the results of analysis and information about natural and man-made phenomena and processes for the comprehensive management and space management. Graduates are prepared to work in institutions dealing with the natural environment, its evolution and conservation, working in institutions dealing with land use, living conditions of people and the organization of social and economic activity. They are prepared to work as teachers in education - after completing the teaching specialty (in accordance with the standards of training to work as a teacher). Graduates should know a foreign language at B2 level of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) put together by the Council of Europe and should be able to use specialist language in finance and accounting. A graduate be prepared to undertake study of the second cycle. The minimum curriculum contents requires HEIs to offer at least 210 hours (28 ECTS points) of courses on so-called basic content (treści podstawowe) and 450 hours (61 ECTS points) of courses on field-specific content (treści kierunkowe). As for basic content it concludes: basics of geography (30 hours), astronomical foundations of geography (30 hours), geographic information systems (30 hours), mathematics and statistics (30 hours), physics and chemistry of the earth (30 hours), economics (30 hours) and sociology (30 hours). The field-specific contents should include: geomorphology, hydrology and oceanography, meteorology and climatology, economic geography, social geography, geography of settlements, political geography, Polish regional geography, world regional geography, geology, cartography and topography, soil science and soil geography, shaping and protection of environment, spatial economics, spatial planning, teledetection. There are no specific regulations on the number of course hours devoted to each of these domains. Moreover, it is required that students should undergo a practical training that should last at least for 3 weeks. The rules and form of this training is left for HEI to determine. The minimum programme also provides compulsory classes in foreign languages (120 hours, 5 ECTS points), IT skills (30 hours, 2 ECTS points) and physical activities (60 hours, with possibly 2 ECTS points). English language is strongly suggested. As for IT skills it is assumed that the content of courses should enable students to pass European Computer Driving License, ECDL). It is formally required that programme include classes on protection of property rights, occupational health and safety and ergonomics. It is required that programmes include at least 60 hours of subjects belonging to Humanities and Art (at 14

15 least 3 ECTS points). It is required that the curriculum offers terrain classes. For preparing to a final (BA) examination and preparing a BA thesis, students get 10 ETCS points. As for second cycle studies, it is expected that graduates have advanced graduate and professional knowledge of geography, enriched with background knowledge in the area of science, sociology, economics and natural sciences. Graduates know how to analyze the phenomena and processes of natural, economic and social conditions in different levels - global, regional and local. Graduates have the skills of a comprehensive environmental assessment of human life and the creative use of knowledge in professional work. They are prepared to perform management functions and to work in education - after completing teacher specialization (according to the standards of education that prepares them for work as a teacher). Graduates are prepared to undertake the third cycle studies (PhD). The minimum curriculum contents requires HEIs to offer courses with basic and field-specific contents. As for basic content courses, they should include at least 60 contact hours (8 ECTS points) and should include methodology of research in geography, philosophy. As for field-specific courses, they should include at least 120 hours (16 ECTS points) of the following: global problems of socioeconomic geography, global problems of physical geography. It is required that the curriculum offers terrain classes. For a final (MA) examination and for preparing a (MA) thesis students get 20 ETCS points. Degrees and certificates Programmes offered in the field of geography include currently programmes leading to two degrees: licencjat (equivalent of BA) after first-cycle programme and magister (equivalent of MA) after second-cycle programme Chemistry General description and duration There are two approaches to the organization of studies in chemistry. One approach leads to obtaining an Engineer (inżynier) degree (programmes offered by technical universities). The other leads to BA degree (licencjat) and is offered by other types of HEI. According to the regulations of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education, the first cycle studies in chemistry leading to BA degree are expected to last at least for 6 semesters and include at least 2200 hours of courses, with the total number of ECTS points equal to at least 180. As for second cycle studies, they last at least for 4 semesters and include at least 1000 contact hours, with the total number of ECTS points equal to at least 120. The first cycle studies in chemistry leading to Engineer degree are expected to last at least for 7 semesters and include at least 2500 hours of courses, with the total number of ECTS points equal to at least 210. As for second cycle studies, they last at least for 3 semesters (for graduates with engineer degree) and include at least 900 contact hours, with the total number of ECTS points equal to at least 90. Formal general curricula: short description 15

16 Graduates of the BA studies (first cycle) should possess the knowledge and skills of general issues of chemistry, based on grounds of mathematical and natural sciences. In professional work they should know how to utilize their knowledge and skills and to observe ethical rules and regulations of the law and in particular those of receiving, analyzing, characterizing and safe use of chemical products, processing of the waste and to promote balanced development. Graduate should possess skills of solving problems gathering and processing written and oral communication and team work. Graduates of chemistry with engineer degree should possess the ability to use knowledge of basic concepts of chemistry and chemical technology, based on broad-based mathematics, natural sciences and engineering and use this knowledge in their work - in particular in the preparation and safe use of chemicals, the handling of goods worn and waste management, promote sustainable development, actively participate in group work, targeting groups of people performing the tasks assigned, use the professional literature and legislation in the field of business. Graduates should know the basic processes - in particular, environment friendly processes, as well as the ability to interpret quantitative description of basic physical and chemical phenomena, conduct laboratory work and the organization safely and effectively operating positions for such work. Graduates should know at least one foreign language at the B2 level of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) put together by the Council of Europe and be able to use the specialist language of chemistry. Graduates should be prepared to work in the chemical and allied industries, small manufacturing, administration and education - after completing the teaching specialty (in accordance with the standards of education that prepares them for work as a teacher). Graduates should be prepared for undertaking the studies of the second cycle. Table 6. Minimum curriculum content for first cycle studies of chemistry First cycle studies BA (licencjat) degree Engineer degree hours ECTS points hours ECTS points Basic curriculum content Mathematics Physics Biochemistry and biology Chemistry Field-specific curriculum content Source: Regulation of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education. Moreover, it is required that students should undergo a practical training that should last at least for 3 weeks for BA studies and at least 6 weeks for engineer studies. The rules and form of this training is left for HEI to determine. The minimum programme also provides compulsory classes in foreign languages (120 hours, 5 ECTS points), IT skills (30 hours, 2 ECTS points) and physical activities (60 hours, with possibly 2 ECTS points). English language is strongly suggested. As for IT skills it is assumed that the content of courses should enable students to pass European Computer Driving License, ECDL). It is formally required that programme include classes on protection of property rights, occupational health and safety, ergonomics. It is required that programmes include at least 16

17 60 hours of subjects belonging to economics or Humanities and Art (at least 3 ECTS points). Engineer first-cycle programs should include engineer drawing classes. It is required that at least 60% of the contact hours should be in a form of tutorials, laboratory classes or project seminars. For preparing to a final (BA) examination and preparing a BA thesis students get 10 ETCS points. For preparing to a final engineer examination and preparing an engineering project, students get 15 ETCS points. The knowledge of English is recommended. As for second cycle studies, it is expected that graduates should have enhanced as compared to first degree - knowledge of chemistry and demonstrate proficiency in a chosen specialty. Should have knowledge and skills to solve chemical problems - including non-standard situations - and also be able to give an opinion based on incomplete or limited information subject to legal and ethical principles. Should be able to discuss issues with experts, both chemical and non-professionals as well as to organize group work and guide the teamwork. Graduates should possess skills to work in the chemical and allied industries in the state and local administration and be prepared to work in education (after completion of special teacher courses - in accordance with the standards of education that prepares them for work as a teacher). Graduates should be instilled habits of lifelong learning and professional development and be prepared to undertake research challenges and take the third cycle studies (PhD). Similarly to the first-cycle studies, the minimum curriculum contents requires HEIs to offer courses with basic and field-specific contents. As for basic content courses, they should last for at least 150 contact hours (15 ECTS points) and should include theoretical chemistry (75 hours) and instrumental analysis (75 hours). The field-specific courses should include at least 90 hours of courses (9 ECTS points) covering: spectroscopy and crystallography. There are no requirements as for practical training, language courses etc. It is required that at least 60% of the contact hours should be in a form of tutorials, laboratory classes or project seminars. For a final (MA) examination and for preparing a (MA) thesis students get 20 ETCS points. Degrees and certificates Programmes offered in the field of chemistry include currently programmes leading to two degrees: licencjat (BA) and inżynier (Engineer) after first-cycle programme and magister (equivalent of MA) after second-cycle programme Physics General description and duration According to the regulations of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education, the first cycle studies in physics are expected to last at least for 6 semesters and include at least 2000 hours of courses, with the total number of ECTS points equal to at least 180. As for second cycle studies, they last at least for 4 semesters and include at least 1000 contact hours, with the total number of ECTS points equal to at least

18 Formal general curricula: short description Graduates in physics (first cycle studies) should have a general knowledge of physics based on the fundamental grounds of mathematical and natural sciences. They have the ability to understand the physical phenomena, the use of modern measuring equipment, and technical diagnostic systems. They can collect, process and transmit information. Graduates are prepared to work in laboratories, research centres, R&D and diagnostic services and education - after completing special teacher courses (in accordance with the standards of education that prepares them for work as a teacher). They have ability to operate and supervise the equipment whose operation requires a basic knowledge of physics. Graduates should know at least one foreign language at the B2 level of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) put together by the Council of Europe and be prepared for undertaking the studies of the second cycle. The minimum curriculum contents requires HEIs to offer at least 360 hours (41 ECTS points) of courses on so-called basic content (treści podstawowe) and 300 hours (35 ECTS points) of courses on field-specific content (treści kierunkowe). As for basic content it concludes: mathematics (150 hours), physics (180 hours) and astronomy (30 hours). The field-specific contents include: Electrodynamics, foundations of quantum physics, physical laboratory classes, classical and relativistic mechanics, thermodynamics and statistical physics. There are no specific regulations on the number of course hours devoted to each of these domains. Moreover, it is required that students should undergo a practical training that should last at least for 3 weeks. The rules and form of this training is left for HEI to determine. The minimum programme also provides compulsory classes in foreign languages (120 hours, 5 ECTS points), IT skills (30 hours, 2 ECTS points) and physical activities (60 hours, with possibly 2 ECTS points). English language is strongly suggested. As for IT skills it is assumed that the content of courses should enable students to pass European Computer Driving License, ECDL). It is formally required that programme include classes on protection of property rights, occupational health and safety and ergonomics. It is required that programmes include at least 60 hours of subjects belonging to Humanities and Art or economics (at least 3 ECTS points). It is required that at least 50% of the contact hours should be in a form of tutorials, laboratory classes or project seminars. For preparing to a final (BA) examination and preparing an (BA) engineering project, students get 10 ETCS points. The knowledge of English is recommended. As for second cycle studies, it is expected that a graduate will have an advanced as compared to the first cycle studies - general knowledge of the physical sciences and expertise in a chosen specialty. Graduate has the knowledge and skills for defining and solving physical problems - both routine and custom; is able to use the literature and discuss with experts, both professional and nonprofessionals. Graduate has the knowledge and skills to work in: research entities, diagnostic laboratories, the economy and education (after completion of special teacher courses - in accordance with the standards of education that prepares them for work as a teacher). Graduate should acquire habits of lifelong learning and professional development and be prepared to undertake research challenges and take the third cycle studies (PhD). The minimum curriculum contents requires HEIs to offer courses with basic and field-specific contents. As for basic content courses, they should last for at least 90 contact hours (10 ECTS points) 18

19 and should include physical laboratory classes. The field-specific courses should include at least 240 hours of courses (27 ECTS points) covering: theoretical physics, condensed matter physics and quantum physics. There are no requirements as for practical training, language courses etc. It is required that at least 50% of the contact hours should be in a form of tutorials, laboratory classes or project seminars. For a final (MA) examination and for preparing a (MA) thesis students get 20 ETCS points. Degrees and certificates Programmes offered in the field of physics include currently programmes leading to two degrees: bachelor (licencjat, equivalent of BA) after first-cycle programme and magister (equivalent of MA) after second-cycle programme. 5. Please summarize the general impact of Bologna on this study field as well as the general issues discussed in this regard Science is a field of higher education where HEIs and state are the main stakeholders. The state sets the general framework of the education process, sets the curriculum minima and supervises HEIs and the quality of the studies. Recently, The State has tried also to impact the structure of the students population by implementing the programme of promoted field of study. This action aims at ensuring a sufficient supply of suitably qualified science professionals. The program includes incentive scholarships for top students of 1000 PLN and additional funding to the HEIs in order to increase the attractiveness of education by organizing courses for students such as additional courses in mathematics and physics, courses in English, science camps, classes conducted by prominent experts from different disciplines, courses providing additional qualifications and professional qualifications, study visits to enterprises offering employment of graduates. Currently there are 14 fields of study, out of which 5 belongs to the domain of science: biotechnology, chemistry, physics, IT, mathematics. However, the biggest role in this field is played by HEIs they formulate individualized study programmes, adding their own specifics (staff resources and their scientific interest). It is also characteristic for this field is relatively small role played by employers and business sector in particular. Generally graduates are employed in academic world, at schools with relatively small number finding job in business sector. As for the Bologna process, its implementation is far advanced. Its key dimensions are summarised in the table below. Table 7. The progress of Bologna process implementation: specifics of HE in social sciences Target area General level of Science specifics implementation Transparent and comparable Implemented - degrees through the implementation of the Diploma Supplement 3-cycle studies Implemented - 19