The Pay Gap in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) Professions

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1 The Pay Gap in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) Professions Before Congress passed the Equal Pay Act of 1963, women were earning just 59 cents for every dollar earned by men 1 who performed equal work in the same establishments and under similar working conditions. The law is part of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 and prohibits discrimination on the basis of sex in the payment of wages by employers 2. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, in 2006, women were earning about 77 cents on average for every dollar earned by men 1, meaning that over the past forty years, the wage gap has only been closing at an alarmingly slow rate of less than half a cent per year. Studies on salary equities show that U.S. women, employed across all disciplines and employment sectors, continue to earn less than their male peers. In 2003, women employed in research, science and technology occupations, for example, earned about 89 cents for every dollar earned by their male colleagues 3. While the reasons behind the pay gap have ranged from factors such as occupational segregation and differences in education, experience or time in the workforce, a significant portion remains unexplained and may be attributable to sex discrimination 4. Whatever the cause(s), the consequences due to salary inequities are undoubtedly affecting not just all members of society, but also the U.S. economy at large. The Association for Women in Science (AWIS) believes that strengthening current laws, such as the Equal Pay Act and Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, and passing new legislation that addresses the wage gap are key steps to improving equity in the workplace, including gender equity. AWIS believes that with a growing number of women entering the workforce, particularly in the STEM fields, closing the wage gap now will help ensure equal opportunity for women in the workforce, including the science and technology marketplace. AWIS calls on Congress to take action towards achieving pay equity across all fields and employment sectors; including the science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) occupations. Using data reports from the Commission on Professionals in Science and Technology (CPST), the National Science Foundation, the American Association of University Professors and the U.S. Department of Education, AWIS presents the following summary of salary differences between men and women employed in the STEM professions while highlighting three major findings: 1. Women in the STEM professions experience salary inequities from an early point in their careers. 2. The salary differences between men and women in STEM vary significantly with years of experience and field of employment. 3. Pay gaps occur across all employment sectors, but vary within each STEM field.

2 From the beginning of their professional careers, women in STEM experience pay inequities. As noted in the 2007 report by the American Association of University Women (AAUW), Behind the Pay Gap, most women employed in any field do not realize that even one year out of college, the pay gap has already been established 4. Recent female college graduates employed full-time earn less than recent male college graduates who majored in the same field and perform equal work 4. For example, a woman who majored in mathematics, a male dominated field, may earn about 76% as much as her male peer 4. Similarly, a woman who majored in biology, a mixed-gender field, may earn, on average, about 75% of the salary earned by her male peer 4. In 2004, the median annual starting salaries of inexperienced women with MS s in chemical engineering employed full-time across all employers were 75.6% of the earnings of men with similar backgrounds. The following figure shows the average weekly earnings of Bachelor s degree recipients employed full time in 2001, by gender and occupation: Source: AAUW, figure obtained from the U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Baccalaureate and Beyond Longitudinal Study.

3 Women who earned Bachelor s degrees in comprised approximately 41% of those employed full-time in research, science, or technology occupations in 2001, yet their average weekly earnings were only 82% of the salary earned by their male colleagues. While women comprised 29% of those employed full-time in computer science jobs in 2001, they earned about 92% of what men in the same occupations made. Engineering, software engineering, and architecture are a rare set of occupations that start off with approximately equal pay between men and women. Even though women comprised a mere 16% of those employed in these occupations in 2001, they earned slightly more than their male peers (105% the salary of men s) at the start of their careers. In summary, within different STEM occupations, starting salaries vary considerably, with pay parity reached among recent engineering Bachelor s degree recipients but with wide pay gaps in the research science occupations. There is no consistent relationship between the proportion of women college graduates entering STEM occupations and the pay gap 4. For example, while women make up 29% of those employed in computer science professions, they experience a similar pay gap as women employed in administrative professions, which are comprised of 72% women (that is about 92% and 93% respectively) 4. Moving up the educational/career ladder, salary differences between men and women in STEM change dramatically. The median annual salaries of women with Bachelor s degrees in the biological, agricultural, and environmental life sciences, employed full-time in 2003, were about 89% of the salaries of men with equal educational credentials and experience employed in the same occupation 5. Women with Master s degrees in this field earned 94% as much as men, while women with Ph.D.s earned merely 80%. The following table shows the median salaries of civil engineers by years of experience and sex, 2004: SALARIES OF CIVIL ENGINEERS (2004) Years of Experience Male Female Women s Salaries as a % of Men s 0-2 $44,000 $45, % ,600 47, ,000 53, ,000 58, ,580 59, ,800 75, ,000 69, Source: CPST, data derived from CE News Online, 7 th Annual CE News Civil Engineering Salary Survey, 2005.

4 Women in civil engineering began with slightly higher earnings than men civil engineers. However, the pay differences changed significantly with years of experience, with an overall downward trend, particularly for those with and years of experience. The following table shows the median annual salaries of full-time employed chemists in industry by years since baccalaureate, degree level and sex, (2005): Years Since Baccalaureate Men Women SALARIES OF CHEMISTS IN INDUSTRY (2005) Bachelor s Master s Ph.D. Women s Women s Salaries Salaries as a % of Men Women as a % of Men Women Men s Men s Women s Salaries as a % of Men s 0-1 $38,000 $38, % ,000 44, $51, ,000 52, $61,400 58, % $82,000 $80, % ,400 60, ,000 70, ,000 89, ,000 70, ,000 78, ,500 93, ,000 72, ,000 79, , , ,000 82, ,000 83, , , ,000 76, ,000 94, , , ,000 68, ,000 85, , , ,537 59, ,000 74, , , Notes: Data from members of the American Chemical Society only. Blanks indicate too few respondents to report data. Source: CPST, data derived from American Chemical Society, 2005 ACS ChemCensus Women chemists in industry with greater years since achieving their baccalaureates experienced, on average, greater pay gaps, regardless of degree level, particularly with 40 or more years. The pay gap is observed across all STEM employment sectors (universities, private, government, and other sectors). Women doctoral scientists employed full-time across all employment sectors in the biological/agricultural and other life sciences in 2003 earned median annual salaries of about 87% of the salaries of their male colleagues. Women employed as physical scientists by the federal government earned about 80% of the salary of men employed in the same sector; in universities and four-year colleges, the pay gap was about 82%; in the private for-profit sector, it was 89%; and in the private not-for-profit sector, the pay gap was about 90% 5.

5 The following table shows the median annual salaries of doctoral scientists and engineers employed full-time in universities and 4-year colleges by broad field of doctorate, sex and tenure status (2003): SALARIES OF FACULTY IN STEM DISCIPLINES (2003) Tenured On Tenure Track Not on Tenure Track Physical Sciences $80,000 $53,400 $59,000 Male 83,000 54,100 61,000 Female 63,000 51,300 55,000 Engineering 94,400 70,000 62,000 Male 95,000 70,000 70,000 Female 80,000 70,000 52,000 Biological/Agricultural & 84,000 63,000 60,000 Environ. Life Sci. Male 85,000 65,000 63,000 Female 80,000 58,300 56,000 Mathematics and Statistics 76,000 52,300 49,500 Male 78,000 52,400 50,000 Female 73,000 52,300 49,000 Computer & Information 84,000 72,000 72,000 Sciences Male 83,100 71,000 78,600 Female 84,000 74,200 Notes: Blank indicates too few cases to report. Source: CPST, data derived from NSF, 2003 Survey of Doctorate Recipients Women faculty across all science and engineering disciplines earned less than men in the same faculty ranks, with the exceptions of women in computer science, who made slightly higher earnings than men, and women on the tenure track in engineering, who earned salaries equal to those of men on tenure-track. The following table shows the average salaries of women faculty employed at U.S. universities in , by institutional affiliation and academic rank, as a percentage of the salaries earned by men holding the same positions. (Category I, Doctoral only): Public Universities Private Independent Universities Academic Rank Women s Salaries as a % of Men s Women s Salaries as a % of Men s Professor 90.7% 91.9% Associate Professor Assistant Professor Instructor Lecturer Source: American Association of University Professors, The Annual Report on the Economic Status of the Profession, While women in all of the academic ranks earned less than their male colleagues, women lecturers experienced the widest pay gap, regardless of the type of institution. Pay inequities are present in both public and private academic institutions.

6 The following table shows the median annual salaries of doctoral physical scientists employed full-time at universities and 4-year colleges by gender and faculty rank (2003): SALARIES OF PhD PHYSICAL SCIENTISTS, BY ACADEMIC RANK (2003) Physicists Full Professor Associate Assistant Instructor/Lecturer Professor Professor Male $94,000 $63,500 $53,000 $45,000 Female $85,700 $57,000 $51,000 $39,000 Source: CPST, data obtained from the National Science Foundation, 2003 Survey of Doctorate Recipients Across the academic ranks, women faculty in the physical sciences earned less than men holding the same positions. References 1 National Committee on Pay-equity. The Wage Gap Over Time: In Real Dollars, Women See a Continuing Gap. Available from 2 The Equal Pay Act of Retrieved April 1, 2008 from 3 U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics baccalaureate and beyond longitudinal study. Washington, DC. Data available from 4 American Association of University Women Educational Foundation Behind the Pay Gap. Washington, DC. Available from 5 Commission on Professionals in Science and Technology Salaries of Scientists, Engineers and Technicians: A Summary of Salary Surveys, 22 nd Edition. Prepared by N. Bell, N. M. Di Fabio, and L. M. Frehill, Washington, DC: Commission on Professionals in Science and Technology.

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