ACADEMIA AND CLINIC. Methods
|
|
- Ethelbert Spencer
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 ACADEMIA AND CLINIC Career Differences between Primary Care and Traditional Trainees in Internal Medicine and Pediatrics John Noble, MD; Robert H. Friedman, MD; Barbara Starfield, MD; Arlene Ash, PhD; and Charlyn Black, MD, ScD Objective: To assess the relation of Primary Care Residency Training to career choice, board certification, and practice location of internists and pediatricians. Design: Cohort study with up to 8 years of follow-up. Setting: The United States. Participants: The residents trained in all internal medicine (13 750) and pediatrics (4183) residency programs between 1977 and 1982 were studied using information from the National Resident Matching Program, the AMA Physician Masterfile, the Area Resource File, and a telephone survey. Measurements: Career choice, board certification, and practice location were studied in relation to five explanatory variables: type of residency (primary care or traditional track), gender, year of medical school graduation, educational orientation of the teaching hospital, and medical school prestige. Main Results: Graduates of primary care residency training programs chose careers in generalist primary care significantly more often than did graduates of traditional tracks in both internal medicine (72% compared with 54%) and pediatrics (88% and 81%, respectively; P < for both values). Board certification rates in internal medicine were statistically higher for graduates of primary care training programs (80%) than for graduates of traditional programs (76%, P = 0.002) but were not statistically significant for both groups of pediatric graduates. Graduates of primary care programs in pediatrics and internal medicine practiced in medically less served communities more often than did graduates of traditional programs. Conclusion: Graduates of primary care residency training programs in internal medicine and pediatrics differ from graduates of traditional residency programs in career choices, board certification rates, and practice locations. Annals of Internal Medicine. 1992;116: From Boston University School of Medicine and Boston City Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; and the Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland. For current author addresses, see end of text. A national study of all residency training programs in internal medicine and pediatrics was conducted to assess differences in career choices between primary care trainees and other graduates within each discipline. We compared the graduates of federally funded primary care residencies, nonfederally funded primary care programs, and traditional residency programs. Outcomes of training included the choice of a generalist-primary care career, board certification, and the location of practice in medically underserved areas. The purpose of this study was to assess the outcomes of primary care training and the relevance of these programs to reforms in the traditional residency curricula of internal medicine and pediatrics to better meet the nation's need for primary care physicians. Methods Participants We studied physicians who participated in the National Residency Matching Program (NRMP) during the years and who entered practice in internal medicine or pediatrics by The Trainee File, obtained from the NRMP, contained records on such physicians; trained in internal medicine and 4183 trained in pediatrics. This file was merged with data abstracted from the American Medical Association's (AMA) Physician Masterfile on practicing internists and pediatricians. The AMA file contained data on physicians who received any residency training in either of the two specialties between 1975 and 1985 and who had provided information in 1985 regarding their practice specialties, board certification status, and practice location. For each person in the file, available information included: gender, medical school and year of graduation, type of residency program (internal medicine or pediatrics), sponsoring institution (teaching hospital), and 1985 information regarding the physician's practice specialty, board certification status, and practice location. Most trainees were U.S. medical graduates; only 2% had attended medical schools outside of the United States. This preliminary Trainee File was prepared for analysis by removing records on persons who left internal medicine or pediatrics after 1 year to study other medical specialties (usually after completing a 1-year preliminary residency program). Records with missing values for any of the explanatory or outcome variables used in the multivariate analyses were deleted. Sensitivity analyses showed that these choices did not affect study conclusions (1). Outcome Variables Three outcome variables were studied: career choice, board certification status, and practice location. Career choice was classified as either generalist or subspecialist based on the self-designation of practice specialty by physicians responding to the 1985 AMA Physician Questionnaire. In pediatrics, only two subspecialties (cardiology and allergy) were included in the 1985 Masterfile. Some pediatric subspecialists were therefore classified as generalists in this study. Those who passed the general certifying examination in internal medicine or pediatrics were considered board certified. Practice location was a American College of Physicians
2 Table 1. Frequency of Generalist Career Choice by Graduates of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics Residency Training Programs Type of Residency Program Internal Medicine Pediatrics Number Generalists, % Number Generalists, % Traditional All primary care Federally funded primary care Nonfederally funded primary care * 72 72t * 88 89f * Differences between traditional and primary care programs are significant at P < for both internal medicine and pediatrics. t Differences between federally and nonfederally funded programs are not significant in either specialty. continuous variable defined as the density of physicians in the county in which the physician practiced (number per population derived from the Area Resource File of the United States Department of Health and Human Services [USD- HHS]). To introduce physician density within the county of medical practice to the Trainee File, zip codes in the Area Resource File were matched with those of physician addresses in the Trainee File. Unfortunately, the federal Health Manpower Shortage Area (HMSA) designation could not be used because it does not conform to census, zip code, or other national data sets of either population or geography. Explanatory Variables Five explanatory variables were studied: the type of residency program (traditional or primary care, and if primary care, federally or nonfederally funded), gender, the year of medical school graduation, the educational orientation of the principal teaching hospital, and the prestige of the medical school affiliated with that hospital. The purpose of the study was to investigate the association between the type of residency training and the three outcome variables. The other four explanatory variables were included because they have been shown to affect one or more of the study outcomes (2). The classification of a residency program as traditional or primary care was determined by written responses to questionnaires mailed to all residency program directors in internal medicine and pediatrics in 1986 and was confirmed by telephone interviews. For training programs with only a single track (either traditional or primary care) and programs with both tracks but separate NRMP match numbers for each track, the training program type for each physician in the Trainee File was determined using the physician's NRMP match number. For dualtrack programs that used only one NRMP match number for both primary care and traditional trainees, residents were identified in each track using the names of all primary care residents obtained from the program directors. To capture the educational orientation of the hospital with which each resident's training program was affiliated, we used the Kelly Typology (3). Hospitals were categorized as follows: 1 = nonteaching hospital; 2 = regional hospital; 3 = major academic affiliated hospital; and 4 = one of the 100 largest teaching centers. The prestige of the medical school associated with each training program was obtained from Cole and Upton's national study of the opinions of full-time medical school faculty (4). This Prestige Rank Scale was coded on an ordinal scale of 1 to 4 in which 4 indicated a teaching hospital affiliated primarily with a medical school in the highest prestige quartile. Prestige rank scores were attached to the Trainee File by linking each hospital with the score of the medical school most closely affiliated with it, as determined from the 1985 NRMP Directory. Statistical Analysis Analyses were done separately for internal medicine and pediatrics. Within each discipline, analyses were done for all trainees, comparing graduates of primary care programs with graduates of traditional programs. Separate analyses examined only graduates of primary care programs, and compared those in federally-funded programs with those in programs without such funding. Associations between type of training (primary care compared with traditional and federally funded compared with nonfederally funded) and choice of practice specialty (generalist or subspecialist), and the relations between training type and board certification (certified or not) were tested using chisquare analysis. The relation between the type of training and the number of physicians per capita in the physician's county of practice were tested using the Student Mest. The joint effects of the five explanatory variables on the three outcomes of interest were explored using linear and logistic regression analyses with stepwise fitting. To detect changes within the study period, we used another explanatory variable: "early" or "late" graduation from medical school. Individuals who graduated between 1977 and 1979 were classified as "early" graduates, and those who graduated during or after 1980 were considered "late" graduates. In analyses restricted only to primary care training program trainees, trainee type distinguished those in federally-funded primary care programs from those in nonfederally funded programs. All reported P values are two-tailed. For all analyses, P values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Variables associated with P values less than 0.15 were retained in stepwise regression analyses. Results Choice of a Primary Care Generalist Career Between 1977 and 1983, graduates of primary care residency training programs in both internal medicine and pediatrics chose generalist primary care careers more often than did graduates of traditional programs (Table 1). In internal medicine, primary care careers were chosen by 54% of the graduates of traditional residencies compared with 72% of graduates from primary care programs. In pediatrics, generalist careers were chosen by 88% of the primary care graduates, compared with 81% of those in traditional programs (P < for all values). In contrast, no difference in career choice was found between the graduates of federally funded and nonfederally funded primary care training programs in either specialty. Multivariate analyses were done using five explanatory variables for career choices in internal medicine and pediatrics (Table 2). In each specialty, all five variables were significantly associated with the choice of a generalist, as compared with a subspecialist, career. Primary care generalist career choices were more common among those who had received primary care residency training, who had trained in less academic-oriented hospitals, and who had graduated from programs affiliated with less prestigious medical schools. Internists and pediatricians with generalist careers were 15 March 1992 Annals of Internal Medicine Volume 116 Number 6 483
3 Table 2. Factors Associated with a "Generalist" Career for Graduates of Internal Medicine and Pediatric Residency Training Programs* Variable Internal Medicine Pediatrics Ordert of Odds Ratio Ordert of Odds Ratio Entry into Model (95% CI)* Entry into Model (95% CI)* All residents Primary care training program (1.83 to 2.40) (1.10 to 1.89) Hospital type (0.74 to 0.80) (0.74 to 0.98) Medical school prestigell (0.87 to 0.94) (0.79 to 0.93) Female sex (1.38 to 1.68) (1.44 to 2.05) Recent medical school graduation** (2.04 to 2.38) (2.08 to 2.96) Primary care residents only Federally funded training programs 1.16 (0.82 to 1.65) 0.94 (0.60 to 1.48) Hospital type (0.64 to 0.95) 0.99 (0.77 to 1.28) Medical school prestigell 0.96 (0.84 to 1.10) 1.03 (0.85 to 1.25) Female sex (1.35 to 2.80) (1.11 to 2.83) Recent medical school graduation** (1.52 to 2.62) (1.46 to 3.74) * Sample sizes for analyses of all residents: internal medicine = ; pediatrics = Sample sizes for analyses of primary residents only: internal medicine = 1156; pediatrics = 772. Determined by stepwise logistic regression. f Order refers to the order of entry into a stepwise logistic regression model whose variables met a P = 0.15 significance level. $ Odds ratios and 95% CIs were taken from regressions in which all listed variables were entered in a nonstepwise procedure. P < Hospital type (1 = nonteaching to 4 = major teaching hospital). 11 Medical school prestige (1 = lowest quartile to 4 = highest quartile). ** Recent Medical School Graduation (0 = before 1980; 1 = after 1980). more likely to be women and more recent medical school graduates. Recent graduation from medical school was the first variable to enter the stepwise regression model in both internal medicine and pediatrics. Multivariate analyses were also done for the subset of trainees in either federally-funded or nonfederally funded primary care programs (see Table 2). The same five explanatory variables were used to compare career choices among primary care trainees; however, in these analyses the training program marker distinguished those in federally funded programs from other primary care resident trainees. In both internal medicine and pediatrics, women and more recent medical school graduates were more likely to be generalists. Among internists, but not pediatricians, those training in less teaching oriented hospitals were more likely to choose generalist careers. Board Certification We noted a small but statistically significant difference in board certification rates in internal medicine Table 3. Graduates of Internal Medicine and Pediatric Residency Training Programs Who Are Board Certified* Type of Training Percent of Graduates Board Program Certified by 1985 Internal Medicine Pediatrics Traditionalt All primary care Federally funded primary caret Nonfederally funded primary care * Sample sizes are listed in Table 1. t Difference between traditional and primary care programs is significant for internal medicine (P = 0.002) but not for pediatrics (P = 0.089). $ Difference between federally funded and nonfederally funded programs is significant for internal medicine (P < 0.001) but not for pediatrics (P > 0.2). between the graduates of primary care training programs (80%) and the graduates of traditional residencies (76%) (Table 3). A larger difference in rates of board certification was seen between internal medicine graduates of federally funded primary care programs (85%) and those of nonfederally funded primary care programs (71%). Differences in board certification rates between graduates of primary care programs and traditional programs in pediatrics and between graduates of federally and nonfederally funded pediatric programs were not significant. A multivariate logistic analysis was done for board certification with the same five explanatory variables used to study career choice (Table 4). Male graduates from medical schools in the earlier period and trainees at centers with more teaching and affiliation with more prestigious medical schools were more likely to be board certified. In internal medicine, primary care graduates were more likely to achieve certification than were traditional program graduates. When the analysis was confined to graduates of primary care programs in each of the specialties, the teaching orientation of the hospitals and the period of medical school graduation remained important explanatory variables, but gender did not. No difference in board certification was seen when we compared men and women in primary care training programs. Among primary care graduates, training in a federally funded program and affiliation with a more prestigious medical school were significantly associated with board certification for internal medicine but not for pediatrics. Practice Location Graduates of primary care training programs tended to practice in areas with fewer physicians per capita than did graduates of traditional training programs (Table 5). This difference was significant in pediatrics March 1992 Annals of Internal Medicine Volume 116 Number 6
4 Table 4. Factors Associated with Achievement of Board Certification (by 1985) by Graduates of Internal Medicine and Pediatric Residency Training Programs* Variable Internal Medicine Pediatrics Order of Odds Ratio Order of Odds Ratio Entry into Model (95% CI) Entry into Model (95% CI) All residents Primary care training program t (1.15 to 1.58) 1.02(0.65 to 1.21) Hospital type t (1.49 to 1.61) f(1.25 to 1.58) Medical school prestige t (1.17 to 1.27) " (1.11 to 1.31) Female sex (0.65 to 0.79) t (0.70 to 0.92) Recent medical school graduation t (0.64 to 0.75) t (0.71 to 0.93) Primary care residents only Federally funded training program t (1.15 to 2.42) 0.99(0.71 to 1.39) Hospital type (1.09 to 1.61) t (1.20 to 1.77) Medical school prestige t (1.03 to 1.36) 1.07 (0.94 to 1.22) Female sex 0.87 (0.60 to 1.26) 0.96(0.68 to 1.34) Recent medical school graduation t (0.50 to 0.90) (0.09 to 0.19) * Sample sizes are given in Table 1. Coding of variables (determined by stepwise logistic regression) is described in Table 2. Order of entry into the model is described in Table 2. t P < (P = 0.007) but not in internal medicine (P > 0.2). For each specialty, graduates of nonfederally funded primary care programs tended to practice in counties with lower proportions of physicians per capita (P = for all values). For internal medicine, all five explanatory variables were associated with the number of physicians per capita in the communities where the graduates practiced (Table 6). In the regression analysis, the independent variable was the physician-to-population ratio in the 1985 practice location of the former trainee. A lower density of physicians in the practice area was associated with a primary care residency, with residencies attached to less prestigious medical schools, and with programs located in less teaching-oriented hospitals. A lower density of physicians in the practice area was also associated with male sex and with more recent graduation. Similar findings pertained to pediatrics, except that trainee type (primary care compared with traditional) and year of medical school graduation did not enter the model. In analyses limited to graduates of primary care training programs, less medical school prestige, less teaching orientation of the hospital, and male sex were associated with internists and pediatricians practicing in areas with fewer physicians (Table 6). Discussion In this national study about three quarters of physicians who entered primary care internal medicine training programs chose generalist careers. This finding confirms previous reports of individual programs (5-7) and contrasts sharply with both the 37% of internists who chose generalist careers in the immediate preprimary care training era (8) and with the 54% of residents in traditional residency programs who chose these careers identified in our study between 1980 and The increase in generalist career choices by traditional program trainees observed between 1972 and 1985 may reflect the secular trend toward primary care prevalent in the internal medicine during the late 1970s and 1980s. Primary care was the central mission of pediatric residency training until 1987 when pediatric subspecialty training began to receive more emphasis (9, 10). Pediatric departments continue to support primary care training, as reflected in the 81% of graduates from traditional pediatric residencies who described themselves in our study as general pediatricians. However, among pediatricians who trained in primary care tracks, a higher percent (88%) chose primary care careers. In an earlier study, Shelov and colleagues (11) reported that 97% of the graduates of federally funded pediatric primary care training programs were practicing general pediatrics. As noted, the limited designation of pediatric subspecialties in the 1985 AMA Masterfile undoubtedly increased the number of pediatricians reporting generalist careers in our study. Although the association of primary care training and a subsequent primary care career choice has been noted in preliminary surveys of the career choices of primary care and traditional residents in both internal medicine (12) and pediatrics (13), our survey indicates that more recent graduates of primary care residencies have chosen primary care careers more often than have earlier graduates. Table 5. Active Physicians per Population Practicing in the County of Medical Practice of Graduates of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics Residency Training Programs* Type of Training Program Physicians per Population Internal Medicine Pediatrics Mean ± SD Traditionalt All primary care 285 ± ± ± ± 166 Federally funded primary care* 299 ± ± 177 Nonfederally funded primary care 233 ± ± 147 * Sample sizes are listed in Table 1. t Difference between traditional and primary care program graduates is significant for pediatrics (P = 0.007) but not for internal medicine {P > 0.2). $ Difference between federally funded and nonfederally funded primary care programs is significant for both internal medicine (P ) and for pediatrics (P = 0.013). 15 March 1992 Annals of Internal Medicine Volume 116 Number 6 485
5 The extent to which the differences in career choice between primary care and traditional residents can be attributed to primary care residency training is unclear. This is because of recruitment bias; that is, trainees entering primary care residencies may have had predispositions towards different careers than did traditional trainees at the start of their residencies. Primary care programs have provided three of the four factors identified by Ernst and Yett (14) to explain the career choices of physicians: provision of a defined curricula, preferential recruitment of interested individuals, and exposure to faculty role models. Despite lower incomes of generalists (the fourth factor), most primary care program graduates went on to choose primary care careers. The increased likelihood of recent graduates to choose generalist careers may reflect the maturation of primary care training programs, or it may be a reporting artifact associated with an earlier stage in a physician's career. However, no evidence of attrition or switching to subspecialty careers of primary care graduates was apparent, in our data, in more recent surveys (5-7) or during reviews of graduate placements at the 12 site visits to primary care programs conducted as part of our study (1). The vital importance of faculty who served as role models was emphasized both during the site visits and in other studies (15-17). Practice styles of primary care graduates were found during the site visits to differ from those of their traditionally trained peers. Similar findings were reported by Weil and Schleiter (18), who noted that primary care program graduates provided more principal care than did subspecialty graduates in the cohort of residents in internal medicine. More recent graduates of primary care training programs have reported that they provide a greater breadth of service and more psychosocial support and that they use community agencies more extensively than do their peers who trained in traditional tracks sponsored by the same residency program (7, 11). Although recruitment bias limits our ability to independently identify the effect of the primary care training programs on outcomes, the data from this national survey, from our site visits, and from the literature show that graduates of primary care training programs in each discipline make substantially different career choices than do graduates of traditional residency programs. Differences in career outcomes were identified among primary care trainees in federally funded and in nonfederally funded residency training programs. Most federally funded primary care training programs in internal medicine are in larger, more academic hospitals, and this may account for the higher rate of board certification among this subset of trainees. Overall, the reports of board certification in our study indicate that participation in a primary care program did not diminish the trainee's ability to master the traditional elements of either the internal medicine or pediatrics curriculum. These results answer questions posed by medical educators ten years ago about the quality of primary care training (19, 20). The results of the practice location analyses are difficult to interpret because the outcome measure "density of physicians" is a weak indicator of a health manpower shortage area. In our study, primary care graduates tended to establish their practices in areas with fewer physicians per capita than did graduates of traditional programs. This trend appeared in every analysis and is consistent with earlier findings that graduates of traditional training programs in internal medicine continue to enter practice in more urban and suburban areas (14, 21, 22). In all analyses among primary care trainees alone (in both disciplines), the graduates of nonfederally funded primary care programs practiced in areas with fewer physicians than did graduates of federally funded programs. This finding may have occurred because a large number of the nonfederally funded primary care residency programs were located in smaller regional hospitals that are situated in less populated areas. Ernst and Yett (14) have reported that up to 63% of physicians Table 6. Factors Associated with the Density of Physicians in Practice Location of Graduates of Internal Medicine and Pediatric Residency Training Programs* Variable Internal Medicine Pediatrics Order of Coefficient! SE Order of Coefficientf SE Entry into Model Coefficient Entry into Model Coefficient All residents Primary care Hospital type Medical school prestige Female sex Recent medical school graduation Primary care residents Primary care training program Hospital type Medical school prestige Female sex Recent medical school graduation * Sample sizes are listed in Table 1. Coding of variables (determined by stepwise logistic regression) is described in Table 2. Coding of order of entry is described in Table 2. t Coefficients are expressed in units of 1 physician/ persons (for example, a coefficient of 3.0 for female sex means that female graduates practiced on average in locations with three more physicians per persons than did male graduates March 1992 Annals of Internal Medicine Volume 116 Number 6
6 practice in the state in which their residency was located. Lewis (23) stated in 1986 that it was "time to retool the factory" in his assessment of the recent NRMP results and the decline of applicants to internal medicine and other primary care residencies. Similar calls for action and change have been expressed for both pediatric and internal medical residency training (21, 25, 26). Primary care residency training programs have provided an important expansion of traditional residency training in both disciplines. They have "retooled" the curriculum and the orientation of faculty and academic leaders at teaching hospitals throughout the nation. The challenge for the next decade is to secure a more stable basis on which to finance the costs of primary care training (27) and to incorporate this training more widely in internal medicine and pediatrics. Acknowledgments: The authors thank Anne Crowley, PhD, and Jean Robak, MS, at the American Medical Association and John Graettinger, MD, at the National Resident Matching Program for the data and assistance. Grant Support: In part by Contract No. HRSA , Division of Medicine, Bureau of Health Professions, Health Resources and Services Administration, Department of Health and Human Services. Fellowship support was provided to Dr. Black by the National Health Research and Development Program of Canada. Requests for Reprints: John Noble, MD, Section of General Internal Medicine, Boston City Hospital, 818 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA Current Author Addresses: Dr. Noble: Section of General Internal Medicine, Boston City Hospital, 818 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA Drs. Friedman and Ash: Doctor's Office Building, Evans Medical Group, 720 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA Dr. Starfield: Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins University, Hampton House, 624 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD Dr. Black: Community Health Sciences, S Bannalyne Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0W3, Canada. References 1. Noble J, Friedman RH, Starfield B. Assessment of the development and support of primary care residency training (general internal medicine and pediatrics). Final report Contract No. HRSA Rezler AG. Career Choices. In: Rezler AG, Flaherty JA; eds. The Interpersonal Dimension in Medical Education. New York: Springer Publishing Company; Kelly NL. A four-cell typology to measure hospital teaching status. Inquiry. 1984;21: Cole JR, Lipton JA. The reputations of american medical schools. Social Forces. 1977;55: Calkins DR, Noble J. Residency training in general internal medicine: a survey of federally funded programs {Abstract!. Res - c,in 1986;34:812A. 6. McPhee SJ, Mitchell TF, Schroeder SA, Perez-Stable EJ, Bindman AB. Training in a primary care internal medicine residency program. The first ten years. JAMA. 1987;258: Witzburg RA, Noble J. Career development among residents completing primary care and traditional residencies in medicine at the Boston City Hospital, J Gen Intern Med. 1988;3: Wechsler H, Dorsey J, Bovey JD. A follow-up study of residents in internal medicine, pediatrics, obstetrics and gynecology training programs in Massachusetts. N Engl J Med. 1978;298: Bergman AB. Pediatric education for what? Pediatrics. 1975;55: The future of pediatrics. Implications of the changing environment of medicine. Council on Long Range Planning and Development in cooperation with the American Academy of Pediatrics. JAMA. 1987;258: Shelov SP, Alpert JJ, Rayman I, Straus JH, Fallon S, Bouflford J. Federally supported primary care training programs and pediatric careers. Am J Dis Child. 1987;141: Goldenberg DL, Pozen JT, Cohen AS. The effect of a primary-care pathway on internal medicine residents' career plans. Ann Intern Med. 1979;91: Crain LS, Dienst ER, Malloy MJ. The effects of primary care versus traditional training on career choice in pediatrics. West J Med. 1981;135: Ernst RL, Yett DE. Physician Location and Specialty Choices. Ann Arbor, Michigan: Health Administration Press; Adler R, Korsch BM, Negrete VF. Timing and motivation in pediatric career choices. J Med Educ. 1985;60: Paiva RE, Vu NV, Verhulst SJ. The effect of clinical experience in medical school on specialty choice decisions. J Med Educ. 1982;57: Quill TE. Medical resident education. A cross-sectional study of the influence of the ambulatory preceptor as a role model. Arch Intern Med. 1987;147: Weil PA, Schleiter MK. National Study of Internal Medicine Manpower: VI. Factors predicting preferences of residents for careers in primary care or subspecialty practice of academic medicine. Ann Intern Med. 1981;94: Thier SO, Berliner RW. Sounding boards: two views of "the doctors' dilemma". Manpower policy: base it on facts, not opinions. N Engl J Med. 1978;299: Reitemeier RJ, Benson JA Jr. Sounding boards: two views of "the doctors' dilemna". As the board sees it. N Engl J Med. 1978;299: Schleiter MK, Tarlov AR. A National Study of Internal Medicine. Phase III: analysis of resident cohort currently in practice. Final report. Division of Medicine Health Resources and Service Administration, Department of Health and Human Services Contract No. HRSA , Weil PA, Tarlov AR, Scheiter MR. The National Study of Internal Medicine Manpower: Final Report. Division of Medicine, Health Resources Administration, Department of Health, Education and Welfare Contract # HRA , Lewis C. Training in internal medicine: time to retool the factory? Ann Intern Med. 1986;104: Schroeder SA, Showstack JA, Gerbert B. Residency training in internal medicine: time for a change? Ann Intern Med. 1986;104: Cleveland WW, Brownell RC. Future training of pediatricians: summary report of a series of conferences sponsored by the American Board of Pediatrics. Pediatrics. 1987;80: Graettinger JS. Internal medicine in the National Resident Matching Program 1987: the ides of March Ann Intern Med. 1988;108: Prout DM. Challenges facing general internal medicine in the 99th Congress. J Gen Intern Med. 1986;1: March 1992 Annals of Internal Medicine Volume 116 Number 6 487
Evaluation of Teach For America:
EA15-536-2 Evaluation of Teach For America: 2014-2015 Department of Evaluation and Assessment Mike Miles Superintendent of Schools This page is intentionally left blank. ii Evaluation of Teach For America:
More informationWomen in Orthopaedic Fellowships: What Is Their Match Rate, and What Specialties Do They Choose?
Clin Orthop Relat Res (2016) 474:1957 1961 DOI 10.1007/s11999-016-4829-9 Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research A Publication of The Association of Bone and Joint Surgeons SYMPOSIUM: WOMEN AND UNDERREPRESENTED
More informationRCPCH MMC Cohort Study (Part 4) March 2016
RCPCH MMC Cohort Study (Part 4) March 2016 Acknowledgements Dr Simon Clark, Officer for Workforce Planning, RCPCH Dr Carol Ewing, Vice President Health Services, RCPCH Dr Daniel Lumsden, Former Chair,
More informationAn Empirical Analysis of the Effects of Mexican American Studies Participation on Student Achievement within Tucson Unified School District
An Empirical Analysis of the Effects of Mexican American Studies Participation on Student Achievement within Tucson Unified School District Report Submitted June 20, 2012, to Willis D. Hawley, Ph.D., Special
More informationGUIDELINES FOR COMBINED TRAINING IN PEDIATRICS AND MEDICAL GENETICS LEADING TO DUAL CERTIFICATION
GUIDELINES FOR COMBINED TRAINING IN PEDIATRICS AND MEDICAL GENETICS LEADING TO DUAL CERTIFICATION PREAMBLE This document is intended to provide educational guidance to program directors in pediatrics and
More informationThe patient-centered medical
Primary Care Residents Want to Learn About the Patient- Centered Medical Home Gerardo Moreno, MD, MSHS; Julia Gold, MD; Maureen Mavrinac, MD BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The patient-centered medical home
More informationBasic Standards for Residency Training in Internal Medicine. American Osteopathic Association and American College of Osteopathic Internists
Basic Standards for Residency Training in Internal Medicine American Osteopathic Association and American College of Osteopathic Internists BOT Rev. 2/2011 TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Introduction... 3 II Mission...
More informationThe Diversity of STEM Majors and a Strategy for Improved STEM Retention
2010 The Diversity of STEM Majors and a Strategy for Improved STEM Retention Cindy P. Veenstra, Ph.D. 1 3/12/2010 A discussion of the definition of STEM for college majors, a summary of interest in the
More informationGraduate Division Annual Report Key Findings
Graduate Division 2010 2011 Annual Report Key Findings Trends in Admissions and Enrollment 1 Size, selectivity, yield UCLA s graduate programs are increasingly attractive and selective. Between Fall 2001
More informationLike much of the country, Detroit suffered significant job losses during the Great Recession.
36 37 POPULATION TRENDS Economy ECONOMY Like much of the country, suffered significant job losses during the Great Recession. Since bottoming out in the first quarter of 2010, however, the city has seen
More informationUse of the Kalamazoo Essential Elements Communication Checklist (Adapted) in an Institutional Interpersonal and Communication Skills Curriculum
Use of the Kalamazoo Essential Elements Communication Checklist (Adapted) in an Institutional Interpersonal and Communication Skills Curriculum Barbara L. Joyce, PhD Timothy Steenbergh, PhD Eric Scher,
More informationEDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT By 2030, at least 60 percent of Texans ages 25 to 34 will have a postsecondary credential or degree. Target: Increase the percent of Texans ages 25 to 34 with a postsecondary credential.
More informationA Decision Tree Analysis of the Transfer Student Emma Gunu, MS Research Analyst Robert M Roe, PhD Executive Director of Institutional Research and
A Decision Tree Analysis of the Transfer Student Emma Gunu, MS Research Analyst Robert M Roe, PhD Executive Director of Institutional Research and Planning Overview Motivation for Analyses Analyses and
More information1GOOD LEADERSHIP IS IMPORTANT. Principal Effectiveness and Leadership in an Era of Accountability: What Research Says
B R I E F 8 APRIL 2010 Principal Effectiveness and Leadership in an Era of Accountability: What Research Says J e n n i f e r K i n g R i c e For decades, principals have been recognized as important contributors
More informationPREPARING FOR THE SITE VISIT IN YOUR FUTURE
PREPARING FOR THE SITE VISIT IN YOUR FUTURE ARC-PA Suzanne York SuzanneYork@arc-pa.org 2016 PAEA Education Forum Minneapolis, MN Saturday, October 15, 2016 TODAY S SESSION WILL INCLUDE: Recommendations
More informationEffects of a Course on Ophthalmologist Communication Skills: A Pilot Study
Education for Health, Vol. 17, No. 2, July 2004, 163 171 COMMUNICATION Effects of a Course on Ophthalmologist Communication Skills: A Pilot Study ELENA VEGNI & EGIDIO A. MOJA Department of Medicine, Surgery
More information(ALMOST?) BREAKING THE GLASS CEILING: OPEN MERIT ADMISSIONS IN MEDICAL EDUCATION IN PAKISTAN
(ALMOST?) BREAKING THE GLASS CEILING: OPEN MERIT ADMISSIONS IN MEDICAL EDUCATION IN PAKISTAN Tahir Andrabi and Niharika Singh Oct 30, 2015 AALIMS, Princeton University 2 Motivation In Pakistan (and other
More information2016 Match List. Residency Program Distribution by Specialty. Anesthesiology. Barnes-Jewish Hospital, St. Louis MO
2016 Match List Residency Program Distribution by Specialty Anesthesiology Cleveland Clinic Foundation - Ohio, Cleveland OH University of Arkansas Medical School - Little Rock, Little Rock AR University
More informationIowa School District Profiles. Le Mars
Iowa School District Profiles Overview This profile describes enrollment trends, student performance, income levels, population, and other characteristics of the public school district. The report utilizes
More informationTeacher Supply and Demand in the State of Wyoming
Teacher Supply and Demand in the State of Wyoming Supply Demand Prepared by Robert Reichardt 2002 McREL To order copies of Teacher Supply and Demand in the State of Wyoming, contact McREL: Mid-continent
More informationBASIC EDUCATION IN GHANA IN THE POST-REFORM PERIOD
BASIC EDUCATION IN GHANA IN THE POST-REFORM PERIOD By Abena D. Oduro Centre for Policy Analysis Accra November, 2000 Please do not Quote, Comments Welcome. ABSTRACT This paper reviews the first stage of
More informationThe role of the physician primarily
ORIGINAL ARTICLES Incorporating Population Medicine Into Primary Care Residency Training Wayne S. Dysinger, MD, MPH; Valerie King, MD, MPH; Tina C. Foster, MD, MPH; Dominic Geffken, MD, MPH BACKGROUND
More informationNetworks and the Diffusion of Cutting-Edge Teaching and Learning Knowledge in Sociology
RESEARCH BRIEF Networks and the Diffusion of Cutting-Edge Teaching and Learning Knowledge in Sociology Roberta Spalter-Roth, Olga V. Mayorova, Jean H. Shin, and Janene Scelza INTRODUCTION How are transformational
More informationDual Career Services in the College of Engineering. Melissa Dorfman Director, Dual Career Services (cell)
Dual Career Services in the College of Engineering Melissa Dorfman Director, Dual Career Services dorfmanm@umich.edu 5-6417 646-7663 (cell) Agenda Setting the Stage: Prevalence of Dual Career Situations
More informationStatus of Women of Color in Science, Engineering, and Medicine
Status of Women of Color in Science, Engineering, and Medicine The figures and tables below are based upon the latest publicly available data from AAMC, NSF, Department of Education and the US Census Bureau.
More informationKenya: Age distribution and school attendance of girls aged 9-13 years. UNESCO Institute for Statistics. 20 December 2012
1. Introduction Kenya: Age distribution and school attendance of girls aged 9-13 years UNESCO Institute for Statistics 2 December 212 This document provides an overview of the pattern of school attendance
More informationPROGRAM REQUIREMENTS FOR RESIDENCY EDUCATION IN DEVELOPMENTAL-BEHAVIORAL PEDIATRICS
In addition to complying with the Program Requirements for Residency Education in the Subspecialties of Pediatrics, programs in developmental-behavioral pediatrics also must comply with the following requirements,
More informationThe Talent Development High School Model Context, Components, and Initial Impacts on Ninth-Grade Students Engagement and Performance
The Talent Development High School Model Context, Components, and Initial Impacts on Ninth-Grade Students Engagement and Performance James J. Kemple, Corinne M. Herlihy Executive Summary June 2004 In many
More informationU VA THE CHANGING FACE OF UVA STUDENTS: SSESSMENT. About The Study
About The Study U VA SSESSMENT In 6, the University of Virginia Office of Institutional Assessment and Studies undertook a study to describe how first-year students have changed over the past four decades.
More informationAssessing Digital Identity and Promoting Online Professionalism: Social Media and Medical Education
Assessing Digital Identity and Promoting Online Professionalism: Social Media and Medical Education Terry Kind, MD, MPH Associate Professor of Pediatrics Children s National Medical Center George Washington
More informationLoyola University Chicago ~ Archives and Special Collections
Accession No.: UA1981.65, 1981.74 STRITCH SCHOOL OF MEDICINE OFFICE OF THE DEAN LOUIS DAVID MOORHEAD, M.D., RECORDS Dates: 1931-1940 Creator: Moorhead, Louis David (1892-1951) Extent: 2.5 linear feet Level
More informationEDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT By 2030, at least 60 percent of Texans ages 25 to 34 will have a postsecondary credential or degree. Target: Increase the percent of Texans ages 25 to 34 with a postsecondary credential.
More informationWestern Australia s General Practice Workforce Analysis Update
Western Australia s General Practice Workforce Analysis Update NOVEMBER 2015 PUBLISHED MAY 2016 Rural Health West This work is copyright. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no
More informationEffective Recruitment and Retention Strategies for Underrepresented Minority Students: Perspectives from Dental Students
Critical Issues in Dental Education Effective Recruitment and Retention Strategies for Underrepresented Minority Students: Perspectives from Dental Students Naty Lopez, Ph.D.; Rose Wadenya, D.M.D., M.S.;
More informationEvaluation of a College Freshman Diversity Research Program
Evaluation of a College Freshman Diversity Research Program Sarah Garner University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195 Michael J. Tremmel University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195 Sarah
More informationApplication Guidelines for Interventional Radiology Review Committee for Radiology
Application Guidelines for Interventional Radiology Review Committee for Radiology The new interventional radiology residency will replace the current one-year vascular and interventional radiology (VIR)
More informationThe Effect of Income on Educational Attainment: Evidence from State Earned Income Tax Credit Expansions
The Effect of Income on Educational Attainment: Evidence from State Earned Income Tax Credit Expansions Katherine Michelmore Policy Analysis and Management Cornell University km459@cornell.edu September
More informationWhat is related to student retention in STEM for STEM majors? Abstract:
What is related to student retention in STEM for STEM majors? Abstract: The purpose of this study was look at the impact of English and math courses and grades on retention in the STEM major after one
More informationRedirected Inbound Call Sampling An Example of Fit for Purpose Non-probability Sample Design
Redirected Inbound Call Sampling An Example of Fit for Purpose Non-probability Sample Design Burton Levine Karol Krotki NISS/WSS Workshop on Inference from Nonprobability Samples September 25, 2017 RTI
More informationThe Impact of Honors Programs on Undergraduate Academic Performance, Retention, and Graduation
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Journal of the National Collegiate Honors Council - -Online Archive National Collegiate Honors Council Fall 2004 The Impact
More informationmedicaid and the How will the Medicaid Expansion for Adults Impact Eligibility and Coverage? Key Findings in Brief
on medicaid and the uninsured July 2012 How will the Medicaid Expansion for Impact Eligibility and Coverage? Key Findings in Brief Effective January 2014, the ACA establishes a new minimum Medicaid eligibility
More informationHealthcare Leadership Outliers : An Analysis of Senior Administrators from the Top U.S. Hospitals
Healthcare Leadership 'Outliers' 87 articles Healthcare Leadership Outliers : An Analysis of Senior Administrators from the Top U.S. Hospitals Andrew Garman, PsyD, MS, Lauren Goebel, MBA, MHSA, Daniel
More informationTools to SUPPORT IMPLEMENTATION OF a monitoring system for regularly scheduled series
RSS RSS Tools to SUPPORT IMPLEMENTATION OF a monitoring system for regularly scheduled series DEVELOPED BY the Accreditation council for continuing medical education December 2005; Updated JANUARY 2008
More informationMassachusetts Department of Elementary and Secondary Education. Title I Comparability
Massachusetts Department of Elementary and Secondary Education Title I Comparability 2009-2010 Title I provides federal financial assistance to school districts to provide supplemental educational services
More informationUniversity of Essex Access Agreement
University of Essex Access Agreement Updated in August 2009 to include new tuition fee and bursary provision for 2010 entry 1. Context The University of Essex is academically a strong institution, with
More informationSocial and Economic Inequality in the Educational Career: Do the Effects of Social Background Characteristics Decline?
European Sociological Review, Vol. 13 No. 3, 305-321 305 Social and Economic Inequality in the Educational Career: Do the Effects of Social Background Characteristics Decline? Marianne Nondli Hansen This
More informationMEDICAL COLLEGE OF WISCONSIN (MCW) WHO WE ARE AND OUR UNIQUE VALUE
MEDICAL COLLEGE OF WISCONSIN (MCW) WHO WE ARE AND OUR UNIQUE VALUE TO THE COMMUNITY Presented by John R. Raymond, Sr., MD President and CEO, MCW June 5, 2017 Agenda 1. Who We Are 2. MCW Financial Model
More informationNext Steps for Graduate Medical Education
Next Steps for Graduate Medical Education Osteopathic Graduate Medical Education (OGME) and the Single Graduate Medical Education (GME) Accreditation System A white paper prepared by the American Association
More informationHSC/SOM GOAL 1: IMPROVE HEALTH AND HEALTHCARE IN THE POPULATIONS WE SERVE.
SOM STRATEGIC PLAN 2017-2020 (with metrics/action plan for 2018) revised 8/30/17 HSC/SOM GOAL 1: IMPROVE HEALTH AND HEALTHCARE IN THE POPULATIONS WE SERVE. Measure of success: Improvement in state ranking
More informationWisconsin 4 th Grade Reading Results on the 2015 National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP)
Wisconsin 4 th Grade Reading Results on the 2015 National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) Main takeaways from the 2015 NAEP 4 th grade reading exam: Wisconsin scores have been statistically flat
More informationPrincipal vacancies and appointments
Principal vacancies and appointments 2009 10 Sally Robertson New Zealand Council for Educational Research NEW ZEALAND COUNCIL FOR EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH TE RŪNANGA O AOTEAROA MŌ TE RANGAHAU I TE MĀTAURANGA
More informationhttps://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/notice-files/not-od html
NOT-OD-17-003: Ruth L. Kirschstein National Research Service Awards (NRSA) Postd... https://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/notice-files/not-od-17-003.html Page 1 of 3 6/23/2017 Ruth L. Kirschstein National
More informationAustralia s tertiary education sector
Australia s tertiary education sector TOM KARMEL NHI NGUYEN NATIONAL CENTRE FOR VOCATIONAL EDUCATION RESEARCH Paper presented to the Centre for the Economics of Education and Training 7 th National Conference
More informationSurgical Residency Program & Director KEN N KUO MD, FACS
Surgical Residency Program & Director KEN N KUO MD, FACS 1 Taiwan Surgical Association Residency Director Meeting September 17, 2011 November 5, 2011 2 Three Stages of Education Undergraduate medical education
More informationThe My Class Activities Instrument as Used in Saturday Enrichment Program Evaluation
Running Head: MY CLASS ACTIVITIES My Class Activities 1 The My Class Activities Instrument as Used in Saturday Enrichment Program Evaluation Nielsen Pereira Purdue University Scott J. Peters University
More informationApplication for Fellowship Theme Year Sephardic Identities, Medieval and Early Modern. Instructions and Checklist
2018-2019 Theme Year Sephardic Identities, Medieval and Early Modern Instructions and Checklist Please adhere to the following stipulations when applying for the Frankel Institute Fellowship: University
More informationSASKATCHEWAN MINISTRY OF ADVANCED EDUCATION
SASKATCHEWAN MINISTRY OF ADVANCED EDUCATION Report March 2017 Report compiled by Insightrix Research Inc. 1 3223 Millar Ave. Saskatoon, Saskatchewan T: 1-866-888-5640 F: 1-306-384-5655 Table of Contents
More informationYOU RE SERIOUS ABOUT YOUR CAREER. SO ARE WE. ONLINE MASTER OF SOCIAL WORK
YOU RE SERIOUS ABOUT YOUR CAREER. SO ARE WE. ONLINE MASTER OF SOCIAL WORK SOCIAL WORK IS EVOLVING. WE LL PREPARE YOU FOR WHAT S AHEAD. The social work profession is striving to meet the ongoing challenges
More informationREGULATION RESPECTING THE TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR THE ISSUANCE OF THE PERMIT AND SPECIALIST'S CERTIFICATES BY THE COLLÈGE DES MÉDECINS DU QUÉBEC
(This version is offered as a courtesy and holds no official value.) Professional Code (R.S.Q., c. C-26, s. 93, sub. c and c.1, 94 par. i and 94.1) DIVISION I GENERAL PROVISIONS 1. The purpose of this
More informationStudent attrition at a new generation university
CAO06288 Student attrition at a new generation university Zhongjun Cao & Roger Gabb Postcompulsory Education Centre Victoria University Abstract Student attrition is an issue for Australian higher educational
More informationSimulation in Radiology Education
Simulation in Radiology Education Ellen C. Benya, MD Department of Medical Imaging, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children s Hospital of Chicago Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School
More informationPathways to Health Professions of the Future
Pathways to Health Professions of the Future Stephen C. Shannon, DO, MPH American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine Copyright 2014 AACOM, all rights reserved. Photo courtesy of LECOM The
More informationTennessee Chapter Scientific Meeting
Tennessee Chapter Scientific Meeting 2017 October 27 28, 2017 Franklin Marriott Cool Springs Franklin, TN Register Online Today! Current Clinical Guidelines in Internal Medicine This live activity has
More informationE N H A N C I N G C O M M U N I T Y P E D I A T R I C S T R A I N I N G
E NHANCING C OMMUNITY P EDIATRICS T RAINING: Perspectives of Residents and Faculty of the Community Pediatrics Training Initiative (CPTI), Five Years Later I NTRODUCTION Improving the health of children
More informationDecember 1966 Edition. The Birth of the Program
December 1966 Edition A HISTORY OF THE SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGY TRAINING PROGRAM AT FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY The Birth of the Program A preliminary study of the need for school psychologists by the Department
More informationKey words: cardiac auscultation; medical education; pulmonary auscultation; residency training
The Teaching of Chest Auscultation During Primary Care Training* Has Anything Changed in the 1990s? Salvatore Mangione, MD, FCCP; and F. Daniel Duffy, MD Objective: To survey the teaching time and importance
More informationInitial teacher training in vocational subjects
Initial teacher training in vocational subjects This report looks at the quality of initial teacher training in vocational subjects. Based on visits to the 14 providers that undertake this training, it
More informationShyness and Technology Use in High School Students. Lynne Henderson, Ph. D., Visiting Scholar, Stanford
Shyness and Technology Use in High School Students Lynne Henderson, Ph. D., Visiting Scholar, Stanford University Philip Zimbardo, Ph.D., Professor, Psychology Department Charlotte Smith, M.S., Graduate
More informationRace, Class, and the Selective College Experience
Race, Class, and the Selective College Experience Thomas J. Espenshade Alexandria Walton Radford Chang Young Chung Office of Population Research Princeton University December 15, 2009 1 Overview of NSCE
More informationBoard of Directors OFFICERS. John B. Smith, Jr., MD, Chairman Physician
Financial Learning & Growth Customer Business Processes Board of Directors OFFICERS John B. Smith, Jr., MD, Chairman Charles T. Frock, Vice-Chairman Retired Hospital System Chief Executive Officer Roger
More informationSCHEMA ACTIVATION IN MEMORY FOR PROSE 1. Michael A. R. Townsend State University of New York at Albany
Journal of Reading Behavior 1980, Vol. II, No. 1 SCHEMA ACTIVATION IN MEMORY FOR PROSE 1 Michael A. R. Townsend State University of New York at Albany Abstract. Forty-eight college students listened to
More informationEXECUTIVE SUMMARY. TIMSS 1999 International Science Report
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY TIMSS 1999 International Science Report S S Executive Summary In 1999, the Third International Mathematics and Science Study (timss) was replicated at the eighth grade. Involving 41 countries
More informationLinking the Common European Framework of Reference and the Michigan English Language Assessment Battery Technical Report
Linking the Common European Framework of Reference and the Michigan English Language Assessment Battery Technical Report Contact Information All correspondence and mailings should be addressed to: CaMLA
More informationThe One Minute Preceptor: 5 Microskills for One-On-One Teaching
The One Minute Preceptor: 5 Microskills for One-On-One Teaching Acknowledgements This monograph was developed by the MAHEC Office of Regional Primary Care Education, Asheville, North Carolina. It was developed
More informationA National Survey of Medical Education Fellowships
A National Survey of Medical Education Fellowships The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters. Citation Published Version
More informationAD (Leave blank) PREPARED FOR: U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command Fort Detrick, Maryland
AD (Leave blank) Award Number: W81XWH-09-1-0282 TITLE: Georgetown University and Hampton University Prostate Cancer Undergraduate Fellowship Program PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Anna Riegel, PhD CONTRACTING
More informationStudent Admissions, Outcomes, and Other Data
Student Admissions, Outcomes, and Other Data Data on Incoming Class UNL Clinical Psychology Training Program (CPTP) August Academic Year of Entry 7 8 9 Number of Applicants 9 7 8 8 8 Number Interviewed
More informationEarly Career Awards (ECA) - Overview
ECA.D.2013.08.28 Research Development and Relations For more information contact Daniela Bianco, biancdan@hhsc.ca Early Career Awards - Application Details Early Career Awards (ECA) - Overview The Hamilton
More informationPeer Influence on Academic Achievement: Mean, Variance, and Network Effects under School Choice
Megan Andrew Cheng Wang Peer Influence on Academic Achievement: Mean, Variance, and Network Effects under School Choice Background Many states and municipalities now allow parents to choose their children
More informationPsychometric Research Brief Office of Shared Accountability
August 2012 Psychometric Research Brief Office of Shared Accountability Linking Measures of Academic Progress in Mathematics and Maryland School Assessment in Mathematics Huafang Zhao, Ph.D. This brief
More informationCONNECTICUT GUIDELINES FOR EDUCATOR EVALUATION. Connecticut State Department of Education
CONNECTICUT GUIDELINES FOR EDUCATOR EVALUATION Connecticut State Department of Education October 2017 Preface Connecticut s educators are committed to ensuring that students develop the skills and acquire
More informationThe Impact of Postgraduate Health Technology Innovation Training: Outcomes of the Stanford Biodesign Fellowship
Annals of Biomedical Engineering, Vol. 45, No. 5, May 2017 (Ó 2016) pp. 1163 1171 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-016-1777-1 The Impact of Postgraduate Health Technology Innovation Training: Outcomes of the Stanford
More informationTestimony to the U.S. Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions. John White, Louisiana State Superintendent of Education
Testimony to the U.S. Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions John White, Louisiana State Superintendent of Education October 3, 2017 Chairman Alexander, Senator Murray, members of the
More informationUIC HEALTH SCIENCE COLLEGES
Academic Mission Report: Board of Trustees March 10, 2010 Joseph A. Flaherty, MD Dean, College of Medicine INNOVATION EXCELLENCE SERVICE Brief History 1858 Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary opens 1859 College
More informationProgram Factors Associated With Influencing Generalist Career Plans Among Primary Care Im Residents
Yale University EliScholar A Digital Platform for Scholarly Publishing at Yale Yale Medicine Thesis Digital Library School of Medicine January 2014 Program Factors Associated With Influencing Generalist
More informationHow and Why Has Teacher Quality Changed in Australia?
The Australian Economic Review, vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 141 59 How and Why Has Teacher Quality Changed in Australia? Andrew Leigh and Chris Ryan Research School of Social Sciences, The Australian National
More informationSchool Size and the Quality of Teaching and Learning
School Size and the Quality of Teaching and Learning An Analysis of Relationships between School Size and Assessments of Factors Related to the Quality of Teaching and Learning in Primary Schools Undertaken
More informationCARPENTRY GRADES 9-12 LEARNING RESOURCES
CARPENTRY GRADES 9-12 LEARNING RESOURCES A Reference for Selecting Learning Resources (March 2014) March 2014 Manitoba Education and Advanced Learning Manitoba Education and Advanced Learning Cataloguing
More informationPERSONALIZED MEDICINE FELLOWSHIP APPLICATION Irving Institute for Clinical and Translational Research 2014
PERSONALIZED MEDICINE FELLOWSHIP APPLICATION Irving Institute for Clinical and Translational Research 2014 Accelerating Discoveries Toward Better Health irvinginstitute.columbia.edu The Personalized Medicine
More informationEcosystem: Description of the modules:
Nanotechnology Solutions to Engineering Grand Challenges Edward W. Davis Auburn University Polapradada Raju Auburn University Virginia Davis Auburn University Abstract: Nanotechnology is becoming, and
More informationCONFERENCE PAPER NCVER. What has been happening to vocational education and training diplomas and advanced diplomas? TOM KARMEL
CONFERENCE PAPER NCVER What has been happening to vocational education and training diplomas and advanced diplomas? TOM KARMEL NATIONAL CENTRE FOR VOCATIONAL EDUCATION RESEARCH Paper presented to the National
More informationSchool Competition and Efficiency with Publicly Funded Catholic Schools David Card, Martin D. Dooley, and A. Abigail Payne
School Competition and Efficiency with Publicly Funded Catholic Schools David Card, Martin D. Dooley, and A. Abigail Payne Web Appendix See paper for references to Appendix Appendix 1: Multiple Schools
More informationGrowth of empowerment in career science teachers: Implications for professional development
Growth of empowerment in career science teachers: Implications for professional development Presented at the International Conference of the Association for Science Teacher Education (ASTE) in Hartford,
More informationRobert S. Unnasch, Ph.D.
Introduction External Reviewer s Final Report Project DESERT Developing Expertise in Science Education, Research, and Technology National Science Foundation Grant #0849389 Arizona Western College November
More informationRwanda. Out of School Children of the Population Ages Percent Out of School 10% Number Out of School 217,000
Rwanda Out of School Children of the Population Ages 7-14 Number Out of School 217, Percent Out of School % Source: Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) 2 Comparison of Rates of Out of School Children Ages
More informationeportfolio Guide Missouri State University
Social Studies eportfolio Guide Missouri State University Updated February 2014 Missouri State Portfolio Guide MoSPE & Conceptual Framework Standards QUALITY INDICATORS MoSPE 1: Content Knowledge Aligned
More informationASSESSMENT OF LEARNING STYLES FOR MEDICAL STUDENTS USING VARK QUESTIONNAIRE
ASSESSMENT OF LEARNING STYLES FOR MEDICAL STUDENTS USING VARK QUESTIONNAIRE 1 MARWA. M. EL SAYED, 2 DALIA. M.MOHSEN, 3 RAWHEIH.S.DOGHEIM, 4 HAFSA.H.ZAIN, 5 DALIA.AHMED. 1,2,4 Inaya Medical College, Riyadh,
More informationA STUDY ON AWARENESS ABOUT BUSINESS SCHOOLS AMONG RURAL GRADUATE STUDENTS WITH REFERENCE TO COIMBATORE REGION
A STUDY ON AWARENESS ABOUT BUSINESS SCHOOLS AMONG RURAL GRADUATE STUDENTS WITH REFERENCE TO COIMBATORE REGION S.Karthick Research Scholar, Periyar University & Faculty Department of Management studies,
More informationReport on Academic Recruitment, Hiring, and Attrition
Report on 2015 2016 Academic Recruitment, Hiring, and Attrition Amanda L. Golbeck, Thomas H. Barr, and Colleen A. Rose Each year in academic mathematical sciences departments around the United States,
More informationA 3-Year M.D. Accelerating Careers, Diminishing Debt
The NEW ENGLA ND JOURNAL of MEDICINE Perspective september 19, 2013 Becoming a Physician Steven B. Abramson, M.D., Dianna Jacob, R.P.A., M.B.A., Melvin Rosenfeld, Ph.D., Lynn Buckvar-Keltz, M.D., Victoria
More information