The Measure of Opportunity. A special Understanding Boston Series on Inequality, Prosperity, Well- Being & Boston s Future Mobility
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1 The Measure of Opportunity A special Understanding Boston Series on Inequality, Prosperity, Well- Being & Boston s Future Mobility
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8 Median Household Income by Quintile 2000 $420,000 $320,000 $220,000 $120,000 $20,000 -$80,000 Lowest Quintile Second Quintile Third Quintile Fourth Quintile Highest Quintile Top 5 Percent Source: 2000 Decennial Census; 2014 American Community Survey
9 Median Household Income by Quintile 2000 v 2013 $420, % $320,000 $220,000 $120,000 $20, % -$80,000 Lowest Quintile Second Quintile Third Quintile Fourth Quintile Highest Quintile Top 5 Percent Source: 2000 Decennial Census; 2014 American Community Su
10 Change in Households by Income Less than $10,000 $10,000 to $24,999 $25,000 to $49,999 $50,000 to $74,999 $75,000 to $99,999 $100,000 to $149,999 $150,000 or more Source: American Community Survey
11 AGGREGATE HOUSEHOLD INCOME $47b $725m Source: American Community Survey, year estimates
12 CAN A CITY EXTEND THE BENEFITS OF ECONOMIC SUCCESS TO ALL OF ITS RESIDENTS & NEIGHBORHOODS?
13 CAN IT RETAIN A VIBRANT MIX OF INCOME, ETHNIC & AGE DIVERSITY EVEN AS IT ATTRACTS HIGHER INCOME RESIDENTS?
14 CAN IT CREATE PATHWAYS TO EDUCATIONAL & ECONOMIC SUCCESS FOR ALL ITS YOUNG PEOPLE?
15 WHAT WILL IT TAKE TO MAKE BOSTON AMERICA S MOST UPWARDLY MOBILE CITY?
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17 OPPORTUNITY
18 PROSPERITY
19 WELL- BEING
20 SOCIAL & ECONOMIC MOBILITY
21 SOCIAL & ECONOMIC MOBILITY WHAT WE KNOW
22 100% 100% OPPORTUNITY AT BIRTH 67% 71% 68% 64% IMPACTS 59% 45% 49% 44% 43% 31% SUCCESS AT ADULTHOOD Birth Age 5 Age 11 Age 19 Age 29 Age 40 Advantaged at Birth Disadvantaged at Birth
23 100% 100% 67% 45% 71% 49% 59% 31% 68% 64% 44% 43% Birth Age 5 Age 11 Age 19 Age 29 Age 40 Advantaged at Birth Disadvantaged at Birth
24 100% 100% 67% 45% 71% 49% 59% 31% 68% 64% 44% 43% Birth Age 5 Age 11 Age 19 Age 29 Age 40 Advantaged at Birth Disadvantaged at Birth
25 100% 100% 67% 45% 71% 49% 59% 31% 68% 64% 44% 43% Birth Age 5 Age 11 Age 19 Age 29 Age 40 Advantaged at Birth Disadvantaged at Birth
26 100% 100% 67% 45% 71% 49% 59% 31% 68% 64% 44% 43% Birth Age 5 Age 11 Age 19 Age 29 Age 40 Advantaged at Birth Disadvantaged at Birth
27 100% 100% 67% 45% 71% 49% 59% 31% 68% 64% 44% 43% Birth Age 5 Age 11 Age 19 Age 29 Age 40 Advantaged at Birth Disadvantaged at Birth
28 GREATER MOBILITY LESS MOBILITY
29 Racial Segregation Commute Times Isolated Poverty Proximity to High Quality Schools Teen Labor Force Participation Social Capital Density of Single Parent Households
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31 Middlesex County: +0.39% every year Suffolk County: -0.31% every year
32 2015 A BABY IS BORN IN BOSTON
33 2027 ENTERS 7 TH GRADE 2020 TURNS FIVE YEARS OLD
34 2039 STARTS A CAREER PATH 2038 COMPLETES COLLEGE 2033 GRADUATES HIGH SCHOOL
35 2055 ACHIEVES THE AMERICAN DREAM 2048 HAS A CHILD
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37 EARLY OPPORTUNITY EDUCATION & SKILLS INEQUALITY & PLACES OF OPPORTUNITY INCOME, WEALTH, ASSETS JOBS & EMPLOYMENT
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40 KEY INDICATOR: Healthy Birth Weight Percent of Babies Born at Low Birth Weight Boston % %
41 Early Education Opportunity : KEY INDICATOR Percent of 3 and 4 year-olds enrolled in school Boston % 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% Private Public 20% 10% 0% Between 0 and 49 Between 50 and 99 Between 100 and 199 Between 200 and 299 Between 300 and 399 Between 400 and Plus
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45 WHAT MATTERS IN THE EDUCATION TO EMPLOYMENT PIPELINE?
46 Unemployment and Median Earnings by Educational Attainment $1,623 $1,714 PhD Professional 2.2% 2.3% $1,329 $1,108 Masters Bachelors 3.4% 4.0% $777 Associates 5.4% $727 Some College 7.0% $651 High School 7.5% $472 No High School 11.0% Median Weekly Earnings $827 All Workers 6.1% Unemployment Rate Source: US Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey
47 Adult Income Quintile of Children Born at the Bottom Income Quintile by College Degree 5% 9% Top 20% 19% 18% Fourth 20% 22% 23% Middle 20% 21% 45% Second 20% Bottom 20% 22% 16% No Degree With Degree Source: Brookings Institute Analysis of PSID
48 Adult Income Quintile of Children Born at the Bottom Income Quintile by College Degree Top 20% Fourth 20% Middle 20% Second 20% 45% Bottom 20% 16% No Degree With Degree Source: Brookings Institute Analysis of PSID
49 Adult Income Quintile of Children Born at the Bottom Income Quintile by College Degree 5% Top 20% 19% Fourth 20% Middle 20% Second 20% Bottom 20% No Degree With Degree Source: Brookings Institute Analysis of PSID
50 Change in Real Earnings by Educational Attainment % Men Women 16% 13% 7% 3% -12% -13% -20% Source: Brookings Institute, Hamilton Project, Occupational Employment Statistics
51 Spending on Educational Enrichment by Parent s Income $8,872 $3,536 $835 $1, Source: Our Kids: The American Dream in Crisis [Robert D. Putnam)
52 Chances of Graduating College by 8 th Grade Math NAEP Scores 74% 51% 30% 29% 3% 8% Lowest Scores Middle Scores Highest Scores Source: Our Kids: The American Dream in Crisis [Robert D. Putnam)
53 Percent of Children with a College Degree by Parents Income Quintile % 38% Total: 29% 20% 25% 11% Bottom Second Middle Fourth Top Source: Brookings Institute Analysis of PSID
54 College Attendance Rates for Children of Parents in the Bottom 25% Source: Raj Chetty, Equality of Opportunity Project
55 Income Inequality / Economic Prosperity Washington DC San Francisco New York Boston Los Angeles Dallas Philadelphia Detroit Chicago Seattle Miami Income Ratio of 90 th to 10 th percentile Source: 2014 Occupational Employment Statistics, Metropolitan Statistical Areas
56 Income Inequality / Economic Prosperity Washington DC San Francisco 55.1% 53.0% 6.1 New York 44.7% 5.7 Boston 52.6% Los Angeles Dallas Philadelphia Detroit Chicago Seattle Miami 39.2% 39.3% 42.1% 38.2% 43.2% 48.9% 38.5% Income Ratio of 90 th to 10 th percentile % Associate s or Higher Source: 2014 Occupational Employment Statistics, Metropolitan Statistical Areas
57 Income Inequality / Economic Prosperity Washington DC San Francisco New York Boston Los Angeles Dallas Philadelphia Detroit Chicago Seattle Miami 0.48 Income Ratio of 90 th to 10 th percentile Employment to Population Ratio Source: 2014 Occupational Employment Statistics, Metropolitan Statistical Areas
58 Income Inequality / Economic Prosperity Washington DC San Francisco New York Boston Los Angeles Dallas Philadelphia Detroit Chicago Seattle Miami Income Ratio of 90 th to 10 th percentile Employment to Population Ratio 16 to 24 year olds Source: 2014 Occupational Employment Statistics, Metropolitan Statistical Areas
59 EDUCATION & EMPLOYMENT
60 EDUCATION & SKILLS
61 EDUCATION & SKILLS Key Indicator SHARE OF ADULTS WITH AN ASSOCIATE S DEGREE OR HIGHER 35% 40.4% 48.9% 51.3% Source: 1990, 2000 Decennial Census; 2010, 2014 American Community Survet
62 EDUCATION & SKILLS
63 Change in MCAS Proficiency Rates % 64% 36% 37% 30% 20% 31% 28% 3rd grade reading 8th grade math 10th grade ELA 10th grade math Source: Massachusetts Department of Elementary & Secondary Education
64 Change in MCAS Proficiency Rates % 64% 36% 37% 30% 20% 31% 28% 3rd grade reading 8th grade math 10th grade ELA 10th grade math Source: Massachusetts Department of Elementary & Secondary Education
65 Change in MCAS Proficiency Rates % 64% 36% 37% 30% 20% 31% 28% 3rd grade reading 8th grade math 10th grade ELA 10th grade math Source: Massachusetts Department of Elementary & Secondary Education
66 BPS Four Year Graduation Rate by Race/Ethnicity 2006 & 2013 Asian Class of Class of White African American Latino Source: Massachusetts Department of Elementary & Secondary Education
67 BPS Annual Dropout Rate by Neighborhood 2008 Allston Back Bay / Kenmore Boston Central Brighton Charlestown Codman Square East Boston Fields Corner Grove Hall Hyde Park Jamaica Plain Mattapan Roslindale Roxbury Roxbury Crossing South Boston South End Uphams Corner West Roxbury 1.8% 3.0% 5.7% 4.5% 4.5% 8.0% 7.8% 6.5% 9.0% 7.9% 6.5% 7.4% 7.6% 5.8% 8.9% 7.1% 6.2% 8.4% 8.8% Source: Boston Public Schools
68 BPS Annual Dropout Rate by Neighborhood 2014 Allston Back Bay / Kenmore Boston Central Brighton Charlestown Codman Square East Boston Fields Corner Grove Hall Hyde Park Jamaica Plain Mattapan Roslindale Roxbury Roxbury Crossing South Boston South End Uphams Corner West Roxbury 0.9% 3.2% 2.7% 2.4% 3.0% 3.5% 4.1% 3.5% 4.7% 4.2% 2.4% 3.8% 4.5% 3.1% 5.5% 4.8% 6.7% 3.5% 3.7% Source: Boston Public Schools
69 BPS Graduates College Enrollment Rates % 77% 60% 58% Class of % 44% 68% 65% Class of 2004 African American Latino White Asian Source: Massachusetts Department of Elementary & Secondary Education
70 Boston Public School Graduates College Completion Classes of % 37% 39% 41% 45% Class of 2000 Class of 2007 Source: Success Boston
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72 JOBS & EMPLOYMENT
73 JOBS & EMPLOYMENT Key Indicator UNEMPLOYMENT RATE Source: US Bureau of Labor Statistics, Local Area Unemployment Statistics
74 JOBS & EMPLOYENT
75 Labor Market by Occupation 34% 28% 22% 16% 13% 10% 17% 18% 21% Blue-Collar Service 17% 18% White-Collar 13% 44% 55% 60% 67% 69% 69% Source: Decennial Census; 2010, 2014 American Community Survey
76 Total Employment , , , , , , , , , Source: US Bureau of Labor Statistics, Local Area Unemployment Statistics
77 Change in Employment by Industry 2001 Q Total Employment: +3% Education and Health Services Leisure and Hospitality Other Services Professional and Business Services 35% 29% 11% 3% Trade, Transportation and Utilities Financial Activities Public Administration -13% -14% -17% Information Construction -29% -31% Manufacturing -58% Source: Massachusetts Executive Office of Labor & Workforce Development ES202
78 Change in Employment by Occupation Personal care and service Community and social services Business and financial operations Computer and mathematical Healthcare support Management Healthcare practitioners and technical Life, physical, and social science Food preparation and serving related Protective service Education, training, and library Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media Sales and related Legal Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance Architecture and engineering Transportation and material moving Installation, maintenance, and repair Production Construction and extraction Office and administrative support -0.8% -4.5% -8.7% -9.0% -9.4% 30.8% 26.4% 23.6% 21.9% 20.9% 20.5% 20.3% 16.6% 10.5% 8.2% 4.7% 2.6% 1.7% 1.2% 0.8% 50.4% Source: US Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment Statistics Boston MSA
79 Work Experience by Weekly Hours Worked 29.8% 2.9% 12.4% 22.1% 4.9% 16.3% Did not Work 1 to 14 Hours 15 to 34 Hours 35 Hours or more 54.9% 56.7% Source: 2000 Decennial Census; 2014 American Community Survey
80 Work Experience by Weekly Hours Worked 29.8% 22.1% Did not Work 1 to 14 Hours 15 to 34 Hours 35 Hours or more Source: 2000 Decennial Census; 2014 American Community Survey
81 Change in Employment by Average Weekly Wages 2008 & 2014 Less than $718 12,706 $718 to $1,436 2,084 $1,436 to $2,154 8,849 $2,154 to $2,872-2,866 $2,872 or more -5,781 Source: Massachusetts Executive Office of Labor & Workforce Development ES202
82 Median Annual Earnings, Fast-Growing Occupations 2014 $92,330 $73,820 $43,610 $26,180 Personal Care and Service Community and Social Service Business and Financial Operations Computer and Mathematical Source: US Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment Statistics Boston MSA
83 Median Annual Earnings at 10 th & 90 th Percentile 2014 $133,070 $147,600 $77,610 $48,490 $42,760 $52,380 $18,380 $25,390 Personal Care and Service Community and Social Service Business and Financial Operations Computer and Mathematical Source: US Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment Statistics Boston MSA
84 INEQUALITY - OPPORTUNITY
85 INEQUALITY - OPPORTUNITY Adults with and Associate s Degree or Higher by Race/Ethnicity 2000 & % 49.0% 53.1% 40.7% % 23.6% 19.4% 22.4% 27.9% 29.9% 25.9% % Some Other Latino/ Hispanic African American Two or More Asian White Non-Latino Source: 2000 Decennial Census; 2014 American Community Survey
86 INEQUALITY - OPPORTUNITY Median Earnings for Full Time Workers 2000 & 2014 All 2000: $48,765 $56,406 $40,209 $40,154 $33,181 $37,630 $33,962 African American Asian Some Other Two or More Latino/ Hispanic White Non-Latino Source: 2000 Decennial Census; 2014 American Community Survey
87 INEQUALITY - OPPORTUNITY Median Earnings for Full Time Workers 2000 & 2014 $66,490 All 2014: $55,864 $51,876 $56,406 $41,700 $40,209 $40,154 $36,268 $33,181 $38,222 $37,630 $36,722 $33,962 African American Asian Some Other Two or More Latino/ Hispanic White Non-Latino Source: 2000 Decennial Census; 2014 American Community Survey
88 INEQUALITY - OPPORTUNITY Median Earnings for Full Time Workers gender gap 2014 $74,934 $61,191 $51,878 $60,579 $31,675 $36,099 $34,881 $22,271 $22,777 $17,629 Less than high school graduate High school graduate (includes equivalency) Some college or associate's degree Bachelor's degree Graduate or professional degree Source: 2014 American Community Survey
89 INEQUALITY - OPPORTUNITY Unemployment by Educational Attainment 2000 & % 12.2% 9.8% 3.2% Less than High School High School Associate s Degree Bachelor s Degree Or Higher
90 INEQUALITY - OPPORTUNITY Unemployment by Educational Attainment 2000 & % 17.8% 16.8% 16.2% 12.2% 9.8% 4.1% 3.2% Less than High School High School Associate s Degree Bachelor s Degree Or Higher
91 INEQUALITY - OPPORTUNITY Poverty & Economic Security by Educational Attainment % 200% or Higher 62.0% 81.5% Near Poor 25.6% In Poverty 17.7% 28.8% 20.3% 8.7% 9.8% Less than HS HS or Some College AA or Higher Source: 2000 Decennial Census; 2014 American Community Survey Public Use Micro Data
92 INEQUALITY - OPPORTUNITY Poverty & Economic Security by Educational Attainment 2000 & % or Higher 45.7% 39.6% 62.0% 54.9% 81.5% 81.8% Near Poor 25.6% 28.2% 18.5% In Poverty 17.7% 28.8% 32.2% 20.3% 26.6% 8.7% 9.8% 8.0% 10.2% Less than HS HS or Some College AA or Higher Source: 2000 Decennial Census; 2014 American Community Survey Public Use Micro Data
93 INEQUALITY - OPPORTUNITY Poverty & Economic Security by Educational Attainment 2000 & % or Higher 45.7% 39.6% 62.0% 54.9% 81.5% 81.8% Near Poor 25.6% 28.2% 18.5% In Poverty 17.7% 28.8% 32.2% 20.3% 26.6% 8.7% 9.8% 8.0% 10.2% Less than HS HS or Some College AA or Higher Source: 2000 Decennial Census; 2014 American Community Survey Public Use Micro Data
94 INEQUALITY - OPPORTUNITY EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT Less than 20% Source: American Community Survey, year estimates Greater than 80%
95 INEQUALITY - OPPORTUNITY UNEMPLOYMENT RATE Less than 5% Source: American Community Survey, year estimates Greater than 25%
96 INEQUALITY - OPPORTUNITY MEDIAN HOUSEHOLD INCOME Less than $25,000 Source: American Community Survey, year estimates Greater than $100,000
97 INEQUALITY - OPPORTUNITY CHILD POVERTY Less than 5% Source: American Community Survey, year estimates Greater than 40%
98 INEQUALITY - OPPORTUNITY Young Adult Labor Force Participation Rate to 24 year olds to 19 year olds Source: American Community Survey
99 INEQUALITY - OPPORTUNITY Young Adult Unemployment Rate to 19 year olds to 24 year olds Source: American Community Survey
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102 DATA GAPS: adult education, workforce, longitudinal data, missing topics
103 DATA GAPS: adult education, workforce, longitudinal data, missing topics BARRIERS: cost of education, student debt, cliff effect, proximity to jobs
104 DATA GAPS: adult education, workforce, longitudinal data, missing topics BARRIERS: cost of education, student debt, cliff effect, proximity to jobs ASSETS: higher education, workforce training, public/private partnerships
105 DATA GAPS: adult education, workforce, longitudinal data, missing topics BARRIERS: cost of education, student debt, cliff effect, proximity to jobs ASSETS: higher education, workforce training, public/private partnerships ON THE HORIZON: minimum wage, family leave, benefits
106 The Measure of Opportunity SEPTEMBER 22: BIERTH & EARLY CHILDRHOOD OCTOBER 28: EDUCATION, SKILLS, JOBS & EMPLOYMENT NOVEMBER 19: INCOME, INEQUALITY & NEIGHBORHOODS tbf.org/opportunity
107 The Measure of Opportunity
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Like much of the country, Detroit suffered significant job losses during the Great Recession.
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