SCIENCE TEXTBOOK FOR CLASS IX

Transcription

1 SCIENCE TEXTBOOK FOR CLASS IX

2 First Edition February 2006 Phalguna 1927 Reprinted November 2006 Kartika 1928 November 2007 Kartika 1929 January 2009 Magha 1930 December 2009 Pausa 1931 November 2010 Kartika 1932 December 2011 Pausa 1933 October 2012 Asvina 1934 October 2013 Asvina 1935 PD 750T MJ National Council of Educational Research and Training, 2006 ISBN ALL RIGHTS RESERVED No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher. This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade, be lent, resold, hired out or otherwise disposed of without the publisher s consent, in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published. The correct price of this publication is the price printed on this page, Any revised price indicated by a rubber stamp or by a sticker or by any other means is incorrect and should be unacceptable. OFFICES OF THE PUBLICATION DIVISION, NCERT NCERT Campus Sri Aurobindo Marg New Delhi Phone : , 100 Feet Road Hosdakere Halli Extension Banashankari III Stage Bangalore Phone : Navjivan Trust Building P.O.Navjivan Ahmedabad Phone : CWC Campus Opp. Dhankal Bus Stop Panihati Kolkata Phone : ` CWC Complex Maligaon Guwahati Phone : Publication Team Printed on 80 GSM paper with NCERT watermark Published at the Publication Division by the Secretary, National Council of Educational Research and Training, Sri Aurobindo Marg, New Delhi and printed at Shagun Offset Pvt. Ltd., B-3, Sector-65, Noida (UP) Head, Publication Division Chief Production Officer Chief Business Manager Chief Editor (Contractual Service) Editorial Assistant Production Assistant Cover Nidhi Wadhwa : Ashok Srivastava : Shiv Kumar : Gautam Ganguly : Naresh Yadav : Mathew John : Subodh Srivastava Layout and Illustrations Digital Expressions

3 FOREWORD The National Curriculum Framework (NCF), 2005, recommends that children s life at school must be linked to their life outside the school. This principle marks a departure from the legacy of bookish learning which continues to shape our system and causes a gap between the school, home and community. The syllabi and textbooks developed on the basis of NCF signify an attempt to implement this basic idea. They also attempt to discourage rote learning and the maintenance of sharp boundaries between different subject areas. We hope these measures will take us significantly further in the direction of a childcentred system of education outlined in the National Policy on Education (1986). The success of this effort depends on the steps that school principals and teachers will take to encourage children to reflect on their own learning and to pursue imaginative activities and questions. We must recognise that, given space, time and freedom, children generate new knowledge by engaging with the information passed on to them by adults. Treating the prescribed textbook as the sole basis of examination is one of the key reasons why other resources and sites of learning are ignored. Inculcating creativity and initiative is possible if we perceive and treat children as participants in learning, not as receivers of a fixed body of knowledge. These aims imply considerable change in school routines and mode of functioning. Flexibility in the daily time-table is as necessary as rigour in implementing the annual calendar so that the required number of teaching days are actually devoted to teaching. The methods used for teaching and evaluation will also determine how effective this textbook proves for making children s life at school a happy experience, rather than a source of stress or boredom. Syllabus designers have tried to address the problem of curricular burden by restructuring and reorienting knowledge at different stages with greater consideration for child psychology and the time available for teaching. The textbook attempts to enhance this endeavour by giving higher priority and

4 space to opportunities for contemplation and wondering, discussion in small groups, and activities requiring hands-on experience. The National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) appreciates the hard work done by the textbook development team responsible for this book. We wish to thank the Chairman of the advisory group in science and mathematics, Professor J.V. Narlikar and the Chief Advisor for this book, Professor Rupamanjari Ghosh, School of Physical Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, for guiding the work of this committee. Several teachers contributed to the development of this textbook; we are grateful to them and their principals for making this possible. We are indebted to the institutions and organisations which have generously permitted us to draw upon their resources, material and personnel. We are especially grateful to the members of the National Monitoring Committee, appointed by the Department of Secondary and Higher Education, Ministry of Human Resource Development under the Chairmanship of Professor Mrinal Miri and Professor G.P. Deshpande, for their valuable time and contribution. As an organisation committed to systemic reform and continuous improvement in the quality of its products, NCERT welcomes comments and suggestions which will enable us to undertake further revision and refinement. Director New Delhi National Council of Educational 20 December 2005 Research and Training (iv)

5 TEXTBOOK DEVELOPMENT COMMITTEE CHAIRMAN, ADVISORY GROUP FOR TEXTBOOKS IN SCIENCE AND MATHEMATICS J.V. Narlikar, Emeritus Professor, Chairman, Advisory Committee Inter University Centre for Astronomy & Astrophysics (IUCCA), Ganeshbhind, Pune University, Pune CHIEF ADVISOR Rupamanjari Ghosh, Professor, School of Physical Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi MEMBERS Anjni Koul, Lecturer, Department of Education in Science and Mathematics (DESM), NCERT, New Delhi Anupam Pachauri, 1317, Sector 37, Faridabad, Haryana Anuradha Gulati, TGT, CRPF Public School, Rohini, Delhi Asfa M. Yasin, Reader, Pandit Sunderlal Sharma Central Institute of Vocational Education, NCERT, Bhopal Charu Maini, PGT, DAV School, Sector 14, Gurgaon, Haryana Dinesh Kumar, Reader, DESM, NCERT, New Delhi Gagan Gupta, Reader, DESM, NCERT, New Delhi H.L. Satheesh, TGT, DM School, Regional Institute of Education, Mysore Madhuri Mahapatra, Reader, Regional Institute of Education, Bhubaneswar, Orissa Puran Chand, Jt. Director, Central Institute of Educational Technology, NCERT, New Delhi S.C. Jain, Professor, DESM, NCERT, New Delhi Sujatha G.D., Assistant Mistress, V.V.S. Sardar Patel High School, Rajaji Nagar, Bangalore S.K. Dash, Reader, DESM, NCERT, New Delhi Seshu Lavania, Reader, Department of Botany, University of Lucknow, Lucknow Satyajit Rath, Scientist, National Institute of Immunology, JNU Campus, New Delhi Sukhvir Singh, Reader, DESM, Regional Institute of Education, Ajmer, Rajasthan Uma Sudhir, Eklavya, Indore MEMBER-COORDINATOR Brahm Parkash, Professor, DESM, NCERT, New Delhi

6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The National Council of Educational Research and Training is grateful to the members of the Textbook Development Team, whose names are given separately, for their contribution in the development of the Science textbook for Class IX. The Council also gratefully acknowledges the contribution of the participating members of the Review Workshop in the finalisation of the book: P.K. Bhattacharya, Professor, DESM, NCERT; Anita Julka, Reader, DEGSN, NCERT; Tausif Ahmad, PGT, New Era Sr. Sec. School, New Delhi; Samarketu, PGT in Physics, JNV, MESRA, Ranchi; Meenakshi Sharma, PGT in Biology, SVEM, Ankleshwar, Gujarat; Raji Kamlasanan, PGT in Biology, DTEA SNSU School, R.K. Puram, New Delhi; Meenambika Menon, TGT in Science, Cambridge School, Noida; Lalit Gupta, TGT in Science, Govt. Boys Sr. Sec. School No. 2, Uttam Nagar, New Delhi; Manoj Kumar Gupta, Lecturer in Chemistry, Mukherji Memorial Sr. Sec. School, Shahdara, Delhi; Vijay Kumar, Vice-Principal, Govt. Sarvodaya, Co. Edu. Sr. Sec. School, Anand Vihar, Delhi; Kanhaya Lal, Principal (Retd.), Deptt. of Education, GNCT of Delhi, Delhi; K.B. Gupta, Professor (Retd.), NCERT, New Delhi; Kuldeep Singh, TGT in Science, JNV, Meerut; R.A. Goel, Principal (Retd.), Delhi; Sumit Kumar Bhatnagar, Department of Education, GNCT of Delhi, Delhi. Acknowledgements are due to M. Chandra, Professor and Head, Department of Education in Science and Mathematics, NCERT, New Delhi for providing all academic and administrative support. The Council also gratefully acknowledges the support provided by the APC Office of DESM, administrative staff of DESM; Deepak Kapoor, Incharge Computer Centre, DESM; Saima, DTP Operator; Mohd. Qamar Tabrez, Copy Editor; Mathew John and Randhir Thakur, Proof Readers. The efforts of the Publication Department, NCERT are also highly appreciated.

7 CONTENTS FOREWORD iii Chapter 1 MATTER IN OUR SURROUNDINGS 1 Chapter 2 IS MATTER AROUND US PURE 14 Chapter 3 ATOMS AND MOLECULES 31 Chapter 4 STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM 46 Chapter 5 THE FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE 57 Chapter 6 TISSUES 68 Chapter 7 DIVERSITY IN LIVING ORGANISMS 80 Chapter 8 MOTION 98 Chapter 9 FORCE AND LAWS OF MOTION 114 Chapter 10 GRAVITATION 131 Chapter 11 WORK AND ENERGY 146 Chapter 12 SOUND 160 Chapter 13 WHY DO WE FALL ILL 176 Chapter 14 NATURAL RESOURCES 189 Chapter 15 IMPROVEMENT IN FOOD RESOURCES 203 ANSWERS

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10 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA PREAMBLE WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a 1 [SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC] and to secure to all its citizens : JUSTICE, social, economic and political; LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship; EQUALITY of status and of opportunity; and to promote among them all FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and the 2 [unity and integrity of the Nation]; IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this twenty-sixth day of November, 1949 do HEREBY ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION. 1. Subs. by the Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976, Sec.2, for "Sovereign Democratic Republic" (w.e.f ) 2. Subs. by the Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976, Sec.2, for "Unity of the Nation" (w.e.f )

11 NCERT Science Textbook for Class IX Publisher : Author : NCERT Syllabus & Patterns Type the URL : Get this ebook