Internationalization of Higher Education in India. Dr. Vidya Rajiv Yeravdekar

Transcription

1 Internationalization of Higher Education in India Thesis submitted to the Symbiosis International University For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Faculty of Management Dr. Vidya Rajiv Yeravdekar Under the Guidance of Professor P. C. Shejwalkar Professor Emeritus, Faculty of Management, University of Pune, Pune SYMBIOSIS INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY Pune i

2 Declaration by the Candidate The thesis entitled Internationalization of Higher Education in India submitted to the Symbiosis International University, Pune for Ph.D under the Faculty of Management is based on my original work carried out under the guidance of Prof. P C Shejwalkar from June 2009 to October The research work has not been submitted elsewhere for award of any degree. The material borrowed from other sources and incorporated in the thesis has been duly acknowledged and/or referenced. I understand that I could be held responsible and accountable for plagiarism, if any, detected later on. Research papers published based on the research conducted out of and in the course of the study leading to PhD are appended. Signature of the Candidate Counter signed by the Research Guide (s) ii

3 Certificate of the Guide CERTIFIED that the work incorporated in the thesis Internationalization of Higher Education in India, submitted by Dr. Vidya Rajiv Yeravdekar was carried out by the candidate under my supervision/ guidance. Such material, as has been obtained from other sources has been duly acknowledged in the thesis. (Supervisor/ Research Guide) iii

4 Acknowledgement Several persons and institutions have contributed directly and indirectly during the development of this research study. It would not have been possible for me to complete my work without their support and encouragement. At the outset, I would like to express my gratitude to my Ph.D guide, Dr. P C Shejwalkar, right from the time of selecting the precise topic, to the continued guidance throughout the course of the research study. I would like to acknowledge the participation of students, both Indian and international of the Symbiosis International University (SIU) in the research study. I would also like to thank the faculty members, directors, vice chancellors of universities in India as well as CEOs and managers of companies in and around the Pune city for their participation in the research study. My special acknowledgements are due to Mr. Madhav Kondamgire, Research Assistant and Ms. Gauri Tiwari, Research Associate at Symbiosis Centre for International Education. iv

5 Index Chapter No Particulars Page No. 01 Introduction Aims & Objectives Review of Literature Hypotheses Materials and Methods: Research Design Findings and Discussion Conclusions Recommendations Limitations of the study & scope for further Research Bibliography Annexures 263 v

6 Table No. List of Tables Name of Table Page No. 1 International Students in Indian Universities 25 2 Year wise Indian GDP 79 3 Higher Educational Institutions in India 82 4 Number of international students in India 86 5 Region wise international students in India 86 6 Country wise international students in India 87 7 Government of India expenditure on education 89 8 Enrollment in higher education in India 91 9 Change in total active students by country of origin, 2010 and Framework of Cross Border Higher Education Survey across a sample of 200 International Students of their perception of Higher Education in the city of Pune 169 vi

7 List of Figures Figure No Name of Figure Page No 1 Growth in institutions and Enrollment in higher education in India 91 2 Tertiary gross enrolment ratio by geographical region, 2000 and Number of internationally mobile students by region of destination, 2000 and Number and percentage of international students in Total Enrollment, by Hosting Countries, vii

8 List of Graphs Graph No Title of Graph Page No 1 Student enrollment in Indian Higher Education (in million) 09 2 Student enrollment in higher education (in million) in the World 10 3 Gross Enrollment Ratio (GER) in Higher Education 11 4 Year wise Regional Trends ( ) Trends of Admission - FN & NRI Students Trends of International students - UG and PG Programmes Trends of International students - UG Programmes Trends of International students - PG Programmes Trends of FN and NRI Students UG Programmes Trends of FN and NRI Students- PG Programmes Trends of Admissions to Professional and Non Professional Programmes Trends of admissions to Professional Programmes in Trends of admissions to Non-Professional Programmes in viii

9 14 Trends of admissions to Professional Programmes in Trends of admissions to Non-Professional Programmes in Trends of admissions to Professional Programmes in Trends of admissions to Non-Professional Programmes in Trends of admissions to Professional Programmes in Trends of admissions to Non-Professional Programmes in Trends of admissions to Professional Programmes in Trends of admissions to Non-Professional Programmes in Responses from International students 22 Analysis of perceptions of International students Quality of Higher Education in India Availability of wide range of programs Welcoming environment for International Students Tuition fees Student Support Services 172 ix

10 28 Application Process Safe environment for higher Studies Student Visa process Cost of Living Language Barrier Admission procedure in the institute / University Affordable fee structure Presence of international faculty at the institute / university Infrastructure provided by the institute / university Campus accommodation provided by the institute / University Course curriculum at the institute / University Job prospects / placements after completing the program Level of satisfaction of stay in India Continuation of further studies in India Recommendation of University / institute to friends 180 x

11 43 Presence of international office at the University Orientation programme provided by the institute / university Knowledge about the institute / university 181 Responses from Directors of institutions 46 International student enrolment Collaborations with foreign Universities/ institutions Accreditation with International Bodies Number of faculty members attending International Seminars/ Workshops/ Conferences in one academic year Internationalization of Curricula Use of foreign case studies in teaching Composition of international students in a class of the institute/ University Level of importance given for internationalization by the institutions 187 Responses from Faculty Members 54 Level of importance given for internationalization by the institutions 55 Reason for internationalization at the Institution/ Universities xi

12 56 Specific strategy/policy for internationalization Number of faculty members / professional (non-clerical) staff members contributes their time to the Internationalization efforts at the Institution / Universities Source of funds that supports internationalization at your Institution / Universities Collaborations with Foreign Institution / University Number of degree seeking International Students (parttime and full time) enrolled at the Institute/ University as of the beginning of the 2009 academic year Responses from Delegates Importance given to Internationalization in the Institute / University 62 Reason for internationalization at the Institution/ Universities Collaborations with Foreign Institution / University Number of degree seeking International Students (parttime and full time) enrolled at the Institute/ University Accreditation with International Bodies Element of Internationalization of curricula Provision of scholarship to the International students Availability of International Office Conduct of workshops/ seminars/ training programs to train the faculty on Internationalization 198 xii

13 70 Twinning programmes with foreign universities Foreign scholars invited to be on the board of Studies /Advisory Board of the University 72 Policy to send faculty to participate at International conferences Responses from CEOs, Managers and Assistant Managers of companies 73 Branches of companies in foreign country Industry- Academia interface enhancing company growth Recruitment of students from a B school which has strategy towards internationalization Importance given by corporates to internationalization of the curriculum so as to train students to face the global market Preference of students with knowledge of foreign language 78 While recruiting, importance given to students having an international exposure Recruiting of foreign national students Views from the corporates about Pune being an education hub 206 xiii

14 List of Annexures Annexure A -Year-wise Regional Trends Annexure B -Trends of International students -UG and PG Programmes Annexure C -Trends of Admissions to Professional and Non Professional Program Annexure D -Analysis of perceptions of International students: Dipstick survey across a sample 200 International Students of their perception of Higher Education in the city of Pune Annexure E - Analysis & response of 300 international students A study of internationalization of higher education in Pune city Annexure F - Responses from Directors of institutions Annexure G - Responses from Faculty Members Annexure H - Responses from Delegates attending a conference in Internationalization of higher education Annexure I -Responses from CEOs, Managers and Assistant Managers of companies Annexure J - Interactions with various authorities like UGC, AICTE, NAAC, Dept. of Higher Education, Govt. of Maharashtra Annexure K Blog hosted on internet xiv

15 Annexure L - Participation in National & International Conferences Annexure M Papers published in Social Science Research Network Annexure N - International students support services at Symbiosis International University xv

16 Abbreviations AIU - Association of Indian Universities AB - Accreditation Board AICTE - All India Council of Technical Education AB - Accreditation Board BCI - Bar Council of India BHE - Borderless Higher Education CA - Council of Architecture CCH - Central Council of Homeopathy CCIM - Central Council for Indian Medicine CSR - Corporate Social Responsibility COA - Council of Architecture CII - Confederation of Indian Industry COPIE - Committee for the Promotion of Indian Education CBHE - Cross Border Higher Education CSIR - Council for Scientific and Industrial Research DHEI - Creating Diversity in Higher Education Index xvi

17 DCI - Dental Council of India DEC - Distance Education Council DAAD - Deutscher Akademischer Austausch Dienst DST Department of Science and Technology ENMC - Establishment of a National Monitoring Cell FYP Five Year Plan GATE - Global Alliance for Transnational Education GATS General Agreement on Trade in Services GER - Gross Enrollment Ratio GoI Government of India GDP Gross Domestic Product HEIs - Higher Educational Institutions HE Higher Education ICAR - Indian Council of Agricultural Research ICMR - Indian Council for Medical Research ICSSR - Indian Council for Social Science Research IPR - Intellectual Property Rights xvii

18 IHE - Internationalization of Higher Education ICAS - International Centre for Applied Sciences INC - Indian Nursing Council IAU - International Association of Universities LPG - Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization MCI - Medical Council of India MHRD Ministry of Human Resource Development NCTE - National Council of Teacher Education NAAC - National Assessment and Accreditation Council NAB- National Accreditational Board NSDC - National Skill Development Corporation India NCRI - National Council for Rural Institutes OHE - Offshore Higher Education PCI - Pharmacy Council of India PIHEAD - Promotion of Indian Higher Education Abroad PG Post Graduate PPP - Public Private Partnership xviii

19 RUSA - Rashtriya Uchcha Shiksha Abhiyan RCI - Rehabilitation Council of India SIU - Symbiosis International University SCIE - Symbiosis Centre for International Education SCHC - Symbiosis Centre of Health Care SCHE - State Councils of Higher Education SIIC - Software Industry Information Centre TNHE or simply TNE - Transnational Higher Education UGC - University Grants Commission UG Under Graduate USB - University Sports Board USA - United States of America UK - United Kingdom WTO - World Trade Organization xix

20 Summary of the Thesis xx

21 Summary of the Thesis Historically, India has always been a center of learning. Universities like Nalanda and Takshashila attracted scholars from the world over. The ancient Gurukulam model of imparting education represents India s unequivocal contribution to the cause of education. The Indian higher education system has exhibited impressive growth over the last decade to become the third largest system of higher education in the world. In a rapidly globalizing world, it is a challenge for higher educational institutions to address sociopolitical, economic and developmental issues. Internationalization of higher education is an impact of globalization. It integrates an international perspective into its organizational leadership, vision, and curricular goals. Higher educational institutions are expected to prepare graduates to be more competent and adaptive to the dynamic global challenges. The proposed research study aims to understand the various theoretical concepts of internationalization of higher education around the globe and, in particular, the higher educational institutions in India. The purpose of this study is to examine how key stakeholders envision their contributions in shaping internationalization strategies and how higher educational institutions should engage in more effective, future-oriented ways. The researcher begins with the development of the concept of the process of internationalization at higher educational institutions from the perspective of multiple stakeholders. The researcher employs several analytical frameworks: academic, structural, political and cultural. The researcher aims to study the higher education models operational globally with a view to strengthen internationalization in Indian higher education systems. Such a study is likely to facilitate evolution of a consensus model which could be replicated. The recommendation and inferences of this study may subsequently form the basis of national policy formulation. xxi

22 A model near similar to the one practiced by HEIs internationally is being implemented at the focal institution of the researcher located at Pune, India. xxii