DO laòng - DÀNH GIÀ TRONG THI TRAC NGHIÉM KHÀCH QUAN: DO KHÓ CÀU HÒI VA KHÀ NÀNG

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1 DO laòng - DÀNH GIÀ TRONG THI TRAC NGHIÉM KHÀCH QUAN: DO KHÓ CÀU HÒI VA KHÀ NÀNG CÙA THI SINH Nguyèn Thi Hong Minh, Nguyèn Due Thièn Tri/àng DHKHTN, 'DHQGHN Tom tàt: PhitOngphdp thi trac nghiem khàch quan dang dàn pho bièn ò nhièu cdp hoc, mòn hoc. Bo Giào due va Dào tao cùng dà déxuat nhùng du kién ve viec tuyèn sinh dai hoc thòng qua thi trac nghiem khàch quan trong thùi gian tài. Day là phi/ctng phàp tó chùc thi va dànhgià két qua hoc tap vói nhièu Uu diém, dac biet dóì vài cdc chucfng trinh hoc va thi trèn mày tinh (e-learning). Viéc nghién cùu va dita ra nhùng co so ly thuyèt de ho tra cho viec do li/àng va dành già càc yen tolièn quan tói de thi va kit qua thi mot càch khoa hoc là cap bdch va càn thièt. Bào cdo cùa chùng tói nàm trong huóng nghién cùu này. Edo cdo trinh bay càc ket qua tim hièu va trièn khai thù nghiem phitang phdp PRO - mot phucfng phdp duóc phàt trién dua trèn mò hinh RASCH: ''Mot thi sinh co khà nàng hcfn thi sinh khdc là phdi co mot xàc suà't làn hon de tra Idi dùng mot càu hòi bdt ki. TUóng tu, mot càu hòi A nào dò khó han mot càu hòi B nghla là doi vói thi sinh bdt ki thi xàc sudt tra lai dùng càu hòi B là lón hcfn càu hòi A". PhUcPigphàp PRO dita trèn cosàdàu vào là kè't qua thi cùa mot nhóm thi sinh trèn mot bo de thi trac nghiem khàch quan. Muc tièu cùa phi/cfng phdp là dita ra nhùng do luàng vi dò khò cùa cdc càu hòi (CH) va khà nàng cùa cdc thi sinh (TS). Day là nhùng thòng so ho tra tòt cho khàu to chùc, xày dùng ngàn hàng càu hòi va quan ly de thi cùng nhù dành già càc kè't qua giào due. Tu khoà: Trac nghiem. Do luòng, Khà nàng. Dò khó Tu vii't tat: Càu hòi (CH), Thi sinh (TS) 19

2 L GIOÌ THIÈU PhUdng phàp thi trac nghiem khàch quan là phudng phàp co nhiéu Uu diém trong viec dành già càc ket qua cùa giào due. NgUÒi ta co thè àp dung phudng phàp này de to chùc thi ò càc Idp hoc thòng thudng vdi so' thi sinh khòng dòng làm; cùng co the àp dung d càc kì thi quy mò Idn vói hàng ngàn, hàng van thi sinh. Trong trudng hdp qui mò lón, bà't ki mot sd suà't nhò nào ciing co the dàn dé'n nhiing bau qua xà'u va phàn ùng xà bòi bà't Idi. Do dò de trién khai mot kì thi quy mò Idn bang phudng phàp trac nghiem càn co nhiing chuan bi that ky ludng va khoa hoc ve tà't cà càc khàu lièn quan nhu de thi, càch chà'm diém, càch dành già... Nhiing kì thi nhu vay dudc goi là kì thi tiéu chuan boa [ tr.l]. Dac biet, càc càu hòi trong mot de thi tiéu chu^n boa nhu vày là nhiing càu hòi phài dà dudc thù nghiem, phàn tich va dinh Cd (tue là xàc dinh dudc do khó, dò phàn biet cùa tùng càu va do tin cày, do già tri cùa cà bài). Hdn niia, thòng qua viéc phàn tich thò'ng ké toàn bo bài làm cùa thi sinh ta co thè thu dudc nhiing so' liéu quan trong de dinh ludng tình hình giào due, dành già xu the phàt trién cùa giào due theo thdi gian. Bào cào trinh bay tóm ludc ve phudng phàp thi trac nghiem ò muc 2. Muc trinh bay ve mò hình Rasch, mot mò hình ùng dàp càu hòi dudc su dung rong rài trong dành già giào due. Su dung mò hình Rasch cho phép tao ra ed sd cùa càc phép do ludng trong giào due trèn cà hai dò'i tudng là de thi va thi sinh. Mot trién khai cu thè cùa phudng phàp do ludng dành già trèn ed so mò hình Rasch dudc chùng tòi trinh bay trong muc, dò là phudng phàp PRO (approximate), phudng phàp phù hdp vdi nhiing tinh toàn tu dòng bang chudng trinh trèn mày tinh. 2. PHUONG PHÀP THI TRAC NGHIEM Phàn này gidi thieu phudng phàp thi trac nghiem, qua dò làm noi bat Uu diém cùa phudng phàp thi trac nghiem khàch quan. Tiè'p theo là khoa hoc do ludng, dành già kè't qua thi cùa TS va quan trong hdn là quan ly viec ra de thi, chà'm thi cùa càc giào vién. 2.1 Càu hòi trac nghiem Mot càch tong quàt, càc bài kiém tra bay bài thi dudc chia làm hai loai: Trac nghiem tu luan va Trac nghiem khàch quan, Cà hai 19

3 loai déu dudc goi là trac nghiem chù khòng phài chi co loai thù hai nhu nhiéu ngudi vàn nhàm làn. Loai trac nghiem tu luan thuòng dòi hòi TS phài viè't càu tra Idi góm nhieu dòng, tudng ùng vói mòi CH, hay mòi phàn CH. Con trac nghiem khàch quan (chii "khàch quan" dùng de chi loai trac nghiem co phudng phàp chà'm diém khà déu tay va dang tin cay khi co nhiéu ngudi chà'm) co the chia làm bò'n loai: - Loai dién vào cho trong hay càu tra Idi ngàn. - Loai dùng sai. - Loai ghép dòi (hay xùng hdp). - Loai CH co nhiéu phudng àn tra Idi de chon. Loai CH co nhiéu phudng àn tra Idi de chon là loai trac nghiem khàch quan thòng dung nhà't. Trong loai "dién vào cbò trong" TS dudc tu do dién dat càu tra Idi trong mot gidi han nào do de dudc chà'p nhan dùng, con trong càc loai trac nghiem khàch quan khàc, TS sé dudc diém nhu nhau vdi bà't kì ngudi chà'm là ai, ngoai trù sai so' do su vò y nhà't thdi cùa ngudi chà'm. 2.2 Do lufòng - Dành già de thi trac nghiem Viéc do ludng - dành già de thi trac nghiem dua ra nhùng so'liéu dành già ve càc CH va toàn bài thi. Nhùng dành già mang tinh dinh ludng này sé ho trd tòt cho viec xày dung ngàn hàng CH Phàn tich CH trac nghiem Viéc phàn tich càu trac nghiem nhàm xàc dinh do khó, do phàn biet hay khà nàng phàn loai TS tra Idi càu hòi. Do khó (P) Ty le TS tra Idi dùng trèn tong sò'ts cho ta so' do tudng dò'i ve do khó cùa CH. Còng thùc de tinh: P= Sò'TS làm dùng _^QQ,^^ ^^^ TongsoTSdUthi(N) Thang phàn loai do khó quy Uóc nhu sau: Càu de: P=0-100%. (Tue là bau hét càc TS déu tra Idi dùng). 199

4 Càu trung bình: P=^0-0%. Càu khó: P= 0-0%. (Hàu hét càc TS déu tra Idi sai). Nèn dùng càc càu co P nam trong khoàng 2% <P<%. Dò phàn biet (D) Phàn bò' ty le TS tra Idi dùng hoac sai cùa càc TS thuòc nhóm khà, nhóm trung bình va nhóm kém cho ta so' do tudng dò'i ve do phàn biet cùa CH. Còng thùc de tinh: So TS khà làm dùng(r )-Sò'TS kém làm dùng(r^) ^^^^ Tong sò'ts khà va kém (2) (RH, RL: Sò'TS làm dùng (Right) ò nhóm khà (High), kém (Low). Do phàn biet D<0 the hien càu hòi khòng phàn biet dudc TS nhóm khà va kém. Nhùng CH co D>0 là càu co do phàn biet tò't. Ta co thè su dung còng thùc tinh do phàn biet (2) cho tùng phudng àn cùa mòi CH Mot vi du ve phàn tich CH Bang 1, Phàn tich càc CH trac nghiem STT CH RL RH N= P D Bò Ho Lo 1 HA A 10 1 LA 1 IO 10 HB B LB He C Le Ho D Lo

5 trong dò HA, HB, He, HD, HQ là sò'ts nhóm cao (Hight) tra Idi phudng àn A, B, C, D hoac bò khòng làm. L^, LB, Le, Lp, LQ là sò'ts nhóm thà'p (Low) tra Idi phudng àn A, B, C, D hoac bò khòng làm. O phudng àn co cot H va L trùng vói cot RH, RL thi dò là phudng àn dùng. Tu dò ta thu dudc két qua càc phudng àn càn phài dudc xem xét lai: STT 1 2 Càu A B C D 9 IO trong dò, dà'u "" là càc CH hoac phudng àn càn phài xem xét lai. Càc phudng àn - D, D - ID, C, A, lob - 2C, C, 9A, loa - Càu - Càu 10 Ly do càn xem xét - PhUdng àn co qua it TS chon tra Idi. - PhUdng àn co dò phàn biet, bang 0 (D=0). - PhUdng àn co do phàn biet àm (D<0). - Càu co do phàn biet bang khòng (D=0). - Càu co dò phàn biet àm (D<0) Sau dò nhóm càc CH co cùng gàn dò khó va dò phàn biet tudng ùng dudc là'y làm thuòc tinh cùa CH va dudc dua vào nhóm ngàn hàng CH chuan tudng ùng làm ed so cho viéc sinh càc bo de thi cho càc dò'i tudng khàc nhau hoac muc dich dành già khàc nhau Phàn tich bài trac nghiem Néu phàn tich càu trac nghiem giùp chùng ta sua chùa càc phudng àn "nhieu", làm thay doi dò phàn biét thi phàn tich bài trac nghiem sé giùp ta thay doi do khó cùa bài trac nghiem qua viec bo sung, thay dòi CH. 201

6 Dò tin cày cùa bài trac nghiem Là he so' tudng quan cùa ty le tra Idi dùng-sai giùa càc làn trac nghiem bang càc de trac nghiem tudng dudng. Tudng quan giùa hai tap sò' va Y dudc tinh theo còng thùc sau: ^-Y He so tudng quan: /- = yl['-{f][[y'-{yf] () Pbòng dinh dò tin cày trong giào due dudc tinh theo còng thùc: L-ì ( h ) () trong dò: L=Tong sò'ch, p là ty le tra Idi dùng CH, q=l-p, òhk phudng sai cùa bài thi. Do già tri cùa bài trac nghiem Là so' do mùc do ma mot bài trac nghiem do dudc dùng muc dich ma nò dinh do. Mot trong nhùng phudng phàp xàc dinh do già tri là tìm mùc do tudng quan giùa càc bài trac nghiem (tiéu chuan hoà) khàc nhau co cùng muc tièu., MÒ HÌNH RASCH Phàn này dién giài cu thè mò hình RASCH va ùng dung de dinh c CH va do ludng khà nàng cùa TS, làm tièn de cho phudng phàp PRO sé dudc trinh bay trong muc..1 Li thuyèt ùng dàp CH Trong bà't kì Imh vuc khoa hoc ky thuàt nào, de thuc hien mot phép do cùng càn tàc dòng mot thuóc do lèn dò'i tudng do, tu dò rùt ra nhùng so' do dac trung cho dò'i tudng dò. TrUdc khi thuc hien mot phép 202

7 do, ngudi ta phài thiét ké thudc do. Dòng tàc "khàc dò lén thuóc do" dudc goi là dinh ed. De dinh ed, ngudi ta thudng cho tbudc do tiép xùc vdi mot dò'i tudng do ma dà biét tinh chat. Nhàm dàm bào dò cbinh xàc cùa mot phép do ludng bà't ki, ngudi ta thudng néu ra càc yéu càu chung: Viéc dinh ed thudc do khòng phu thuòc vào dò'i tudng do. Thuòc tinh do dudc cùa dò'i tudng do khòng phu thuòc vào thuóc do. Hién nhién yèu càu ve tinh dpc lap này cùng khòng phài là tuyét dò'i. Khi xét mot phép do ludng cu thè trong giào due: Thuóc do co thè là mot CH hoac mot bài trac nghiem góm nhiéu CH. Dò'i tudng do co thè là mot thuòc tinh nào dò cùa TS, chàng han nhu nàng luc ve mot linh vuc nào dò. Thurstone cùng néu ra nhùng dòi hòi cùa mot phép do trac nghiem là: "Viec dinh cò càc CH khòng phu thuòc vào nhóm TS tra Idi va so'do ve thuòc tình cùa mot TS nào dò cùng khòng phu thuòc vào viec ho tra Idi càc CH nào" [12]. Dò là yéu càu ve tinh khàch quan cùa phép do. Trong the ky 20 nhiéu nhà nghién cùu ve do ludng trong giào due dà nghién cùu mò hình hoà viec dàp ùng càu hòi de ed thè tinh toàn dinh ludng qua trinh này. Ly thuyèt ùng dàp CH dudc xày dung trèn khoa hoc ve xàc suà't va thò'ng ké vói già dinh sau day []: Chi mot thuóc tinh hoac mot nàng luc duy nhà't dudc do bòi càc CH trong bài trac nghiem. Càc mò hình ùng dàp CH do nhiéu thuóc tinh chua dudc phàt trién nhiéu. Tinh doc lap dia phudng, nghìa là nàng luc dudc giù khòng doi trong khi làm bài trac nghiem, viéc tra Idi cùa TS dò'i vói hai CH nào dò là doc lap nhau ve mat thò'ng ké. Già dinh thù ba là co mot hàm dac trung cùa CH (item characteristic function-icf) phàn ành mò'i quan he thuc giùa càc bién khòng quan sàt dudc (nàng luc) va càc bién quan sàt dudc (két qua tra Idi CH). 20

8 .2 Mò hình RASCH.2.1 Già thièt cùa RASCH ve viec ùng ddp càc CH Khào sàt mot mò'i quan he ma trong dò TS thù v co mùc khà nàng V nào dò ve linh vuc dudc do, dùng truóc CH thù t co dò khó t. Nhà Toàn hoc ngudi Dan Mach George Rasch dà dua ra mot mò hình "ùng dàp CH" va dùng mò hình dò de phàn tich càc dù liéu that cùa bài trac nghiem. Rasch nói: "Mot TS co khà nàng hdn TS khàc là phài co mot xàc suà't lón hdn de tra lòi dùng mot CH bà't kì. TUdng tu, mot CH A nào dò khó hdn mot CH B nghìa là dò'i vói bà't ki TS nào thi xàc suà't tra Idi dùng CH B là Idn hdn CH A" [12]. DUa trén già thiét dò, Rasch dà xày dung dudng cong ùng dàp CH tudng ùng. De biéu dién càc mò'i quan he này, Rasch dà su dung càc thù thuàt de co the biéu dien dudc khà nàng cùa mot TS va dò khó cùa CH trén cùng mot thang do: Biéu dien khà nàng dudi dang ty dò'i va su dung hàm logarit (In) de bién thudng so' thành hieu so'..2.2 Hàm ùng ddp CH cùa Rasch Theo Rasch, xàc suà't cùa TS thù v tra lòi dùng CH thù t phu thuóc vào do chénh giùa nàng luc Pv cùa TS va do khó t cùa CH, tue là hiéu so' (Pv - t). Khi (Pv - t) = 0, rò ràng xàc suà't tra Idi dùng là 1/2. Co thè de dàng hiéu trang thài này khi Uóc doàn xàc suà't thàng cuòc cùa hai dò vat ngang sue. Nhu vày hàm dàp ùng CH tàng ddn diéu tu 0 dén 1 khi (Pv - t) bién doi tu -oo dén +oo, qua già tri 1/2 khi De phàn chia vdi diéu này chùng ta sé dat dò chénh (Pv - t) nhu là mot luy thùa cùa so'tu nhién e = 2, Khi dò già tri co sò'mù này sé bién thièn tu 0 dén +oo, chùng ta co thè dua nò vào khoàng giùa 0 va 1 bòi dang ty le ^(A.-^,) 1 + e ip.-s,) 20

9 Còng thùc này co thè hién do thi ò hình 1. Nò dudc su dung de chi rò xàc suà't cùa mot càu tra Idi nhu sau:,(p,.-,) P{xJ^^A} = l + e (Pv-s,) () trong dò, yt^^^ nhan mot trong hai già ti"i, 0 néu càu tra Idi là sai hoac 1 néu là dùng. Sau day là biéu dién do thi cùa duòng cong ùng dàp CH theo mò hình Rasch: i_p{^j (P..-,) p,<, p,=, p,>, Hinh 1. Duòng cong ùng dàp càu hòi theo mò hình Rasch. SU dung mò hình Rasch de do litdng khà nàng thi sinh va dinh ed càu hòi Còng thùc xàc dinh xàc suà't de TS thù v co nàng luc Pv tra Idi CH thù t co dò khó ^ vói két qua yt ^^ ^^* PKÌ/^.A) l + e ip.-à,) () trong dò y^nhàn mot trong hai già tri: 20

10 yt=l khi càu tra Idi là dùng va vt" ^ ^^^ ^^^ ^^^ ^^^ ^^ ^^- Cu thè: Cho mot càu tra Idi dùng: p{^^^ ^ ] ^^^^^} = _ - () 1 va cho càu tra Idi sai: P{x^, = 0 y^,<?j = ^JZJJ (S) l + e' Khi co màu so'liéu tra Idi cùa N TS trén L CH, kè't qua càc càu tra Idi (x J khi V =1..N, t=l..l. Nhùng dù liéu này co thè dudc biéu thi trong mot bang hai chiéu, khi dò: L Tong diém cùa moi TS là: ''v - ^ -^vr va tong diém cùa mòi CH là: ^t ~ 2^ ^vi Ap dung mò hình RASCH () cho cà bài thi ta co tich so' lién tue là: nxj^a)={\y\t-jp:^ (9) V / li-c Chuyén nhùng toàn tu tich so' lién tue T thành tong. V, ( cac toàn tu ^ va ^ N L N L PhUdng trinh (9) trd thành: L n n[i-^'^'-*''l (10) PhUdng trinh (10) rà't quan trong bòi nò chi ra ràng de dành già nhùng tham so' v va t thi chùng ta càn tinh tong càc le cùa ma tran dù 20

11 liéu (r^) va (s^). Hdn nùa, càc tham so'này co thè dudc dành già doc làp qua su phàn dinh cùa hai còng thùc: -^ n ^ v' s V V. PHITONG PHÀP PRO Trong phàn này chùng tòi trinh bay phudng phàp PRO: ed so ly thuyèt, càc bude thuc hién trong thuàt toàn theo phudng phàp PRO, mot so' két qua thù nghiem. ChUdng trinh thù nghiem dà dudc thuc hien vói mot so' de thi trac nghiem ò mot so' mòn khàc nhau trong truòng DHKHTN, DHQGHN. Trong qua trinh thù nghiem chùng tòi càn co su ho trd rà't tich cuc cùa càc giào vién bo mòn ve mòn thi thù nghiem. De tao giao dién thuàn Idi cho càc giào vién phoi hdp su dung chudng trinh chùng tòi lua chon mòi trudng lap trinh macro trong Microsoft Excel. Néu phudng phàp thành còng chùng tòi hy vong day sé là mot dóng góp quan trong trong càc phàn mém thi trac nghiem ò khàu do luòng va dành già..1 Cd so ly thuyèt cùa phifo?ng phàp PhUdng phàp PRO dudc chùng tòi phàt trién dua trèn mò hinh Rasch theo càc y tudng ma Wright va Douglas dà dua ra nàm 19 [12] nhàm dinh ed dò khó càc CH va do ludng khà nàng cùa càc TS. PhUdng phàp PRO dudc xày dung vdi già dinh khà nàng cùa TS Pv dudc xem là phàn phò'i chuan vdi trung bình là M va dò lèch chuan. TUdng tu dò khò cùa CH t cùng là phàn phò'i chuan vói trung bình H va do lèch chuan CO. Tue là: P,-N{M.^) va S,-N(Hy) Khi dò, dinh ed dudc khà nàng cùa TS thù v vdi diém Vy trén bài trac nghiem vdi L CH dudc xàc dinh là: b =^H +.ìni-^) (11) 20

12 va dinh ed cho dò khò CH thù t vdi diém cùa CH là s^. trong màu cua N TS dudc xàc dinh nhu sau: dt=m-^y.ln N-sA \ -"t ) (12) Càc he so' va Y là càc thùa so' khai trién, trong dò là dò phàn tàn do khó cùa CH va Y là do phàn tàn khà nàng cùa càc TS. Mot càch tong quàt, ta co: = '1 + w' r = ì + ' 2.9 V 2.9 Dành già ^ va d^ co càc sai so' chuan sau: SEibJ^^ ^(^-^) N SE{d,) = Y^ S,(N-S,) Càch Uóc ludng này co thè dat ra viéc Udc ludng diém cùa CH (s^) bang càch tinh diém sd bò cùa CH t va diém cùa TS v nhu sau: x,=ln[ ^] ^ ='"&i Khi dò, còng thùc he so', Y sé là: = 1 + V_ 1.= UV ' UV trong dò, U là phudng sai cùa dò khó CH va V là phudng sai cùa khà nàng TS U = ^ Z-1 v = -^ N-l 2 20

13 De hoàn thành viéc Uóc ludng này ta dàt trung bình bài trac nghiem d 0 (tue là H=0 va M=0). Khi dò: d,=m + Y., - Y{x, - x) b^.=h +.y^^ =.y^_ Cuò'i cùng, càc sai so'chuan tudng ùng là: SE{d,) = Y\ ^ ^ ^ SEib^.) =. ' ^ ^-^,2 Càc bvfófc trién khai tinh toàn theo phifofng phàp PRO Bi/óc 1. Nhap dù lieu. Nhap Lo là tong so' CH cùa de thi. - Nhap No là tong sò'ts thi. Nhap kè't qua làm bài. Dành so' 1 néu tra Idi dùng, 0 néu sai hoac khòng tra Idi càc CH. Tinh diém thò cùa TS va cùa CH bang tong càc càu tra Idi dùng. Bude 2. Sua dù liéu Loai bò càc CH qua di (TS nào cùng tra Idi dùng) hoac qua khó (khòng TS nào tra Idi dùng) trong qua trinh tinh toàn tiép theo. TUdng tu, loai bò nhùng TS qua kém (chi tra Idi dùng càc CH qua de) va qua gidi (làm dùng hét tà't cà càc CH). Ky hiéu so' CH dua vào phàn tich là L, sò'ts là N. Bude. Sa bo dinh ed CH - Tinh ty le dùng, sai cùa tùng CH. /. f- _2 - Tinh trung bình: x ^ ~ va phudng sai: U = L I-I 209

14 - Sd bò dinh c CH t theo còng thùc: d^ = x, - x Bude. So ho do ludng khà nàng TS - Tinh tàn so' càc TS co trong dai diém va ty le tra Idi dùng, Tinh trung bình: Y = -^ N l.-\ L-] và phudng sai: V=- - Sd bò do luòng khà nàng TS theo còng thùc: Bude. Tinh càc thùa so ma rong, Y - Phàn tàn dò khó cùa CH : = ' '-^ 1 ^-^ 1.^ và phàn tàn khà nàng cùa TS : Y= I 1-' 1 ^-^ 1.^ Bude. Chinh xàc dinh ed cùa CH - Tinh: d, = Y.d^ - Dua dinh ed dò vào trong khoàng [-1, 1]. 210

15 1 A^ 2. Tình sai so chuan: SE{d,) = " Bude. Chinh xàc hoà do ludng khà nàng cùa TS - Tinh: è =.b' - Dua do luòng dò vào trong khoàng [-1, 1]. T s - Tinh sai so chuàn: SE(b ) = ^ - Két qua thu dudc trong hai bude và là càc dinh co chinh xàc cùa càc CH dj. và do ludng chinh xàc khà nàng cùa càc TS b^.. Mot so' két qua àp dung thiic nghiem Sau day là càc kè't qua chinh cùa viéc trién khai thuc hién chudng trinh trèn 2 so'liéu màu dién hình: So'liéu thù nhà't dudc là'y tu cuò'n "Best test design" [12, tr 2-] dà dudc dành già trén ed sd dinh ed bang tay. Chùng tòi chon so' liéu này de co thè so sành két qua cùa chudng trinh vói càc két qua dành già dà dua ra trong tài liéu. So'liéu thù hai dudc là'y tu kè't qua thi hét hoc kì mòn "Sinh ly hoc ngudi và dòng vat" cho sinh vién càc khoà nàm thù, khoa Sinh hoc, truòng DHKHTN, DHQGHN do PGS.TS. Trinh Hùu Hàng bièn soan và cho thi...1 ThUc nghiem 1 So' liéu dàu vào là'y tu cuò'n "Best test design" [12]. Kich thuóc dù liéu gom 1 CH và TS. Qua trinh xù ly : Dén bude hai, co CH bi loai, trong dò CH 1, 2, là qua de (TS nào cùng làm dudc) và CH 1 là qua khó (Khòng TS nào làm dudc). Cd 1 TS bi loai trong qua trinh tình toàn tiè'p theo do khòng làm dùng CH nào (Trù CH qua di dà bi loai). NhU vay con co 1 CH và TS dudc dua vào tinh toàn. 211

16 Két qua: Qua càc bude xù ly,, ta co dudc dinh ed chinh xàc dò khó cùa càc CH. Càc sò'heu dinh ed dudc biéu dién trén hinh J Cau hoi Hinh 2, Do thi biéu dién dò khó CH vdi thue nghiem 1 - Nhan xét: Càc két qua tình toàn dudc rat sàt vdi kè't qua dua ra trong sàch, trong dò ba CH 12, 1, 1 là rà't khó, CH 1 là rà't de ThUc nghiem 2 Két qua thi hét hoc ki mòn "Sinh ly hoc nguòi và dòng vat". Dù liéu dàu vào gom 90 CH và 99 TS. Trong dò co CH: 2, 2, 2,,,, 9, 90 thay ra de theo loai "dién thèm" và cho diém le nèn loai ra. NhU vày con 2 CH và 99 TS dua vào phàn tich. Sau bude 2, khòng co TS hoac CH nào bi loai. Qua trinh xù ly : Qua càc bude tinh toàn 2,,, khòng co CH nào và TS nào bi loai khòi qua trinh xù ly. Diéu này chùng tò càc CH trong de thi dà dudc già còng tò't. Két qua: Qua càc bude xù ly,, ta co dudc dinh ed chinh xàc do khó cùa càc CH. Do thi càc so héu dinh ed dudc biéu dien trèn bình. 212

17 -I e -I.; Hinh, Do thi biéu dién dò khó CH trong thuc nghiem 2 Càu hòi - Nhan xét: Theo càc két qua tình toàn do khó cho thà'y CH 1 là khó nhà't, CH và CH là de nhà't, tuy nhién dò khó cùa càc CH là chà'p nhan tòt trong de thi. Nhìn chung càc CH co khà nàng phàn biét (giùa càc TS kém và giòi) tòt. Chùng tòi dà rùt ra càc nhan xét khi trao dòi vdi PGS.TS Trinh Hùu Hàng ve càc két qua tinh toàn. Mot làn nùa xin chàn thành càm dn PGS. Ngoài 2 vi du néu trén, chudng trinh dà ducfc trién khai, àp dung cho mot so' mòn thi hét hoc phàn nhu : Mòn "ngòn ngù C", Idp tai chùc K, khoa Toàn-Cd-Tin hoc, DH KHTN-HN, do thay Tran Trong Hiéu soan. Mòn Sinh-Ky, Khoa tu nhién, trudng CDSP Thài Nguyèn do co giào Tran Thi Phùc soan. Càc nhan xét, dành già phù hdp vdi y kién cùa càc giào vién bò mòn.. KÉT LUAN Muc dich chinh cùa phudng phàp PRO là dinh c dò khó cùa CH và do luòng khà nàng cùa TS. Vdi càc CH dinh ed dà dudc dinh ed, ngudi dùng (thudng là càc giào vién, nhùng nguòi quàn ly dào tao) sé là'y càc kè't qua dò làm mot thuòc tình quan trong cùa CH ^dè tu dò thành lap, ho sung vào ngàn hàng CH. Dò cùng là Uu diém noi bat cùa phudng phàp, khàc phuc dudc nhùng han che cùa trac nghiem khàch quan. Viec do ludng khà nàng cùa TS giùp ngudi quàn ly dào tao ed thè dành già càc kè't qua và xu hudng phàt trién cùa giào due theo thdi gian. 21

18 Hudng phàt trién tiép cùa de tài là phàn tich cu thè mòi phudng àn cùa CH và phàn tich trèn toàn bài thi làm ed sd cho viéc xày dung chudng trinh quàn ly ngàn hàng CH và sinh de tu dòng theo yéu càu. TÀI LIÈU THAM KHÀO Tài lieu tieng Viet: [1.] Le Due Ngoc, Bài gidng do ludng và dành già thành qua hoc tap trong giào due, Trung tàm dàm bào chat ludng dào tao và nghién cùu phàt trién giào due, DHQGHN, 200. [2.] Nguyèn Phung Hoàng, Ph. D và Vò Ngoc Lan, PhUOng phàp thi trac nghiem trong kiém tra và dành già thành qua hoc tap, Nxb Giào due, 199. [.] Nguyèn Vàn Liéu, Nguyèn Dinh Cu, Nguyèn Quò'c Anh, SPSS.0 for Windows, ùng dung phàn tich dù lieu trong quàn ly kinh doanh và khoa hoc tu nhién, xà hòi, Nxb Giao thòng vàn tài, [.] DUdng Thieu Tò'ng, Trac nghiem và do ludng thành qua hoc tàp, Tàp 1, 2, Bò Giào due và Dào tao, TrUdng Dai hoc Tong hdp Thành pho HCM, 199. [.] Làm Quang Thiép, Do luàng và dànhgià trong giào due, khoa SP, DHQGHN [.] Làm Quang Thiép, Giói thieu ve do luàng và dành già trong giào due, Bò Giào due và Dào tao, 200. Tài lieu tieng nudc ngoài: [.] David Andrich, Rasch models for nuasurement - SAGE Publicatios, 199. [.] Raymond J. Adams, Siek-Toon Kboo- QUEST, The Interactive Test Analysis System - ACER, Austalia, 199. [9.] Travel G. Bond, Christine M. Fox, Applying the Rasch Model, Fundamental measurement in the Human Sciences. Lawrence Erbaum Associates Publishers, [10.] Ronald K. Hambleton, H. Swaminathan, H. Jane Rogers- Fundamentals ofitem Response Theory- SAGE Publicatios, [11.] Patrick Griffin, Mesuring Achievement Using Sub-test from a Common Item, Pool. Assessment Research Centre, The University ofmelboume, 199. [12.] Benjamin D. Wright, Mark H. Stone - Best Test Design- SMESA PRESSA, Chicago, 199. [1.] Margaret L. Wu, Raymond J. Adams, Mark R. Wilson- ACER CONQUEST Generalised Item Response Modelling Software- ACER Press,

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