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1 ty,oa lacfu/kr lkaf[;dh ty lalk/ku lwpuk iz.kkyh funs kky; Lkwpuk iz.kkyh laxbu Tky vk;kstu,oa ifj;kstuk Lda/k dszunzh; ty vk;ksx WATER RESOURCES INFORMATION SYSTEM DIRECTORATE INFORMATION SYSTEM ORGANISATION WATER PLANNING & PROJECTS WING CENTRAL WATER COMMISSION fnleckj 2010 DECEMBER 2010

2 WATER AND RELATED INFORMATION SYSTEM ORGANISATION WATER PLANNING & PROJECT WING CENTRAL WATER COMMISSION DECEMBER 2010

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5 Officials associated with the Publication 1. Shri D.P. Mondal Advisor 2. Shri S.K. Madaan Director 3. Smt. Anupam Bhatnagar Director 4. Smt. Bindu Sreedathan Dy. Director 5. Shri Vinod Sharma Sr. Statistical Officer 6. Shri Ashwani Kumar Sr. Statistical Officer 7. Shri Anil Kumar Raisinghani Jr. Computor 8. Shri Dayabir Singh DEO Grade- D 9. Shri Bhushan Dutt DEO Grade- B vii

6 Acronyms BCM CAD CCA cm cu m CWC CUI DPAP ERM FF FRL GDP GIA GSA GWH HFL IPC IPU IWDP KM KWH Lakh Ha M MCM mm Mha MW NCIWRD NDP : Billion Cubic Metre : Command Area Development : Cultural Command Area : Centimeter : Cubic Metre : Central Water Commission : Coverage under Irrigation : Drought Prone Area Programme : Extension, Renovation & Modernization Project : Flood Forecasting : Full Reservoir Level : Gross Domestic Product : Gross Irrigated Area : Gross Sown Area : Giga Watt Hours : Highest Flood Level : Irrigation Potential Created : Irrigation Potential Utilised : Integrated Watershed Development Project : Kilometre : Kilo Watt Hours : Lakh Hectare : Metre : Million Cubic Metre : Millimeter : Million Hectare : Mega Watt : National Commission on Integrated Water Resources Development : Net Domestic Product ix

7 NIA : Net Irrigated Area NRDWP : National Rural Drinking Water Programme NSA : Net Sown Area PL : Pond Level sq km : Square Kilometre TCA : Total Cultivable Area TMcum : Thousand Million Cubic Metre UIP : Ultimate Irrigation Potential UT : Union Territory % : Percentage x

8 Foreword Preface List of Officials Acronym Water Sector At a Glance CONTENTS Topics Page No vii ix - x xv - xix Chapter 1 Introduction 1-2 Chapter 2 - Water and Related Resources 3-9 Chapter 3 - Resources Utilisation Chapter 4 - Production Related Performance & Economic Efficiency Chapter 5 - Financial Performance Chapter 6 - Social and Environmental Performance Tables 1 Water Resources Potential in River Basins of India 39 2 Details of Inland Fishery Water Resources of Various Types by State, Total & Navigable Length of Important Rivers ( ) by State (A) Rainfall in Different Meteorological Sub-Divisions of the country during (B) Rainfall in Different Meteorological Sub-Divisions of the country during (A) Distribution of Number of Districts by intensity of Rainfall during 50 Monsoon 2009 ( ) 5(B) Distribution of Number of Districts by intensity of Rainfall during 51 Monsoon 2008 ( ) 6 Per Capita Availability of Water in India during Basin-wise Live Storage Capacities under Major & Medium Irrigation 53 Projects in India 8 Live Storage Capacities under Major & Medium Irrigation Projects by 54 State 9(A) Storage Position of Important Reservoirs of India at the end of each month During June 2008 to May (B) Storage Position of Important Reservoirs of India at the end of each month During June 2007 to May Basinwise Details of Hydrological Observation Stations Annual Replenishable Ground Water Resource by State Availability, Utilization and Stage of Development of Ground Water Resources by State 13 Status of Ground Water National Hydrograph Network Stations (NHNs) Number of Assessed units (Blocks/Mandal/Talukas/Island/ 85 Districts/UT/State) 15 Ultimate Irrigation Potential by State Number of Large Dams by State as on January Land Use and Irrigation Statistics by State during to Selected Land Use Parameters by State, Cropping Pattern according to Land Use Statistics, All-India Area Irrigated under Selected Crops, All-India Irrigated Area under Selected Crops by State, xi

9 22 Gross/Net Area Sown and Irrigated Area, All-India Gross/Net Area Sown and Irrigated Area by State during to Net Irrigated Area by State and Source of Irrigation during to Plan-wise Irrigation Potential Created and Utilised in India Plan-wise Cumulative Irrigation Potential Created and Utilised in India Plan-wise Achievements of Irrigation Potential Created/Utilised (Cumulative) under Major & Medium Irrigation Projects by States 28 Plan-wise Achievements of Irrigation Potential Created and Utilised (Cumulative) under Minor Irrigation Schemes (Surface Water) by States 29 Plan-wise Achievements of Irrigation Potential Created and Utilised (Cumulative) under Minor Irrigation Schemes (Ground Water) by States 30 Plan-wise Achievements of Irrigation Potential Created and Utilised (Cumulative) under Minor Irrigation Schemes (Surface + Ground) by States 31 Plan-wise Achievements of Total Irrigation Potential Created and Utilised (Cumulative) by State [taking Major, Medium and Minor Irrigation Schemes into consideration] 32 Irrigation Potential Created, Utilised and Gross Irrigated Area by State, Number of Major, Medium and ERM Irrigation Projects by State Status of Bore Holes Drilled by Central Ground Water Board by State as 140 on Cumulative Irrigation Potential Created and Utilised under CAD Programme by State 36 Physical Achievements of Field Channels under CAD Programme by State Physical Achievements of Field Drains under CAD Programme by State List of On-going Projects under CADWM Programme during the period of XI Plan ( to ) 39 Per Capita Consumption of Electricity by State Irrigation Pumpsets Energised and Electricity Consumption in Agriculture Sector during and by Region/ State 41 All India Area, Production and Yield of Selected Crops Irrigated and Unirrigated Yield of Principal Crops by State, to Year-wise Fish Production in India Inland Fish Production by State Inland Fish Production Per Hectare Area of Water Bodies by State, (A) State-wise and Region-wise Hydro Electric Potential Development in terms of Installed capacity - above 25 MW (as on ) 46(B) State-wise and Region-wise Hydro Electric Potential Development in terms of Installed capacity (as on ) 47(A) Basin-wise Hydro Electric Power Potential Development in terms of 176 Installed Capacity - above 25 MW (as on ) 47(B) Basin-Wise Hydro Electric Power Potential Development in terms of 177 Installed Capacity (as on ) 48 Hydro Electric Power Installed Capacity and Generation - All India 178 (Utilities) 49 Domestic Product from Agriculture and Allied Activities at Current Prices 179 xii

10 50 Domestic Product from Agriculture and Allied Activities at Constant 180 ( ) Prices 51 Planwise Financial Expenditure on Irrigation in India Planwise Financial Expenditure on Irrigation in India (at prices) Statewise and Planwise Financial Expenditure on Major and Medium 183 Irrigation 54 State-wise and Plan-wise Financial Expenditure on Minor Irrigation - State Sector 55 State-wise and Plan-wise Financial Expenditure on Minor Irrigation institutional 56 Central Releases under the Command Area Development Programme by State 57 State-wise Expenditure under CAD Programme - State Sector Extent of various kinds of Land Degradation in India Area Developed under various Watershed Development Programmes since 192 inception upto Xth Five Year Plan 60 List of Districts Covered under Drought Prone Areas Programme (DPAP) as on Flood Damage/Heavy Rains in India State-wise Damage due to Flood / Heavy Rains during Planwise Expenditure under Flood Management Planwise Expenditure & Cumulative Benefits (Area Protected) under 203 Flood Management at Prices 65 State-wise and Plan-wise Expenditure on Flood Management Work State-wise Progress of Physical Works under Flood Management Works 206 till March Flood Damage in India during 1953 to 2009 at Prices (A) Flood Forecasting Performance at various Forecasting stations during the flood season (B) Flood Forecasting Performance at various Forecasting stations during the flood season (C) Flood Forecasting Performance at various Forecasting stations during the flood season (A) Broad features of Flood Forecasting Performance during Flood Season (B) Broad Features of Flood Forecasting Performance during the Flood season (C) Broad Features of Flood Forecasting Performance during Flood season Comparative Flood Forecasting Performance from 1986 to Projected Water Demand in India (by Different Uses) Status of Coverage of Rural Habitations under Rural Water Supply as on Expenditure under Rural Water Supply Programmes 250 Glossary of terms xiii

11 WATER SECTOR AT A GLANCE Item 1. Estimated Annual Precipitation (including snowfall) 4000 BCM. 2. Geographical Area Million Hectare 3. i) Census Population Million ii)projected Population Million 4. Estimated Annual Rainfall BCM Table 4A 5. Average Annual Potential in Rivers 1869 BCM Table 1 6. i) Per Capita Water Availability (2001) 1816 Cubic Meter ii) Per Capita Water Availability (2010) 1588 Cubic Meter 7. Estimated Utilisable Water i) Surface 690 BCM Table 1 ii) Ground 433 BCM Table 11 iii) Total 1123 BCM 8. a) Live Storage Capacity BCM Table 7 i) Completed Projects BCM ii) Projects Under Construction BCM iii) Projects Under Consideration BCM b) Storage Position of 81 Important Reservoirs (June 2007 to May 2008) Sl. Month Total Live Storage Actual Storage Table 9B BCM Percentage of actual Storage 1. June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May (June 2008 to May 2009) Table 9A 1. June July Aug Sept Oct xv

12 6. Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Table Irrigation Potential * 9.1 At the time of Independence (Pre-Plan) 22.6 Million Hectare Created & Utilised i) Major & Medium 9.7 Million Hectare ii) Minor Irrigation 12.9 Million Hectare a) Surface Water 6.4 Million Hectare b) Ground Water 6.5 Million Hectare 9.2 Potential Created Table 25 Minor Period Major. & Med Surface Water Ground Water Total ('000 hectare.) Total Major, Med & Minor VI Plan ( ) VII Plan ( ) Annual Plan ( ) VIII Plan ( ) IX Plan ( ) X Plan ( ) Major & Medium (Surface Water) Table 15, 32 i) Ultimate 58.5 Million Hectare ii) Created (Upto ) 42.3 Million Hectare iii) Utilised (Upto ) 34.4 Million Hectare 9.4 Minor Irrigation Table 15,32 (a) Surface Water i) Ultimate 17.3 Million Hectare ii) Created (Upto ) 14.1 Million Hectare iii) Utilised (Upto ) 8.3 Million Hectare (b) Ground Water i) Ultimate 64.1 Million Hectare ii) Created (Upto ) 66.9 Million Hectare iii) Utilised (Upto ) 48.4 Million Hectare (c) Total (Surface & Ground) i) Ultimate 81.4 Million Hectare ii) Created (Upto ) 81.0 Million Hectare iii) Utilised (Upto ) 56.7 Million Hectare 9.5 Total (Major & Medium + Minor) Table 15,32 i) Ultimate Million Hectare ii) Created (Upto ) 123.3* Million Hectare iii) Utilised (Upto ) 91.1 Million Hectare * The figures of IPC and IPU relating to Minor Irrigation Schemes have been presented from Minor Irrigation Division of Ministry of Water Resources. These figures are in variance with those of Planning Commission. xvi

13 10. Number of Major, Medium & ERM Irrigation Projects Table 33 (Tentative / Under finalisation) Major Projects Medium Projects ERM i) Completed in Pre Plan ii) Completed in Plan Period upto IX Plan iii) Completed in X Plan iv) Spilled over Projects in XI Plan iv) New Projects in XI Plan CAD Programme 11.1 Year of Commencement Physical Achievement (Cumulative) i) Field Channels (Upto March 2010) Hectare Table 36 iv) Field Drains (Upto March 2009) Hectare Table Land Classification ( ) Table 17 Geographical Area Million Hectare Reporting Area Million Hectare Net Sown Area Million Hectare Gross Sown Area (Total Cropped Area) Million Hectare Total Cultivable Land Million Hectare 13. Area Irrigated ( ) Table 17 i) Gross Million Hectare ii) Net Million Hectare 14. Net Irrigated Area by Source ( ) Table 24 i) Canals 16.5 Million Hectare ii) Tanks 2.0 Million Hectare iii) Wells 37.8 Million Hectare iv) Others 6.0 Million Hectare Total 62.3 Million Hectare 15. Area & Production of Total Foodgrain Table 41 Year Area (Mha) Production (Million Tonnes) (P) Foodgrain Production ( ) Table 41 i) Rice 99.2 Million Tonne ii) Wheat 80.6 Million Tonne iii) Coarse Cereals 39.5 Million Tonne iv) Pulses 14.7 Million Tonne Total Million Tonne xvii

14 17. Expenditure on Irrigation Sector Table 51 (Rs. Million) Period Major & Medium Minor CAD Total % of Expenditure on Irrigation to Total First Plan ( ) Nil Seventh Plan ( ) Annual Plan ( ) Annual Plan ( ) Eighth Plan ( ) Ninth Plan ( ) Tenth Plan ( ) Annual Plan ( ) (Actual Expenses) Annual Plan ( ) (Actual Expenses) Annual Plan ( ) (Actual Expenses) Annual Plan ( ) (Actual Expenses) Annual Plan ( ) (Revised Approved Outlay) Annual Plan ( ) (Approved Outlay) Land Degradation Table 58 a) Area Affected Due to i) Water Erosion Million Hectare ii) Wind Erosion 9.48 Million Hectare Total (a) Million Hectare b) Area Affected due to other Causes i) Water Logging Million Hectare ii) Salinity / Alkanity 5.94 Million Hectare iii) Soil Acidity Million Hectare iv) Complex Problem 7.38 Million Hectare Total (b) Million Hectare Total Degraded Area (a + b ) Million Hectare 19. Districts covered under drought prone area programme (DPAP) As on April 2010 Table 60 i) of States 16 ii) of Districts 195 iii) of Blocks 972 iv) Area of Blocks Sq.km xviii

15 20. Flood Damages during 2008 Table 62 i) Area Affected N.A. Million Hectare ii) Cropped Area Affected 1.70 Million Hectare iii) Value of Damages to Crops Rs. Crore iv) Population Affected Million v) Human Lives Lost 2143 vi) Cattle lost 17 Th. Nos. vii) of Houses Damage 914 Th. Nos. viii) Value of Damaged Houses Rs. Crore ix) Damage to Public Utility Rs. Crore x) Total Loss to Crop, House and Public Utility Rs. Crore 21. Flood Management 21.1 a) Year of Commencement 1958 Table 66 b) Flood Prone Area 40 Million Hectare c) Area Benefited upto March Million Hectare 22. Flood Forecasting Performance (Between and ) Table 69A i) of Flood Forecasting Stations Operated 175 ii) of Flood Forecasting Stations which issued Forecast 128 iii)total of Forecasts issued 6691 iv) Total Correct Forecasts within (+/ -15cm) / (+/-20% cumecs) % 23. Projected water demand Table 71 MOWR NCIWRD Year Low High Low High Billion Cubic Metre i) Irrigation Billion Cubic Metre ii) Drinking Water Billion Cubic Metre iii) Industry Billion Cubic Metre iv) Energy Billion Cubic Metre v) Other Billion Cubic Metre Total Billion Cubic Metre xix

16 Chapter 1 Introduction Growing population coupled with sustainable developmental efforts has an increasing stress on water resources. The uneven distribution over time and space of water resources and their modification through human use and abuse are sources of water crises in many parts of the world. All these result in intensifying the pressure on water resources leading to tensions, conflict among users and excessive pressure on the environment. These demand the planners and policy makers for a proper management of water resources. This, in turn, calls for a reliable and adequate statistics on water and related aspects. According to the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) 1 estimates, the total volume of water on earth is about 1.4 billion km 3, which is enough to cover the earth with a layer of 3 km depth. However, World's oceans cover about three-fourths of earth s surface while the fresh water constitutes a very small proportion of this enormous quantity available on the earth. It is only about 35 million km 3 or 2.5% of the total volume. Of these, 24 million km 3 or 68.9% is in the form of ice and permanent snow cover in mountainous regions, and in the Antarctic and Arctic regions and another 29.9% is present as ground water (shallow and deep groundwater basins up to 2,000 metres). The rest 0.3% is available in lakes, rivers (0.3%) and 0.9% in soil moisture, swamp water and permafrost atmosphere. Some useful facts and figures on world's water is presented in Box 1 and Box 2. The present publication is being brought out once in every two years and covers a wide range of data on water resources and its related resources in the country. The last edition of this publication was brought out in 2008.However, in this volume a number of changes have been incorporated over the previous one. The present edition excludes tables relating financial aspects and hydrological data as these are already covered in other publications of CWC. The publication comprises six chapters in all. Summary tables and charts have been included within the chapters to facilitate overview and better understanding. Chapter 1 presents introduction while Chapter 2 deals with key indicators of water resources including, inter-alia, water availability, creation of storages and ultimate irrigation potential. Chapter 3 deals with data on utilisation of water resources. Chapter 4 relates to agricultural production, production/output data on other water related sectors viz. Fisheries, Hydro-electric Power etc. 1 Source: Igor A. Shiklomanov, State Hydrological Institute (SHL. St. Petersburg) and United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO, Paris),

17 Chapter 5 gives a brief account of financial resources used in irrigation projects. Social and environmental aspects of water resources development activities as well as data on flood damages and flood protection works are dealt with in Chapter 6. Detailed tables have been included towards the end. A Glossary of terms is also included in this edition. Box 1: Some Facts and Figures on Water Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) The daily drinking water requirement per person is 2-4 litres, but it takes 2000 to 5000 litres of water to produce one person's daily food. It takes litres of water to produce just one kilo of rice. In 2007, the estimated number of undernourished people worldwide was 923 million. Over the period to 2050 the world's water will have to support the agricultural systems that will feed and create livelihoods for an additional 2.7 billion people. The extent of land under irrigation in the world is 277 million hectares, about 20 percent of all cropland. Rainfed agriculture is practiced on the remaining 80 percent of the arable land. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change predicts yields from rain-dependent agriculture could be down by 50 percent by Due to climate change, Himalayan snow and ice, which provide vast amounts of water for agriculture in Asia, are expected to decline by 20 percent by Irrigation increases yields of most crops by 100 to 400 percent, and irrigated agriculture currently contributes to 40 percent of the world's food production. Water use has been growing at more than the rate twice of population increase in the last century. By 2025, 1800 million people will be living in countries or regions with absolute water scarcity, and two-thirds of the world population could be under stress conditions. World Water Assessment Programme (WWAP) Poor drainage and irrigation practices have led to waterlogging and salinization of approximately 10 percent of the world's irrigated lands. How the world uses freshwater: Irrigation- about 70%, Industry - about 22%, Domestic use - about 8% Global Environment Outlook: environment for development (GEO-4) Water withdrawals are predicted to increase by 50 percent by 2025 in developing countries, and 18 per cent in developed countries. Human Development Report 2006 Over 1.4 billion people currently live in river basins where the use of water exceeds minimum recharge levels, leading to the desiccation of rivers and depletion of groundwater. 2

18 Chapter 2 Water and Related Resources Water resources have two facets dynamic and static. The dynamic and renewable nature of the water resources and the recurrent need for its utilisation requires that water resources are measured in terms of its flow rates. The dynamic resource measured as flow is more relevant for most of developmental needs. The static or fixed nature of the resource, involving the quantity of water, the length or area of the water bodies is also relevant for some activities like pisciculture, navigation etc. Both these aspects are discussed below. Rivers : India is blessed with many rivers with varying catchment area and water resources potential. The catchment Table T1: Major River Basins areas of these rivers are Unit: BCM divided into 20 river basins. Sl. River Basin Catchment Average Utilisable The major river basins are Area Water Surface listed in Table T1. Of the (Sq. Km.) Resources Water major rivers, the Ganga - Potential Resources Brahmaputra - Meghna system is the largest with 1 a) Ganga catchment area of about 11 lakh sq km. The other major rivers with catchment area about one lakh sq km or more are: Indus, Godavari, b) Brahmaputra c) Barak & Others Indus (up to Border) Godavari Krishna Krishna, Mahanadi and 5 Mahanadi Narmada. 6 Narmada Water Bodies: Inland Fishery Water resources of the country are classified as: rivers and canals; reservoirs; tanks, lakes & ponds; lakes and derelict water bodies; and brackish water. The area of water bodies at all-india level has been Table T2: Inland Fishery Water Resources 1 2 Rivers & Canals (length in km) Other Water Bodies (area in Mha) Reservoirs 2.91 Tanks, Lakes & Ponds 2.41 Flood Plaine Lakes & Derelict 0.80 Water Brackish Water 1.24 Total presented in Table T2. Other than rivers and canals, total water bodies cover an area of about 7.4 Mha. Although the area of rivers and canals has not been obtained their total length in the country is about 2 lakh km. The States and UTs have been classified by their total length of rivers and canals in Table T3. It shows Uttar Pradesh and Jammu & Kashmir 3

19 are having the highest total length of rivers and canals. Among the remaining forms of the inland water resources 'reservoirs' have maximum area (2.9 Mha) followed by 'tanks, lakes and ponds' (2.4 Mha). The total area of inland water resources (other than rivers and canals) is unevenly distributed over the States. These areas are mainly distributed over seven states, namely, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, Kerala and Uttar Pradesh. As regards reservoirs in particular, States like Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh account for Table T3: States by total length of rivers and canals Length (km) Name of States/UT 1 2 <500 Andaman & Nicobar Is, Chandigarh, Dadra & Nagar Haveli, Daman & Diu, Delhi, Goa, Lakshadweep, Pudicherry Sikkim Mizoram, Nagaland, Tripura Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Kerala, Manipur, Orissa, Uttarakhand, West Bengal Haryana, Karnataka, Meghalaya, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Punjab, & above Jammu & Kashmir, Uttar Pradesh larger portion of area under reservoirs. Most of the areas under tanks, lakes and ponds lies in States of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Arunachal Pradesh and West Bengal. These states account for 56% of total area under tanks and ponds in the country. The area under floodplain lakes and derelict water bodies is considerably high in the States of Assam, Kerala, Orissa and Uttar Pradesh. Orissa ranks first as regards the total area of brackish water and is followed by Kerala, West Bengal and Gujarat. Rainfall: The annual precipitation including snowfall, which is the main source of water in the country, is estimated to be of the Table T4: Volume of Rainfall in the country Rainfall Total (mm) Total Volume (BCM) order of 4000 BCM. A summary of rainfall in the country has been given in Table T4. Accordingly there is no specific trend of rainfall. In 2009, the total volume of rainfall was 3136 BCM as against 3674 BCM recorded during the previous calendar year registering a decrease of about 15%. For the purpose of seasonal rainfall, country has been divided into 36 meteorological sub-divisions. Out of these, only 6 meteorological sub-divisions had positive departure from normal rainfall during 2009 as against positive departure in 18 sub-divisions 4

20 during There were widespread variations among different sub-divisions in terms of rainfall received. Maximum rainfall was recorded in Coastal Karnataka (379.8 cm), followed by Kerala (281.6 cm), Konkan and Goa (273.8 cm) and Andaman & Nicobar (261.4 cm). The rainfall was recorded less than 50 cm in Rajasthan East & West, Punjab and Haryana, Chandigarh and Delhi. The distribution of number of districts with levels of rainfall received during 2009 gives that only 9% of districts received excess rainfall in the country while 51% of the districts received deficient rainfall. Water Resources Potential: The water resources potential of the country which occurs as natural run off in the rivers is about 1869 BCM as per the estimates of Central Water Commission (CWC), considering both surface and ground water into account. Ganga- Brahmaputra-Meghna system is the major contributor to total water resources potential of the country. Its share is 59% in total water resources potential of the various rivers. The estimated Table T5: Percentage of Water Resources Potential in major basins River Basin Water resources Potential (% to total 1869 BCM) Utilisable surface Water (% to total 690 BCM) Ganga, Brahmaputra, Barak Indus (up to Border) Godavari Krishna Mahanadi Narmada Others per capita availability of water works out to 1588 cubic metre (cu.m) as on March Due to various constraints of topography, uneven distribution of resource over space and time, it has been estimated that only about 1123 BCM of total potential of 1869 BCM can be put to beneficial use, 690 BCM being due to surface water resources. Again about 40% of utilisable surface water resources are presently in Ganga Brahmaputra - Meghna system. 5

21 The distribution of water resources potential in the country shows that the national per capita annual availability of water at 1820 cu. m in 2001 is estimated at 1588 in The average availability in Ganga, Brahmaputra and Barak is estimated as at 2020 cu m while it is as low as 260 cu m in Sabarmati basin in Any cu m per capita is considered by international agencies as scarcity conditions. Cauvery, Pennar, Sabarmati and East Flowing Rivers are some of the basins, which fall into this category out of which Pennar, Sabarmati and East Flowing rivers will face more acute water scarcity with per capita availability of water less than or around 500 cu m during Surface Storage: A total storage capacity of about 225 BCM has been created in the country due to the major & medium projects since completed. The Projects under construction will contribute to additional 64 BCM while the contribution expected from projects under consideration is 107 BCM. Thus likely storage available will be 396 BCM once the projects under construction or consideration are completed against the total water availability of 1869 BCM in the river basins of the country. 6

22 Maximum storage again lies in the Ganga Basin, which is far ahead of other basins. The other basins where the live storage capacity of the projects (taking those constructed and under construction) is high are Krishna, Godavari, Narmada and Indus. But if projects under consideration are also taken into account, Brahmaputra & Barak basin will occupy the second place after Ganga Basin. Pennar is the leading basin in terms of storage capacities as percentage of average annual flow. The storage capacities as percentage of average annual flow exceed 50% for Tapi, Krishna, West Flowing Rivers of Kutch and Saurashtra, Narmada, Brahmani and Baitarni basins while for Ganga basin and Brahmaputra - Barak Basin, the corresponding figures are 17 % and 9 % respectively. Major States like Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa and Uttar Pradesh together account for about 70 % of total live storage capacity in the country. The States of Arunachal Pradesh, Orissa & Uttar Pradesh account for 72 % of the total storage of projects under consideration. 7

23 Month-wise storage position of important reservoirs for the latest year is also presented in the publication. Ground water Total replenishable ground water potential of the country has been estimated as 433 BCM per year. Uttar Pradesh ranks first among the states in terms of replenishable ground water resources. Development of Ground Water in Delhi in percentage is the highest followed by Punjab and Rajasthan. The other States where the percentage development is more than 50 % are Haryana, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. The status of expansion of Hydrograph network in the country can be known from the distribution of ground water hydrograph network stations over the years. Table T6: Annual Replenishable Ground Water Resources State Annual Replenishable Ground Water Resources (BCM / Year) 1 2 Andhra Pradesh Assam Bihar Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Orissa Punjab Tamil Nadu Uttar Pradesh West Bengal Others Distribution of blocks/ talukas/ water-sheds/ mandals according to safe, semi critical and over exploited has also been given. The maximum percentage of over exploited assessed units is in Delhi followed by Punjab and Rajasthan. Irrigation potential Table T7: Ultimate Irrigation Potential (Mha) State Major & Minor Total The total ultimate irrigation 1 Medium 2 Surface 3 Ground 4 5 potential (UIP) of the country stands at about 140 Mha. The share UP Bihar of Minor Irrigation is higher by Mha as compared to that of MP Major & Medium Irrigation. AP Maharashtra Others All-India Ground Water contributes more than 79% of the total ultimate potential through minor irrigation. Uttar Pradesh and Bihar are two largest states in term of potential due to Major & Medium Irrigation Projects. These two states 8

24 along with Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra account for about 54% of the total ultimate potential of Major & Medium Irrigation in the country. The largest UIP for Minor Irrigation (Ground Water) exists in Uttar Pradesh. Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh are two major states in which potential of Minor Irrigation (Surface Water) is much higher than the remaining states. Uttar Pradesh again occupies the first place among the states having maximum potential due to all type of schemes. Table T8: Number of Dams State Completed Under Total Construction Maharashtra Madhya Pradesh Gujarat Andhra Pradesh All-India Dams Scenario India: As per the National Register of Large Dams containing data compiled up to January 2009 on 5101 Dams in the Country, Maharashtra has the maximum number of dams (1821). Decade wise distribution of dams indicates that the maximum number of dams in India were completed during the decades (1280) and (1243) 9

25 Chapter 3 Resources Utilisation This section deals with data on resources utilisation such as cropping pattern, land use, irrigated area, irrigation potential created and utilised, physical achievements under different Command Area Development (CAD) Programmes, electricity consumption in agriculture etc. Land Use Statistics For the purpose of Land Use Statistics the reporting area for the country in was million hectare (Mha), which was about 93% of the geographical area. Except for Arunachal Pradesh, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Chandigarh, Jammu & Kashmir, Manipur, Andaman & Nicobar and Daman and Diu the reporting areas for all other States/UTs work out to be more than 99% of their respective geographical area. Table T 9: Land Use and Irrigation Statistics All India '000 ha YEAR Population ('000) Geograph ical Area Reporting Area Net Sown Total Cultivab Gross Sown Gross Irrigated Net Irrigated Area le Area Area Area Area (NSA) (TCA) (GSA) (GIA) (NIA)

26 Total Cultivable Area (TCA) in the country during the year was Mha which was about 60% of the reporting area. Four States namely Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh accounted for 45.6% of the TCA of the country. During , for the country as a whole, GSA exceeded Net Sown Area (NSA) by about 39%. Punjab (88%), West Bengal (84%) Haryana (80%) Himachal Pradesh (79%) were front runners in this aspect, indicating higher occurrence of multiple cropping in these States. The highest cultivable area has been reported for the State of Rajasthan, which is about 26 Mha followed by Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh having 21, 19 and 17 Mha of cultivable area respectively. The NSA of the country for the year was 141 Mha which was about 46% of the reporting area. Maharashtra had the highest NSA of 17.5 Mha followed by Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh with net sown area of 17.1 and 16.4 Mha respectively. Gross Irrigated Area (GIA) of the country was about 45% of the GSA, ranging from as high as 98% for Punjab to as low as 2% for Assam. The highest NIA was in Uttar Pradesh which was 13.1 Mha followed by Rajasthan & Madhya Pradesh with NIA of 6.4 and 6.4 Mha respectively. Cropping Pattern The cropping pattern according to land use Statistics shows that the total cropped area in was Mha. Food-grain cultivation formed 64.3% of the total cropped area, out of which 51.6% is attributed to cereals and 12.7% to pulses. Among the cereals, the share of rice and wheat in total cropped area was 22.5% and 14.5% respectively. The total oilseeds accounted for 14.8% of the total cropped area. The percentage share of the net area sown to total cropped area was about 72% during the year. Analysing the cropping pattern since , it is observed that the percentage of cropped area under wheat remained around 14% while the percentage under rice has declined from 24.2% to 22.5%. Table T 10: Cropping Pattern for Wheat and Rice All India '000 ha. Crop / Year Wheat Rice Total Cropped Area

27 Area sown more than once was 23.7% of the total cropped area in , which has gone up to 28.1% of total cropped area in Irrigated Area Under Principal Crops Gross irrigated area during was 87.3 Mha of which foodgrain crops contributed about 67.6% comprising cereals & millets and pulses with 63.0% and 4.6% respectively. Among the cereals, rice and wheat were the main irrigated crops having their shares in the gross irrigated area at 28.8 and 29.6% respectively. Table T11: Gross Irrigated Area for a Few Selected Crops All India '000 Ha. Crop / Year Wheat Rice Rapeseed & N.A Mustard Cotton Total Gross Irrigated Area

28 Among the cereals, it is observed that irrigated area under rice is fluctuating between 28.8 and 31.9 Mha during the period to The irrigated area under wheat remained between 29.6 to 30.9 Mha during the same period Analysis of data of State-wise irrigated area under different selected crops for the year shows that the main States contributing to irrigated area under rice are Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal, and Punjab with their shares as 17.5, 15.3, 11 and 10.3% respectively of the total area irrigated under rice. Irrigated area under wheat was concentrated in the States of Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Haryana contributing about 81% of total irrigated area under wheat in the country. For pulses, Madhya Pradesh had the maximum irrigated area followed by Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh. Sugarcane had the highest irrigated area in Uttar Pradesh having its share as 42% in the total irrigated area under this crop in the country. Table T12: Irrigated Area during '000 ha. States Rice Wheat Pulses Sugar Cane Rapeseed & Mustard Haryana Madhya Pradesh Punjab Rajasthan Uttar Pradesh All India Based on analysis of the time series data of NSA and GSA for foodgrain and all crops for the period to , it is observed that NSA has gone up by 18.6% while Gross Sown Area has gone up by 48.4% for all crops and 24.5% for foodgrains during the same period. Area sown more than once has gone up from 13.1 Mha to 55 Mha, whereas area 14

29 irrigated more than once has gone up from 1.7 Mha to 25 Mha during the period to Sources of Irrigation and Area Irrigated The main sources of irrigation in the country are canals, tanks and wells including tubewells. Analysing the provisional data on net area irrigated by source for the year ,it is observed that wells provided 60.7% irrigation followed by canals with 26.5% at All India level. Among the States Mizoram and Meghalaya are the only States getting 100% of their irrigation through canals followed by Jammu & Kashmir, Chhattisgarh and Haryana with 92.9%, 68.5% and 45.6%. Irrigation by tanks is highest in the State of Tamil Nadu at 17.7% followed by Jharkhand at 16.2%. Irrigation through wells including tube wells is common in all the States except hilly regions and North-eastern States. The States of Bihar, Goa, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, and Uttarakhand got more than 60% of their total net irrigated area covered by wells during Chandigarh and Lakshadweep got 100% of their net area irrigated through wells. Table T13: Source Wise Net Irrigated Area in India '000 ha. Year Canal Tank Wells Other Sources Total (All Sources)

30 Irrigation Development in the Country There are three types of irrigation schemes in the country namely major, medium and minor classified on the basis of their CCA. The minor schemes are further divided into two categories viz. Surface Water Schemes and Ground Water Schemes. Analysing the data on potential created and utilised over different Plan periods, it is observed that irrigation potential created has increased from 22.6Mha in pre-plan era to Mha by the end of X Plan ( ). Out of this 42.3 Mha is from major & medium schemes and the remaining 81.0 Mha from minor schemes. The percentage utilisation of total potential created was 73.9 at the end of It remained around 90 to 95% during different Plan periods up to the end of Annual Plans From IX Plan onwards, the utilisation percentage is around 74%. 16

31 Among the States, for major & medium, projects, the potential created at the end of X Plan ( ) is highest for Uttar Pradesh with 8.8 Mha followed by Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra with 3.7 and 3.5 Mha respectively. The total share of these three States was about 38% in creation of total irrigation potential. The percentage of potential created upto the end of X Plan to ultimate potential through Major & Medium Irrigation projects is 72% at national level. Analysing the data on potential utilisation at the end of X Plan, it is found that about 81% of the potential created was utilised under major & medium irrigation projects at All-India level. Among the States, Tamil Nadu was at top with 99.7% utilisation whereas Punjab, Orissa Rajasthan and Jammu & Kashmir were having 90% or more utilisation. Table T14: Achievements of Irrigation Potential Created / Utilised for Major & Medium Irrigation '000 ha. States Ultimate Irrigation Potential (UIP) Potential Created upto X Plan (IPC) Potential Utilised upto X Plan (IPU) % of IPC till to UIP % of IPU till to IPC Andhra Pradesh Haryana Jammu & Kashmir Karnataka Orissa Punjab Rajasthan Tamil Nadu West Bengal All India

32 For Minor Irrigation, the total ultimate potential for the country as whole is 81.4 Mha, while Potential Created and Utilised till the end of X Plan were 80.9 and 56.7 Mha respectively at All-India level. The percentage of potential created till to ultimate potential is 99.5 at national level. The percentage of potential utilised for minor irrigation till , corresponding to potential created was 70% at All-India level. Among the States it is the highest for Haryana with 93.3% potential utilisation followed by Punjab at 91.6%. In a nutshell, at the end of X Plan ( ), if all the major, medium and minor schemes are considered cumulatively, out of 140 Mha of ultimate potential 88.1% has been created of which 73.9% has been utilised at the national level. State-wise data on irrigation potential created and utilised upto as available in CWC as well as the Gross Irrigated Area from the Ministry of Agriculture are presented. It is observed that if all the Major, Medium and Minor schemes are considered cumulatively, a total of Mha of irrigation potential has been created at the All-India level upto out of which 88%has been utilised. The gross irrigated area for is 85.8 Mha Among the states the potential created upto is the highest for Uttar Pradesh at 29.2 Mha followed by Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra at 9.7 and 9.4 Mha respectively. In terms of the GIA for the year , Uttar Pradesh ranks first at 19.1 Mha followed by Rajasthan and Punjab at 7.9 and 7.7 Mha respectively. 18

33 Major & Medium Irrigation Projects Up to IX Plan ( ), there were 228 completed major projects and another 32 have been completed in X Plan ( ). The number of spilled over major projects in XI Plan is 182 out of which 58 are in Maharashtra and 30 in Andhra Pradesh. Among the States the largest numbers of major projects completed up to the end of IX Plan were in Uttar Pradesh (57) followed by Maharashtra (21) and Gujarat (19). The largest number of 12 new Major Projects were identified in Bihar while the maximum number of ongoing major projects is in Maharashtra. A total of 916 medium projects were completed up to the IX Plan and another 40 are completed in X Plan period. 145 new medium projects have been included in XI Plan. The largest number of new projects (27) were identified in Madhya Pradesh. For ongoing medium projects, the maximum number is in Maharashtra (109) followed by Karnataka (31). Besides major & medium projects there are Extension, Renovation and Modernisation (ERM) Projects also. 91 such projects were completed up to IX Plan and 30 projects have been completed in X Plan. Whereas, there are 98 ongoing ERM projects in XI Plan and 86 ERM new projects have been identified in XI Plan. Table T15: Major, Medium & ERM Irrigation Projects in India Completed upto X Plan Spilled over Project in XI Plan New Project in XI Plan Major Projects Medium Projects ERM Projects Total Status of Bore Holes For minor irrigation, various types of bore holes have been drilled in the country by the Central Ground Water Board. The main types of bore holes are Exploratory Well(EW), Observation Well(OW), Slim Hole(SH), Pizo Metre(PZ) and Deposit Well(DW). The 19

34 cumulative total of these structures shows that there were structures as on in the country. Out of which DW constitutes about 13.9% while the remaining 86.1% are other types of bore holes. Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Gujarat and Uttarakhand account for 59% of the total bore holes in the country. Out of total DW schemes in the country, Rajasthan, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh account for 14% of total DW Schemes in the country. Command Area Development The Command Area Development (CAD) programme was started in , as a centrally sponsored scheme to achieve speedy utilisation of irrigation potential created and also to improve productivity in selected irrigated commands. The important activities of this programme are development of field channels, land levelling, warabandi, and field drains etc. Land levelling has been discontinued since March The cumulative achievement since inception of the programme shows 19.3 Mha field channels (till the end of March 2010) and 1.96 Mha field drains (upto March 2009) have been created. Analysing cumulative data for all the states, it is observed that the development of field channels up to March 2010 is the highest for Uttar Pradesh followed by Karnataka and Rajasthan. These States accounted for 51% of the total achievement under the programme. Electricity and its Consumption in Agriculture Per capita electricity consumption in agriculture has increased from 88.1 KWH in to KWH in which is 18% of the total consumption of electricity per capita. Analysing the per capita consumption of electricity in agriculture during , it is observed that amongst the States, Punjab with per capita consumption of 379 kilo watt hour (KWH) was at the top followed by Haryana and Gujarat at 311 KWH and 195 KWH respectively. Goa (1608 KWH) is the leading State so far as per capita total electricity consumption is concerned followed by Punjab (1159 KWH) and Gujarat (1119 KWH). In the UTs, Dadra & Nagar Haveli was at KWH followed by Daman & Diu at 6767 KWH per capita total electricity consumption. Table T16: Per Capita Consumption of Electricity Agricultural Sector Total KWH 20

35 Irrigation pump sets energised as on , were 15.7 million. Among the regions, southern region was on the top with its share of 42% in total irrigation pumpsets energised followed by western and northern regions with 33% and 21% respectively. Among the States, pumpsets energised were highest in Maharashtra with 2.90 million pumpsets followed by Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka with 2.44, 1.95 and 1.72 million respectively. 82.3% of villages were electrified as on March 2008 as per 2001 census. Among the regions, the southern region with 99.5% of villages electrified was followed by western and northern region with 94.2% and 87.2% respectively. The states of Haryana, Punjab, Delhi, Goa, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala and Tamil Nadu have achieved 100% electrification of villages in