We hope you will enjoy having a copy of the latest update from our longitudinal national survey, now thirty seven years long.

Transcription

1 37 Women in Intercollegiate Sport A Longitudinal, National Study Thirty-Seven Year Update The Full Report We hope you will enjoy having a copy of the latest update from our longitudinal national survey, now thirty seven years long. Other items which may be of interest: The Full Report follows, along with an Executive Summary. If you go to our website, the home page has links to other information that might be of some use to you. Take a look at: To contact us: If you have any questions, please don t hesitate to contact us at Acosta/Carpenter, Post Office Box 42, West Brookfield, MA 01585, Phone: Our contact is: womeninsport@charter.net. Making Copies: Feel free to make copies of the summary but please cite it appropriately. Electronic copies of the full summary are available in PDF format on the web at: R. Vivian Acosta, Ph.D. and Linda Jean Carpenter, Ph.D., J.D. Professors Emerita, Brooklyn College This project has been graciously funded through the years by Smith College s Project on Women and Social Change and Brooklyn College of the City University of New York

2 Table of Contents About Our Study Executive Summary i - iii A,B,C,D,E Main Body of Report Participation 1-17 Coaching Assistant Coaching Administration Athletic Trainers, Sports Information Directors, and Strength and Conditioning Coaches Food for Thought Geographic Region Red State / Blue State 50-56

3 About Our Study Where and how do we gather our information?! Questionnaires are mailed to the Senior Woman Administrator at every NCAA member school! that has a women s athletics program. In 2014, the number of such institutions was a bit less! than 1100.! The questionnaires are sent in the Fall semester and for more than a quarter century, we!sent the! questionnaires every other year but inquired about the status for two years: the current year and! the prior year. Since 2006 we have continued to send out the questionnaires every other year but! we have only inquired about the current year. Thus, you will not find data for odd number years! of 2005, 2007, 2009, 2011 and We made this change in protocol for several reasons.! Inquiring about a past year s data, on occasion, resulted in missing data that we then needed to! search for and also, entering two years of data rather than one each time we gathered data,! doubled our work on this rather massive project.! Our data come directly from the institutions. The data are primary; the data are NOT drawn from! the reports otherwise generated by an institution or association. Where we suspect there has! been a misunderstanding or any information appears to be missing, we contact the respondent! and double check.! We have consistently enjoyed a high rate of return and are grateful to our respondents for caring! enough in their busy days to complete the questionnaires. Amazingly, some of our respondents! have been contributing their data since the beginning of our study, 37 years ago. A sense of! team effort, old friends, and collegiality has developed over the years and it warms our hearts.! Where can you find information about high school data?! Our study covers NCAA intercollegiate sports for women. It does not include data for schools that! are members of other associations such as the NAIA, NCCAA, and so forth. However, one figure! that you will find mentioned in this report does include these other 4 year college organizations:! In 2012 there are about 200,000 female intercollegiate athletes.! High school participation data are available from the National Federation of State High School! Associations ( Where can you find information about salaries, budgets, and finances in! general?! Following the money often gives an added dimension to discussions about college athletics. But! finding accurate and complete financial information is very difficult, if not impossible. So, when! you take a look at some of the information contained at the sites suggested, please realize that! the information may not be inclusive of all remuneration, nor may it include all expenses such as! debt service, security, and so forth. At least the following sites are a place to start.! NCAA Revenues and Expenses Report. It is available for free downloading at +expenses! The Chronicle of Higher Education frequently reviews available data and a search of their site! might prove useful. The Equity in Athletics Disclosure Act requires intercollegiate athletics programs to annually! submit a variety of data, some of which includes finances. The EADA information is available! at Page! i

4 About Our Study Continued! Who provides the funding for our study?! For many years, the Research Foundation of the City University of New York (CUNY), generously! provided funding to continue our study. After our retirement from Brooklyn College-CUNY,! Smith College s Project on Women and Social Change stepped forward and has generously! continued to support our study over the years.! We are grateful, not just to Brooklyn College and to Smith College s Project on Women and! Social Change, but to a long list of other people who have helped with skill, knowledge,! encouragement, participation, and patience. A few among this long list are, in no particular order:!! Vital participants:!! 1000s of faithful respondents from colleges and universities across the nation!! Facilitators:!! Kathleen Gauger! Project on Women and Social Change, Smith College!! Christine Shelton,! Smith College, Exercise and Sport Studies!! Kenny Sprague!! NCAA!! Kelly Shaul!! NCAA! Technology:!! Will Loving! Marcus Carpenter! Website technical support!!!!!! How should you navigate through the summary?! We have provided a short Executive Summary. Following that you will find the full summary.! It is divided into sections such as Participation, Coaching, and so forth.! Within each section you will find an initial page or two that is denoted Commentary. On the! Commentary pages we will try to give you an overview of the particular topic. We have also! tried to reserve any personal opinion or value laden narrative to the Commentary sections.! Because our data are descriptive, they stand on their own. However, within the Commentary! pages! we might have found it irresistible to put the data into a social or historic or legal context! now and then. Please know that pages other than those in the Commentary sections do not! include!any value laden language nor do they include our personal opinions or points of view, to! the best of our efforts.! Following the Commentary pages, you will find more detailed and complete data pages on the! section s topic.! How should the study be cited?! Please feel free to make copies and use the data. We only ask that you cite it appropriately so! that other people will know where it has come from and can find the full text for themselves. It is! the right and honorable thing to do and we feel confident that you will take the time to cite it! correctly. We thank you in advance.! Continued! Page!ii

5 About Our Study! Different citation formats make it difficult to give you a formal citation. However, would you! please make sure to include all of the following in whatever order suits your citation format?! Thanks.! How should the study be cited?!! Here is one suggested method but citing methods vary so all we ask is that the work be cited! appropriately:!! Acosta/Carpenter. Women in Intercollegiate Sport. A Longitudinal, National Study, Thirty Seven! Year Update Unpublished manuscript. Available for downloading at! What is Title IX?! Title IX is federal legislation that prohibits discrimination based on sex in education programs that! receive federal money. It covers only sex discrimination but it includes all parts of education! programs, including athletics, intramurals, financial aid, biology, psychology, and so forth.! It covers any education program that receives federal aid; thus its reach includes both public and! private programs, as long as federal dollars are found within.! Title IX was enacted in 1972 and schools were given until 1978 to get organized or more! specifically, 1978 was the mandatory compliance date. Regulations spelling out what was! required were drafted, reviewed and gained the force of law. Additional Policy Interpretations! were drafted which provided a more specific yardstick for how to judge compliance within!the! areas of interscholastic and intercollegiate athletics, intramural and recreation programs. The! Policy Interpretations do not have the force of law but are given great deference by the! courts.!! Federal laws are enacted by the legislative branch (Congress) and enforced by the Executive! Branch (in this case, by the Office for Civil Rights (OCR) within the Department of Education).! Legal standing is NOT required to file a complaint with the OCR; anyone may file whether or not! they are the victim of alleged discrimination. If violations of Title IX are found, the OCR, to one! degree or another, tries to resolve the problems and have the institution move into compliance.! If an institution violates Title IX and refuses to comply with its requirements, the OCR has the! option to move forward with the aid of the Department of Justice to remove federal funding. No! federal funding has ever been removed as a result of a violation Title IX so the enforcement threat! of the loss of federal funding has been a hollow one.! Someone with legal standing may, if they choose to, file a lawsuit alleging a violation of Title IX.! There is no need to first go through the process of filing a complaint with the OCR nor even with! the on-campus Title IX designated employee (in-house complaint). The possibility of monetary! compensatory damages exists with a Title IX lawsuit. It has not yet been determined by the! courts if punitive damages might also be available.! Although we are partial, we think a good book to review if you want more information is:!! Title IX!! by Linda Jean Carpenter and R. Vivian Acosta!! Published by Human Kinetics ISBN !! For more information see: Page!iii

6 37 Executive Summary Women in Intercollegiate Sport A Longitudinal, National Study Thirty-Seven Year Update In 2014: Athletics Job Market for Females (Highest Ever) 13,963 female professionals are employed within intercollegiate athletics. This number includes: coaches, assistant coaches, sports information directors, athletic trainers, athletics administrators and strength and conditioning coaches. This is the highest number ever and is an increase of 171 since females are employed as coaches within intercollegiate athletics, an increase of 180 since females are employed as assistant coaches within intercollegiate athletics, an increase of 479 since females are employed as athletics directors within intercollegiate athletics, an increase of 24 since Participation Opportunities for Females (Highest Ever) 9581 women s intercollegiate teams are found at NCAA schools in 2014, an increase of 307 since women s teams per school is the average offered to female athletics, an increase of 0.10 since new women s teams have been added to the nation s intercollegiate athletics programs for women since Basketball is the most popular sport for women, followed by volleyball with soccer and cross country tied for third place. Head Coaching Opportunities for Females 4154 female head coaches of women s teams is the highest ever representation of women as coaches, an increase of 180 since % of women s teams are coached by females, an increase of 0.5% since % to 3.5% of men s teams are coached by females, a negligible increase since (c) 2014 Acosta/Carpenter PO Box 42, West Brookfield, MA Page A

7 57.1% of women s teams are coaches by males, a decrease of 0.5% since % to 98% of men s teams are coached by males. When the AD is a female, there is typically a higher percentage of female coaches. One of out 4.5 of all teams (M&F) are coached by females. Less than half of women s teams are coached by females. 180 more female coaches of women s teams are employed than in There are 449 more female coaches of women s teams than a decade ago. When the athletics director is a male, fewer female coaches are likely. In 1972, when Title IX was enacted, more than 90% of women s teams were coached by females. Since 2000, there are 2080 new head coaching jobs in women s athletics. About one third are filled by females and two thirds by males. In the last two years, 307 new women s teams have been added. Females occupy 180 of those jobs and males hold 127 of the increase. Assistant Coaching Opportunities for Women (Highest Ever) 13,222 PAID assistant coaches (M&F) of women s teams are found in 2014, an increase of 921 since is the average of PAID assistant coaches of women s teams per school, an increase of 0.4 since PAID female assistant coaches are found within women s intercollegiate athletics. 56.8% of Paid assistant coaches are females, a slight decrease of 0.3 since more PAID assistant coaches are serving women s teams since Of that 921, 479 are females and 442 are males more PAID female assistant coaches are serving women s teams than a decade ago. Division 1 has the most PAID female assistant coaches of women s teams at 3077, an increase of 124 since UNPAID female assistant coaches are serving women s teams, an increase of 130 since of the 1142 serve in Division 1. Administrative Opportunities for Women 22.3% of athletics directors are females, up from 20.3% in % of athletics directors are males, down from 79.7 in 2012 (c) 2014 Acosta/Carpenter PO Box 42, West Brookfield, MA Page B

8 239 females serve as athletics directors in all divisions combined, an increase of 29 since Division 1 has the fewest female athletics directors at 37. Division 3 has the most female athletics directors at % of athletics departments have NO female anywhere in the administration is the average number of administrators per school, up from 3.94 in Division 1 has the largest administrative staffs with an average of 6.62 people each. A few Division 1 schools have administrative staffs with over 20 people holding a title such as assistant or associate athletics director. In the case of such large departments, none have more than a third of their titled staff members who are females is the average number of female athletics administrators per campus is the total number of jobs in athletics administration, an increase of 332 since more administrative jobs are held by females than in more administrative jobs are held by males than in is the number of administrative jobs held by females in 2014, up from 1503 in is the number of administrative jobs held by males, up from 2700 in % of athletics administrative jobs are held by females, up from 35.8% in % of athletics administrative jobs are held by males, down from 64.2% in more athletics administrative jobs exist than existed a decade ago. 918 of those new jobs in the last decade are held by males. 267 of those new jobs in the last decade are held by females. Athletic Training Employment Opportunities for Women (Highest Ever) 99.5% of schools have at least one athletic trainer. 32.4% of head athletic trainers are females, up from 30.7% in % of head athletic trainers are males, down from 69.3% in Division 1 has the highest percentage of athletics trainers but the smallest percentage of female head athletic trainers at 19.5%. However, 19.5% is an increase from 17.5% in % of schools in Division 1 that have an athletic trainer, have a female head athletic trainer, up from 40.5% in All three Divisions have shown an increase in the percentage of their head athletic trainers who are females. When the athletics director is a female, it is more likely to have a female head athletic trainer. When the school is located in the southern geographic region, it is less likely to have a female head athletic trainer. (c) 2014 Acosta/Carpenter PO Box 42, West Brookfield, MA Page C

9 Sports Information Directors (SIDs) Employment Opportunities for Women 99.3% of schools have an SID. 12.1% of SIDs are females, up from 9.8% in % of SIDs are males, down from 90.2% in Division 1 has the smallest percentage of female SIDs at 7.7%. However, the 7.7% is up from 3.1% in The northeast and west geographic regions have the highest percentage of female sports information directors. Red states have the lowest percentage of female sports information directors as well as the lowest percentage of female athletic trainers. Strength & Conditioning Coaching (S/C) Opportunities for Women Division 1 has the highest percentage of S/C coaches. Division 1 has the highest percentage of schools with at least one female S/C coach. 62.9% of Division 1 Football Bowl Division (FBS) schools have at least one female S/C coach compared to 29.3% of FCS schools. 41.4% of Division 1, when considered as a whole, have at least one female S/C coach, up from 34.6% in When all divisions are combined, 28.6% of the schools that have a S/C coach, have at least one female S/C coach. The northeast geographic region has the highest percentage (35.2%) of schools with at least one female S/C coach. Schools in Blue states have the highest percentage (29.9%) of schools that have a S/C coach, having at least one female S/C coach. Geographic Region and Red State vs. Blue State Data The northeast region has the highest percentage of female athletics directors at 29.9%. The south region has the lowest. The south also demonstrates the highest percent of schools with NO female voice anywhere in the administrative structure. The average number of athletics administrators overall and females in particular is highest in the west region. The northeast region has the highest percentage of female head athletic trainers and the west has the lowest. The same is true for female strength and conditioning coaches. Blue states have the highest percentage (26.8%) of female athletics directors; Red states have the lowest (15.10%). Red states have the highest percentage of schools with NO female voice anywhere in the administrative structure. (c) 2014 Acosta/Carpenter PO Box 42, West Brookfield, MA Page D

10 Blue states have the highest average of female administrators (1.58 per school) even though Red states have the largest administrative staffs (4.22 per school). It is more likely to find a head female athletic trainer in a Blue state (34.1%) than in a Red state (28.8%). The same is true for sports information directors and strength and conditioning coaches. Out ofs... (In order for Out Ofs to be created, exact numbers have been rounded up or down. See the main body of the report for exact numbers and percentages. In 1972, 9 out of 10 coaches for women s teams were females. In 2014, 4 out 10 coaches for women s teams are females. 97 out of 100 coaches of mens teams are males. 6 out of 10 paid assistant coaches of women s teams are females. 1 out of 4.5 head coaches of all NCAA teams (M&F) is a female. 1 out of 5 athletics directors is a female. 4 out of 5 athletics directors is a male. 9 out of 10 athletics programs have at least one female on the administrative staff. 12 out of 100 head sports information directors is a female. (c) 2014 Acosta/Carpenter PO Box 42, West Brookfield, MA Page E

11 Participation In 2014, forty two years after the enactment of Title IX, there are over 200,000 female intercollegiate athletes. There is an average of 8.83 women s teams per NCAA school. Commentary The 2014 total of 9581 women s NCAA teams is an increase of 2080 teams in the last 14 years. And yet In most locales, the pent-up demand for new women s teams exceeds the number of new teams created. In short, there are more intercollegiate female athletes than ever before. In 1970, prior to the 1972 enactment of Title IX, there were only 2.5 women s teams per school and a total of only about 16,000 female intercollegiate athletes. In 1977/1978, the academic year preceding the mandatory compliance date for Title IX, the number of varsity sports for women had grown to 5.61 per school. The same type of massive growth is found in the nation s high schools. You might want to take a look at the participation data gathered by the National Federation of State High School Associations found on their website at The NFHS participation data show that in 1971, just before Title IX was enacted, there were 3,666,917 boys and 294,015 girls participating in high school athletics. That s 1 girl for every 12 boys in Highest in history 200,000+ women intercollegiate athletes 8.3 women s teams per school 9581 NCAA women s teams A decade later, in 1988, the number had grown to 7.71 and at the turn of the century, the growth continued to Today, in 2014, the average number of women s teams per school sets an all time record of 8.83 giving weight to the adage: If you build it, they will come. When reflecting on the growth of women s sports over the years, it is also important to realize that the number of schools offering women s sports has increased markedly. Thus, the real level of growth is not just from 2.5 to 8.83 teams per school, but 8.83 teams at many more schools, schools that didn t have any teams for women when Title IX was enacted 42 years ago. So, in addition to reviewing the average number of teams per school, it is important to take a look at the actual TOTAL number of teams. In 2014, the total number of women s intercollegiate teams among NCAA member schools is 9581, also the highest in history. In 2013, the latest high school data available, there were 4,490,854 boys and 3,222,723 high school girls participating and thereby having the potential to gain positive life lessons from their experiences on the field and in the gym. That s 1 girl for every 1.39 boys today. If you build it, they will come. Is there a difference in participation levels between NCAA divisions 1,2, and 3? Yes. Division 1 offers the highest average number of teams for women per school at The subdivision within Division 1 with the highest average number of teams per school is the FBS (Football Bowl Subdivision) with teams. Division 2, with an average number of women s teams per school of 7.65 lags behind both Division 1 (9.58) and Division 3 (9.06). Basketball is the women s sport most frequently found on the campuses of NCAA schools. Indeed,basketball is found on 99.1% of all NCAA schools that offer women s athletics programs. (c)2014 Acosta/Carpenter PO Box 42, West Brookfield, MA Page 1

12 Participation Commentary, ContinueD Soccer is the sport that has grown the most over the years. In 1977 there were women s soccer teams at less than three out of a hundred schools. Today, in 2014, women s soccer teams are found at more than 9 out of 10 schools. The focus of our research is to track the participation level of females in intercollegiate sport. However, data from a number of other studies show that the number of males participating, both on the high school and college levels, has generally increased over the years. Increased participation in interscholastic as well and intercollegiate sport for both females and males continues to be the norm. The rate of increase varies and the menu of sports being offered changes. Such changes have been taking place over decades, but, in the long view, the number of individual athletes participating, both males and females, continues to increase. The opportunity to gain from the sport experience is of value to all participants and we are happy to report that the number of females, and males, who participate is increasing. Roster size, expense, safety, availability of facilities, proximity of competitors, athlete interest, and feeder systems are among the long list of issues that sometimes play a part in determining which sports wax and which wane in popularity. Sometimes particular sports are labeled minor, Olympic, non-revenue or second tier as opposed to major, revenue, or first tier. The labeling is often done in an effort to rationalize the level of institutional support being provided to a particular team. Whatever the mechanism of decision making, it is frustrating and saddening when a particular athlete s team is cancelled in favor of supporting another team whether that team is football or a new women s team. It is important to review the data before focusing that frustration and sadness on the perceived victors of institutional support. The reality of the decision making process used in cutting teams while maintaining or adding others may be the result of a deference given to powerful fans or an unwillingness to realign traditional, but perhaps wasteful, budgetary decisions. It is beyond the scope of this study, or even this commentary, to review the relevance of specific sports to the mission of the institution. Nor is it our purpose to question the relevance of perceived revenue production to the mission of the institution. However, we suggest that a review of financial data found elsewhere might help the kind and gentle reader make informed opinions when teams are retrenched or added. Such financial information might be pursued through the Chronicle of Higher Education, the NCAA Revenues and Expenses Report, ncaapublications.com/p revenues-and-expenses.aspx, and EADA (Equity in Athletics Disclosure Act) ope.ed.gov/athletics/index.aspx. In 2010 there were 17 times the number of varsity female high school athletes than female college athletes. In 2014, even with the ever increasing number of female high school athletes, there has been an even greater, albeit slightly so, increase in the number of female participation slots on the college level. So, in 2014, there are still about 16 times more female high school athletes than participation slots for females on the college level. Of course, not all high school athletes attend college and those who do might not wish to continue their athletic pursuit on a college team. But because there is only 1 college team slot for every 16 female high school varsity team members, many who have the desire and ability are foreclosed from participation. Unmet demand is a reality. Why are participation levels for females at an all time high? Perhaps it is due to society s ability to embrace females as athletes. Perhaps it is encouraged by a long line of successful Title IX (c)2014 Acosta/Carpenter PO Box 42, West Brookfield, MA Page 2

13 Participation Commentary, ContinueD lawsuits urging non-discriminatory treatment. Perhaps it is another generation of post Title IX men and women who now know that the benefits available from sport participation enrich the lives of both females and males, their daughters and sons. Perhaps it is increased media coverage of women s sports, and perhaps it is due to the long term efforts of energetic advocacy efforts by organizations such the coalition of a variety of organizations such as found under the umbrella of the National Coalition for Girls and Women in Education (www. ncwge.org). Whatever the cause, female athletes are being afforded opportunities in greater numbers than ever before. The increasing participation of females in intercollegiate athletics benefits both the athlete and society as they gain from the skills learned on the nation s courts and playing fields. If you build it, they will come. (c)2014 Acosta/Carpenter PO Box 42, West Brookfield, MA Page 3

14 Participation Over the Years: Number of Women s Varsity Teams (This table should be read as follows: Within all three divisions combined in 2014 there are 9581 women s teams. In 1998 there were 6346 such teams.) The total of 9581women s teams is the highest number ever participating Number of Women Teams By Division Division 1 Division 2 Division 3 TOTAL Over the Years: Overall Increase in the Number of Women s Teams OVERALL Increase in Number of Women s Teams 10 Years: 2002 to Teams 16 Years: 1998 to Teams One out of three women s teams existing now is new since (c)2014 Acosta/Carpenter PO Box 42 West Brookfield, MA 01585, Page 4

15 Participation Number of Women s Varsity Teams per Schools Average Number of Women s Varsity Teams Per School! (1970 = 2 years prior to Title IX, 1978 = Mandatory Compliance Date )! represents the highest number ever of women s teams per school. When all divisions are considered together, there is an average of 8.83 women s varsity teams per school. Division 1 institutions, with an average of 9.58, have the greatest number of women s teams per school. Division 3 follows with 9.06 and Division 2 has the smallest average offering for its female athletes with 7.65 teams per school. Average Number of Women s Teams Per School over the Years ! 8.73!! 1999! 7.93!! 1989! 7.19!! 1979! ! 8.64!! 1998! 7.71!! 1988! 7.31!! 1978! 5.61 (Title IX Compliance Date) 2008! 8.65!! 1997! 7.51!! 1987! 7.24!! ! ! 8.45!! 1996! 7.93!! 1986! 7.15!! 1970! 2.50 (2 years before Title IX) 2005! -----!! 1995! 7.27!! 1985! ! 8.32!! 1994! 7.22!! 1984! ! 8.23!! 1993! 7.02!! 1983! ! 8.35!! 1992! 7.09!! 1982! 6.59! 2001! 8.23!! 1991! 7.00!! 1981! ! 8.14!! 1990! 7.24!! (c)2014 Acosta/Carpenter PO Box 42, West Brookfield, MA Page 5

16 Participation Average Number of Women s Varsity Teams Per School By Division - Over the Years Year Division 1 Division 2 Division Two Decades of Growth Increase in the Average Number of Teams for Women Per School By Division and Overall in the Last 10 (2004 to 2014) and 20 Years (1994 to 2014) Division 1 Division 2 Division 3 OVERALL 10 Years teams teams teams teams 20 Years teams teams teams teams Read this chart as follows: In the last 10 years, there is an average increase of 0.32 women s teams in Division 1 schools from 2004 to There is an average increase of 0.75 and 0.55 women s teams per school in Division 2 and Division 3 respectively. Overall, in the past 20 years, the average increase in all divisions has been 1.93 teams as compared with the most recent 10 year increase of over 0.51 teams per school. (c) 2014 Acosta/Carpenter PO Box 42, West Brookfield, MA Page 6

17 Participation Number of Women s Varsity Teams Per School By Division Division 1 Division 2 Division Division 1 Sub Divisions Number of Women s Varsity Teams Per School Non FBS or FCS Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) Formerly 1A Football Champ. Subdivision (FCS) Formerly 1AA This table should be read: In 2014, FBS schools offered and average of women s varsity teams. Division 1 institutions offer the greatest number of teams for their female athletes, with an average of 9.58 teams per school. FBS (Football Bowl Series) schools offer the largest number of women s teams per campus.! There are three subdivisions within Division 1: Non FBS or FCS, Football Bowl! Subdivision (FBS- formerly 1A) and Football Championship Subdivision! (FCS-!formerly 1AA). The!subdivision designations generally track the older! Division 1AAA, Division 1AA and Division 1A distinctions with former Division 1A! having been considered to have the biggest big time football programs.! The Football Championship Subdivision (FCS - somewhat analogous to the! former Division 1AA designation) offers slightly fewer teams for its female! athletes than does the Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS - somewhat analogous to! the former Division 1A designation) (c)2014 Acosta/Carpenter PO Box 42, West Brookfield, MA Page 7

18 Participation 2014 Most Popular Women s Varsity Teams RANK ORDER RANK Sport Overall Rank Basketball 99.1 Volleyball 96.6 Soccer 93.3 Cross Country 93.3 Softball 89.2 Tennis 84.2 Track & Field 75.4 Golf 57.7 Swimming/Diving 52.7 Lacrosse 42.3 Field Hockey 28.4 Crew/Rowing 16.2 Ice Hockey 9.9 Gymnastics 9.0 Water Polo 6.1 Bowling 5.4 Riding/Equestrian 4.7 Squash 4.5 Fencing 4.3 Skiing 3.4 Sailing 3.2 Riflery 2.0 Synch. Swimming 0.5 Badminton 0.2 Tie Tie The rank order remains unchanged since the last survey (2012) for the top dozen sports. Caution: Of the sports occupying rank positions from 13 to 24, the rank orders demonstrate several changes since the last survey but because of the smaller number of schools offering these sports, slight changes in the number of schools offering them can manifest in major rank changes. Therefore, please note the rank order of the 13th through 24th most popular sport with caution. (c)2014 Acosta/Carpenter PO Box 42, West Brookfield, MA Page 8

19 Participation Over the Years: Most Popular Sports - RANK ORDER (Most Frequently Found Sports in Women s Intercollegiate Programs) Percent Offering Sport and Rank Rank in Basketball Volleyball Soccer Cross Country Softball Tennis Track & Field Golf tie Swimming tie Lacrosse Field Hockey Crew/Rowing T Gymnastics 9.6 T T.Ice Hockey 9.6 T Water Polo T Fencing tie T T T.Skiing 4.3 T tie T Sailing 4.3 T T T T Bowling 4.1 T T T.Squash 4.1 T T T Note the huge growth over time of soccer DATA See Page 8 for the 2014 Rank and Percentages of all sports. 21. Riding/Equest T Riflery T Synch Swim Badminton Archery This table should be read as follows: Soccer was ranked as the 20th most frequently offered sport in In 2014, it is found in 93.3% of schools and is ranked at 3rd place (See Page 8 for 2014 data). (c) 2014 Acosta/Carpenter PO Box 42 West Brookfield, MA Page 9

20 Participation Dozen Most Popular Women s Teams Rank Order - All Divisions Combined Ra nk Sport 2010 Percent 2012 Percent 2014 Percent INCREASE Decrease 1 Basketball INCREASE 2 Volleyball INCREASE 3T Soccer Minor decrease 4T Cross Country INCREASE 5 Softball INCREASE 6 Tennis DECREASE 7 Track & Field INCREASE 8 Golf INCREASE 9 Swim/Diving INCREASE 10 Lacrosse INCREASE 11 Field Hockey INCREASE 12 Rowing/Crew Minor decrease This table should be read as follows: In the last two years, from 2012 to 2014, the! percentage of schools offering field hockey for their female athletes has increased! from 28.1% to 28.4%. It is important to note that large percentage swings in ranking take place among sports that are not widely offered. It only takes a few schools to add or drop a sport to make large changes in the percentage. On the other hand, although the percentages of increase or decrease are small, the changes represent an important number of schools and teams offering teams when the sports are among the more popular ones. In 1977, soccer was the 20th most popular women s sport, found in only 2.8% of schools. Today, women s soccer is tied for third place, tied with cross country, and is found in 93.3% of all NCAA schools. Over time, soccer has been consistently the sport with the strongest growth. Cross Country is another sport that has grown markedly. In 1977, a year before mandatory compliance for Title IX, women s cross country teams were found in 29.4 % of the schools. Today, they are found in 93.3% (tied with soccer). (c)2014 Acosta/Carpenter PO Box 42, West Brookfield, MA Page 10

21 Participation 2014 Percentage of Women s Varsity Teams By Sport and By Division - ALPHA ORDER Sport Division 1 Division 2 Division 3 OVERALL Badminton Basketball Bowling Crew Cross Country Fencing Field Hockey Golf Gymnastics Ice Hockey Lacrosse Riding/Equestrian Riflery Sailing Skiing Soccer Softball Squash Swimming/Diving Synch. Swim Tennis Track & Field Volleyball Water Polo Note: Percentages have been rounded to one decimal. This table should be read as: Women s water polo teams are offered at 8.8% of Division 1 schools. (c)2014 Acosta/Carpenter PO Box 42, West Brookfield, MA Page 11

22 Participation 2014 Division 1 SUBDIVISIONS - Alpha ORDER Sport Non FBS or FCS FBS FCS OVERALL Badminton Basketball Bowling Crew/Rowing Cross Country Fencing Field Hockey Golf Gymnastics Ice Hockey Lacrosse Riding/Equest Riflery Sailing Skiing Soccer Softball Squash Swim/Dive Synch. Swim Tennis Track/Field Volleyball Water Polo (c) 2014 Acosta/Carpenter PO Box 42, West Brookfield, MA Page 12

23 Participation All Divisions 1991 to 2012 See next page for 1978 to 1990 data. See Page 11 for 2014 Data (Too much data for one page) Percentage of Schools Which Offer Each Sport Archery Badminton Basketball Bowling Crew/Rowing Cross Coun Fencing Field Hockey Golf Gymnastics Ice Hockey Lacrosse Riding/Eq Riflery Sailing Skiing Soccer Softball Squash Swim/Dive Synch. Swim Tennis Track & Fie Volleyball Water Polo (c) 2014 Acosta/Carpenter PO Box 42 West Brookfield, MA Page 13

24 Participation Opportunities for Female Athletes All Divisions 1978 to 1990 (See page 13 for 1991 to 2012 data and page 11 for 2014 data) (Too much data for one page) Percentage of Schools Which Offer Each Sport Archery Badminton Basketball Bowling Crew/Rowing Cross Country Fencing Field Hockey Golf Gymnastics Ice Hockey Lacrosse Riding/Equest Riflery Sailing t o Skiing Soccer Softball Squash Swim/Dive Synch. Swim Tennis Track & Field Volleyball Water Polo (c) 2014 Acosta/Carpenter PO Box 42 West Brookfield, MA Page 14

25 PARTICIPATION Division I 1992 to 2014 Percentage of Schools Which Offer Each Sport Archery Badminton Basketball Bowling Crew/Row Cross Co Fencing Field Hockey Golf Gymnastics Ice Hockey Lacrosse Riding/Equ Riflery Sailing Skiing Soccer Softball Squash Swim/Dive Synch.Swim Tennis Track & Field Volleyball Water Polo This table should be read: in 2014 women s bowling teams were offered in 9.4% of Division 1 schools, compared with 1.9% in Note: Percentages have been rounded to one decimal. (c) 2014 Acosta/Carpenter PO Box 42 West Brookfield, MA Page 15

26 Participation Division II 1992 to 2014 Percentage of Schools Which Offer Each Sport Archery Badminton Basketball Bowling Crew/Row X Country Fencing Field Hock Golf Gymnastics Ice Hockey Lacrosse Riding/Equ Riflery Sailing Skiing Soccer Softball Squash Swim/Dive Synch.Swim Tennis Track &F Volleyball Water Polo This table should be read: In 2014 women s Lacrosse teams were offered in 25.8% of Division 2 schools, compared with 4.1% in 1992 Note: Percentages have been rounded to one decimal point. (c) 2014 Acosta/Carpenter PO Box 42 West Brookfield, MA Page 16

27 Participation Division III 1992 to 2014 Percentage of Schools Which Offer Each Sport Archery Badminton Basketball Bowling Crew/Row Cross Co Fencing Field Hockey Golf Gymnastics Ice Hockey Lacrosse Riding/Eq Riflery Sailing Skiing Soccer Softball Squash Swim/Dive Synch. Swim Tennis Track & Fie Volleyball Water Polo (c) 2014 Acosta/Carpenter PO Box 42 West Brookfield, MA Page 17

28 In 1972, the year Title IX was enacted, more than 90% of women s teams were coached by females. By 1978, the year of mandatory Title IX compliance, the percentage had dropped to Some of the large change in the early years from 1972 to 1978 was due to the massive increase in the number of teams offered for women (an increase from 2.5 in 1972 to 5.61 teams per school just six years later in 1978). Historically, coaches for women s teams came from the ranks of physical educators who were also teaching. Prior to Title IX, few of the female coaches were paid for their coaching duties. After Title IX, coaches of women s teams began to be paid for their efforts thus making the jobs a bit more inviting. Today, coaches come less from the ranks of physical educators and more from the ranks of former athletes. In 2014, 43.4 percent of the coaches of women s teams are females. Put another way, in women s teams have a female coach. Coaching Commentary There are approximately 250 to 300 female head coaches of men s teams. Conversely, there are 5427 male head coaches for women s teams; that is about 20 times greater than the number of females coaching males. When we look at intercollegiate coaching as an entire workplace unit, we find that about 1 in 4.5 of all teams (men s and women s) are coached by females. Access to female role models in positions of decision making and leadership is particularly important for females. Females have fewer such role models in their lives than do their male counterparts. Intercollegiate athletics is a very intense and challenging enterprise for the participant and having female role models available within such an enterprise is even more useful. The sport most often found on campus for women is basketball. On average, 6 out of 10 coaches of women s basketball teams are females % of women s teams are coached by a female 4154 women s teams have a female head coach The representation of females among the ranks of head coaches for MEN s teams remains low, between 2 to 3.5%, near where it has been since before the passage of Title IX. Typically, the men s sports coached by females are those that either frequently practice with their female counterparts such as tennis, swimming, track and field or those sports that are labeled minor sports. The term minor does not reflect the passion, commitment or athleticism found among a team s participants. Rather it often reflects the perceived relegation of the sport to a secondary status of administrative and/or fan interest or support. Does the gender of the athletics director make a difference in the percentage of female coaches? It seems to. For instance, in Division 1 when there is a female AD, the percentage of female coaches is 46.8% compared to 43.0% when the AD is a male. Similarly, in Division 2, the average percentage of female coaches is 40.6% when the AD is a female and 35.9% when the AD is a male. The apparent connection to the gender of the AD continues in Division 3 where, when the AD is a female, the percentage of female coaches averages 53.9% and when the AD is a male, the average is 44.4%. (c) 2014 Acosta/Carpenter PO Box 42, West Brookfield, MA Page 18

29 Year Percentage of Female Coaches Coaching Number of FEMALE Head Coaches of Women s Teams 5427 Number of MALE Head Coaches of Women s Teams Female head coaches coach about:! 43 out of 100 women s teams! 23 out of 100 of all teams (men s and women s)! 3 out of 100 men s teams Males coach a third more women s teams than do!! females. Males coach about 40 times more male s teams than do!! females Is the ratio of male/female coaches different if the AD is a male or female?! Division 1! Male AD = 43.0% female coaches! Female AD = 46.8% female coaches! Division 2! Male AD = 35.1% female coaches! Female AD = 40.6% female coaches! Division 3! Male AD = 44.4% female coaches! Female AD = 53.9% female coaches = higher percentage of female coaches The table to the left should be read: In 1972 over 90% of women s teams were coached by a female. In 2014, 43.4% were coached by a female head coach. (c)2014 Acosta/Carpenter, PO Box 42, West Brookfield, MA PAGE 19

30 Coaching Number of Female/Male Coaches of Women s Teams Each year, the number of women s teams has increased thus the total number of head coaching jobs has increased. Prior to 2012, males consistently outpaced females in holding new coaching jobs. However, since 2012, females have outpaced males in holding new coaching jobs. Number of Male Coaches (Bottom tier of chart) Number of Female Coaches (Top tier of chart) NUMBERS Females/Males INCREASE/DECREASE Females/Males # of Female Coaches # of Male Coaches TOTAL # Women s Teams Change in # of Female Coaches Change in # of Male Coaches Majority of Increase = The number of teams available for women has increased markedly over the years. For instance, compared with the year 2000, 2080 new teams are offered in 2014 for female athletes at NCAA member schools. By extension, that same expansion required 2080 new head coaches since the turn of the century. Of that 2080 expansion of head coaches for new women s teams,1346 (64.7%) of those new-since-turnof-century jobs are now held by males and 735 (35.3%) are held by females. Head Coaches Of 2080 new jobs since 2000 Female Male 35.3% 64.7% (c)2014 Acosta/Carpenter, PO Box 42, West Brookfield, MA PAGE 20

31 Percent of Female Coaches, Then and Now, By Sport Sport Archery Badminton Basketball Bowling Crew/Row Cross Country Fencing Field Hockey Golf Gymnastics Ice Hockey Lacrosse Riding/Equest Riflery Sailing Skiing Soccer Softball Squash Swim/Diving Synch. Swim Tennis Track & Field Volleyball Water Polo Coaching Percent of Female Coaches By Year - By Divisions Year Division 1 Division 2 Division (c) 2014 Acosta/Carpenter PO Box 42, West Brookfield, MA Page 21

32 Percentage of Female Coaches to 2014 (See next page for 1978 to 1990 data) (too much data for one page) All Divisions Coaching Note: Among those sports seldom offered on campus, a small number of coaching changes can produce a drastic change in the percentage of female/male coaching staffs Archery Badminton Basketball Bowling Crew/Rowing Cross Country Fencing Field Hockey Golf Gymnastics t o Ice Hockey Lacrosse Riding/Equest Riflery Sailing Skiing Soccer Softball , Squash Swim/Dive Synch. Swim Tennis Track/Field Volleyball Water Polo (c)2014 Acosta/Carpenter PO 42, West Brookfield, MA Page 22

33 Percentage of Female Coaches 1978 to 1990 (See previous page for 1991 to 2014 data) (too much data for one page) All Divisions Coaching Archery Badminton Basketball Bowling Crew/Rowing Cross Country Fencing Field Hockey Golf Gymnastics Ice Hockey Lacrosse Riding/Equest Riflery Sailing Skiing Soccer Softball Squash Swim/Dive Synch. Swim , Tennis Track & Field Volleyball Water Polo t o (c) 2014 Acosta/Carpenter PO Box 42 West Brookfield, MA Page 23

34 Coaching Percentage of Female Coaches, Division to Archery Badminton Basketball Bowling Crew/Rowing Cross Country Fencing Field Hockey Golf Gymnastics Ice Hockey Lacrosse Riding/Equest Riflery Sailing Skiing Soccer Softball Squash Swim/Dive Synch. Swim Tennis Track & Field Volleyball Water Polo Note: Among those sports seldom offered on campus, a small number of coaching changes can produce a drastic change in the percentage of female/male coaching staffs. (c) 2014 Acosta/Carpenter PO Box 42 West Brookfield, MA Page 24

35 Division 1 Sub-Divisions Coaching Sport Non FBS or FCS FBS FCS Division 1 Overall Archery Percentage of Female Coaches Badminton Basketball Bowling Crew/Row Cross Country Fencing Field Hockey Golf Gymnastics Ice Hockey Lacrosse Riding/Equest Riflery Sailing Skiing Division 1 Sub-Divisions Sub - Divisions of Division 1 Non FBS or FCS Percent of Female Coaches of Women s Teams 36.4 FBS 44.2 FCS 46.7 Overall Division Soccer Softball Squash Swim/Diving Synch. Swim Tennis Track & Field Volleyball The table to the left should be read: In 2014,15.4 % of coaches for women s track teams at Division 1 non-fbs and non-fcs schools were females. In FBS schools, the percentage was In all of Division 1, 22.9% of women s track teams were coached by a female. Note: Among those sports seldom offered on campus, a small number of coaching changes can produce drastic change in the percentage of female/ male coaching staffs. Water Polo (c) 2014 Acosta/Carpenter PO Box 42, West Brookfield, MA Page 25

36 Coaching Percentage of Female Coaches, Division II 1992 to Archery Badminton Basketball Bowling Crew/Row Cross Cou Fencing Field Hockey Golf Gymnastics Ice Hockey Lacrosse Riding/Equ Riflery Sailing Skiing Soccer Softball Squash Swim/Dive Synch. Swim Tennis Track & Field Volleyball Water Polo Note: Among those sports seldom offered on campus, a small number of coaching changes can produce a drastic change in the percentage of female/male coaching staffs. (c) 2014 Acosta/Carpenter PO Box 42 West Brookfield, MA Page 26

37 Coaching Percentage of Female Coaches, Division III 1992 to Archery Badminton Basketball Bowling Crew/Rowing Cross Country Fencing Field Hockey Golf Gymnastics Ice Hockey Lacrosse Riding/Equest Riflery Sailing Skiing Soccer Softball Squash Swim/Dive Synch. Swim Tennis Track & Field Volleyball Water Polo Note: Among those sports seldom offered on campus, a small number of coaching changes can produce a drastic change in the percentage of female/male coaching staffs. (c) 2014 Acosta/Carpenter PO Box 42 West Brookfield, MA Page 27

38 Impact of Male versus Female Athletic Director on the Percentage of Female Coaches Overall Percentage of Female Coaches 2014 = = Division I = Division II = Division III = Percentage of female coaches when the Athletics Director is male AND there are NO females anywhere in the administration: Division I Division II Division III * NO Female Coaching Percentage of female coaches when Athletics Director is male Division I Division II Division III Male AD Percentage of female coaches when Athletics Director is Female Division I Division II Division III Female AD This table should be read: In 2014 the average percentage of female coaches of women s teams in Division III schools that had a female athletics director is 53.9% compared to 42.4% in Division III schools that have a male athletics director and NO female anywhere in the administrative structure. *The disparity of this number may be due to the small number of Division 1 programs that totally lack any female administrator. (c) 2014 Acosta/Carpenter PO Box 42 West Brookfield, MA Page 28 Percentage of female coaches

39 There are 13,222 (highest ever) PAID assistant coaches serving women s teams. Of these 13,222 assistant coaches, 7503 (56.7%) are females. The increased presence of paid assistant coaches, particularly female paid assistant coaches, is, we believe, a positive development. The increased presence of paid female assistant coaches provides an enhanced training ground for the development of future head coaches Coaching Assistant Commentary When the number of female head coaches and paid female assistant coaches are combined, there are 11,657 females receiving paychecks from coaching endeavors in women s intercollegiate sport. Are there more PAID assistant coaches than UNPAID serving women s teams? Yes. But, unpaid assistant coaches also have a role to play. 13,222 PAID Assistant Coaches (M&F) for women s teams 56.7% of PAID Assistant Coaches for women s teams are females. 11,657 females receive a paycheck from coaching endeavors within women s sports (either as head or assistant coaches) In past decades, coaches for women s teams most frequently arose from the ranks of physical educators. Today, most come from the ranks of past athletes. The ability to gain coaching experience and hone expertise as a paid assistant coach provides a professional entry path of considerable value. The athletes also gain from the presence of paid assistant coaches. The athletes have a deeper coaching staff from which to learn. Also, when the assistant is a female, the athletes have another female role model from which to learn. In the last two years, 921 (of which 479, 52%, are females) more assistant coaches have been employed to serve women s teams. Have males or females increased in numbers most in the last two years? Females have slightly outpaced the growth in numbers of males serving as paid assistant coaches for women s teams: 479 females compared to 442 males. Unpaid assistant coaches are less likely to be able to provide the same continuity, expertise, experience and accessibility found among paid coaches but their presence still adds to the program in which they serve. In 2014 there are 2199 unpaid assistant coaches laboring among women s teams (52%)) are females and 1057 (48%%) are males. Are there more assistant coaches, both paid and unpaid, for women s teams than in the past? Yes. When totaling both paid and unpaid, male and female assistant coaches of women s teams, we find 15,421 serving in There is an average of 12.3 paid assistant coaches for women s teams per school. This is also the highest ever. Division 1 has the highest number, 16.5 per school. (c) 2014 Acosta/Carpenter, PO Box 42, West Brookfield, MA 01585, Page 29

40 Coaching Assistant PAID How many PAID assistant coaches are found in women s programs? ,222 Paid Assistant Coaches New Highest Ever new assistant coaches in last 2 years ,301 Paid Assistant Coaches (M&F) The above should be read as an illustration of the growth of 921 PAID assistant coaches added to women s teams in the last two years for a total of 13,222 PAID assistant coaches in women s programs. The 13,222 number includes both male and female PAID assistant coaches. Prior Highest Ever Number of Paid Assistant Coaches (M&F) of Women s Teams Year Paid Asst Coaches , , , ,058 (c) 2014 Acosta/Carpenter, PO 42, West Brookfield, MA 01585, Page 30

41 Number of Paid Female Assistant Coaches Year Div 1 Div 2 Div 3 OVER ALL Coaching Assistant PAID What is the number of FEMALE vs MALE paid assistant coaches? Highest Ever Number of Paid Male Assistant Coaches These tables should be read: In 2014, there are 7503 female and 5719 male PAID assistant coaches of women s teams. Year Div 1 Div 2 Div 3 OVER ALL Highest Ever (c) 2014 Acosta/Carpenter, PO 42, West Brookfield, MA 01585, Page 31

42 Average Number Per School of Paid (M&F) Assistant Coaches for Women s Teams Year Division 1 Division 2 Division 3 OVERALL Coaching Assistant Highest Ever PAID Average Number Per School of Paid Female Assistant Coaches for Women s Teams Year Division 1 Division 2 Division 3 OVERALL Highest Ever These tables may be read: On average, in 2014, there are 8.9 female paid assistant coaches in Division 1 women s programs and, when combining male and female paid assistant coaches, there are More than half of the paid assistant coaches for women s teams at the Division 1 level are females. (c)2014 Acosta/Carpenter PO Box 42, West Brookfield, MA 01585, Page 32!

43 In 2014, there are 7503 females and 5719 males serving as paid assistant coaches for women s teams for a total of 13,222 paid assistant coaches. In 2014, 56.8% of the paid assistant coaches serving women s teams are females % are males. Between 2012 and 2014 there has been an increase of 921paid assistant coaches serving women s teams. Of that 921 increase, 479 were females and 442 were males. Percentage of Paid Female Assistant Coaches of Women s Teams Over the Years and By Division Year Division 1 Division 2 Division 3 OVERALL Coaching Assistant PAID This table may be read: In 2014, 54.0% of the paid assistant coaches for women s teams were females. (c) 2014 Acosta/Carpenter PO Box 42 West Brookfield, MA Page 33

44 Unpaid Female Assistant Coaches of Women s Teams PERCENTAGE, by Division, and by Division 1 Sub-Divisions Year Div 1 Overall Div 1 Non-FBS or FCS Div 1 FBS Div 1 FCS Coaching Assistant Unpaid Div 2 Div3 OVERALL Unpaid Female Assistant Coaches of Women s Teams NUMBERS, by Division Year Div 1 Div 2 Div 3 Overall (c) 2014 Acosta/Carpenter PO Box 42, West Brookfield, MA ! Page 34

45 Administration Commentary Athletics directors provide leadership, perspective, and guidance, all of which shape the athletics program on their campuses. Their experience, decision making style, and their commitment concerning equity often have an impact upon the vision and goals of the program they administer and the people they hire. When Title IX was enacted in June 23, 1972, over 90% of women s intercollegiate athletics programs were administered by a female while almost no females administered programs which included men s teams. Most of the female athletics directors had their roots in physical education and often continued to teach while serving as the athletics director of a large but basically unfunded women s athletics program. Many of the female athletics directors in the 1970s also coached a team or two. As daunting as their workload was, it is important to recall that the length of the competitive seasons was much shorter at the time Title IX was enacted than today. Three main reasons existed for the short seasons: 1.) lack of funding, 2.) society s former and persistent belief that females lacked the stamina to endure a competitive season as vigorous as their male counterparts and 3.) coaches were generally volunteering their time and they had finite hours to devote to coaching while also carrying full-time teaching loads. Females represent about 57% of the students on campus in Females represent 36.2% of the athletics administrative staffs yet only 22.3% of the head administrators (athletics directors). In 2014, 11.3% of athletics programs have NO FEMALE anywhere in their administrative structures. Over the years of this study, we have been saddened by the percentage of programs which totally lacked any female voice in their administrative structures, which, in the late 1980s approached a third of all programs. The opportunity to include females and members of varied ethnic groups in the administrative structures seems advantageous as well as increasingly easy to accomplish. The average number of over 4 administrators per program is at its highest ever with Division 1 programs leading the way with 6.62 administrative staff members per school. Division 1 programs also average the lowest percentage of programs lacking a female voice with only 1.2% having no female administrator, down from 4.2% in % of athletics directors are females % of athletics directors are males. 51 more female athletics directors than 10 years ago 36.2% of all administrative jobs are held by females 1.51 female athletics administrators per campus is the average 2.12 female athletics administrators per campus is Division 1 s average 11.3% of schools have NO female anywhere in their athletic administrations (c) 2014 Acosta/Carpenter PO Box 42 West Brookfield, MA Page 35

46 Administration Commentary Division 3 programs are most likely to have NO female voice in their administrative structure (18.2%) but, on the other hand, they are most likely to have a female athletics director (30.3%) and indeed have almost twice as many female ADs (133) than either of the other two divisions. Perhaps some of the apparent bipolar numbers (more without a female yet most with a female AD) arises from the fact that Division 3 is the largest NCAA division but on average, has the smallest administrative staffs. In many instances, there is only one administrator and if that person is a male, then, by structure, there is no opportunity for a female voice. On the other hand, because Division 3 has the most members, there are more schools at which an opportunity exists for a female AD to be hired. The female voice is more often present than it was in 1984 but it is often a solitary female voice. Indeed, when looking at all divisions in 2014, there are 1.51 females per administration. Division 1 has the most at 2.12; Division 2 has 1.30, Division 3 has There are currently 4535 athletic administrative jobs in all divisions combined. In the last two years 323 additional jobs were added. Considering the increase just in the last two years of 323 new jobs, it seems unusual that markedly fewer females than males were hired for those new jobs: Females obtained 139 and males 193 of the new administrative jobs in the last two years. The sex/gender of the athletic director seems to have an impact on the sex/ gender of coaches for women s teams Higher % of female coaches in programs with Female AD Lower % of female coaches in programs with a Male AD Continued Males hold the majority (2893, 73.8%) of the administrative jobs and females hold 1642 (36.2%) for a greater than two to one ratio in favor of the males. The size of administrative staffs has increased markedly with Division 1 leading the way with an increase of over 2.3 staff member since the turn of the century. There are a number of the largest departments that have more than 20 administrators but, in no case did any of the departments of such size have more than a third of their administrators comprised of females. (c) 2014 Acosta/Carpenter PO Box 42 West Brookfield, MA Page 36

47 Administration 22.3% Year All Divisions Division I Division II Division III data not available of Athletics Directors are Female Percentage of Female Athletic Directors Division I Sub-Divisions with Female Athletic Directors Non FBS or FCS % Football Bowl Sub-division % Football Championship Sub % This table may be read: In % of athletics directors of all athletic programs are females. In 1972 when Title IX was signed into law, over 90% of athletics directors over women s programs were women. The NCAA Division with the highest percentage of females serving as athletics directors is Division III. About a third of Division III athletics directors are females while about 1 out of 10 in Division I are females. NOTE: Elsewhere in this summary, please find information about the apparent impact of the sex/gender of the athletic director on the ratio of male to female: coaches, sports information directors, athletic trainers, and so forth. (c) 2014 Acosta/Carpenter PO Box 42 West Brookfield, MA Page 37

48 Administration Number of Female Athletics Directors Number of Female Athletic Directors at Schools that Have Women s Teams Year All Divisions Division I Division II Division III This table may be read: In 2014 there are 239 female athletics directors, 37 of which are found in Division I schools. NOTE: Absolute numbers vary during the academic year as people move to new employment opportunities. Also, the number of schools offering women s athletics varies from year to year. NOTE: Elsewhere in this summary, please find information about the apparent impact of geographic region and red/ blue state on the representation of males/females in athletics director positions. Growth in Number of Female Athletics Directors in the Past 10 Years Female Athletics Directors (c) 2014 Acosta/Carpenter PO Box 42 West Brookfield, MA Page 38

49 Administration 11.3% Women schools totally lack any female in administration (In 2012, 9.2% of schools had no female administrator) 9 out of 10 athletics departments have at least one female administrator Percentage of Athletic Programs Totally Lacking Any Female Administrator* Year All Divisions Division I Division II Division III * These programs lack any female anywhere in the administrative structure. This means there are no assistant and no associate female athletic directors and the head athletic director is a male. (c) 2014 Acosta/Carpenter PO Box 42 West Brookfield, MA Page 39

50 Administration Structural Information Average Number of Athletic Administrators Per School (Both Male and Female) Year All Divisions Division I Division II Division III Absolute Number of Administrative Jobs Year All Schools Number Held Number Held PERCENT Held By Males By Females By Females % % % % % % % % % % % % % There were 332 additional jobs in administration from 2012 ro In 2014 males hold 193 more jobs and females hold 139 more jobs than in (c) 2014 Acosta/Carpenter PO Box 42 West Brookfield, MA Page 40

51 Administration Average Number of Females Within the Administrative Structure Highest Ever This table may be read: In 1988 there was an average of.67 female athletics administrators at each school. Today, in 2014 there is an average of Number of Administrators Working, by Division (2014) Division 1 Division 2 Division 3 Overall 2014/ / / /2012 Females Administrators 734/ / / /1503 Male Administrators 1554/ / / /2700 This table may be read: In 2014 there are 734 female administrators in Division 1. Two years ago in 2012, there were 598 females. (c) 2014 Acosta/Carpenter PO Box 42 West Brookfield, MA Page 41