TRENDS IN LITERACY RATES AMONG THE TRIBAL PEOPLE IN JHARKHAND STATE

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1 Trends INDIAN in J Literacy SOC DEV, Rates VOL. Among 11, No. the 2 Tribal (JULY-DECEMBER People in Jharkhand 2011), State 751 TRENDS IN LITERACY RATES AMONG THE TRIBAL PEOPLE IN JHARKHAND STATE Perianayagasamy * & T. R. Jeyaraaj ** Literacy has enabled the isolated tribals to know more about others and about themselves too. It also provided practical centers for inter-tribal relationships, contacts with other tribal groups and non-tribal communities as well. Female literacy was taken with special initiative and interest. A bridge course to learn the State language has enabled the isolated communities to communicate with mainstream of population. Literacy also made them to come out of the clutches of punitive money lending system and loan agents which transformed the lives of tribals remarkably. Those who are able to read and write had an incredible influence in their home villages. They could perform many activities of kindness for their village people in various ways such as filling up the forms related to the local block development office, post office and banks. The purpose of literacy among the downtrodden Malto tribe in Jharkhand was to empower as well as enlighten them so that they might be restored to personal awareness. Further, those non-government agencies who are working to uplift the Maltos wanted the literacy given to the Maltos to prepare them for life, believing that thus educated, literate Maltos would become centers of light wherever they were. Literacy programmes are usually designed to spread knowledge and to serve as a good preparation for overall development. Most of the educational strategies employed among the various tribal groups were adopted to achieve success in the eradication of social injustice, poverty, ignorance and underdevelopment. Keywords: Literacy Care, Tribal Literacy, Empowerment through literacy. Introduction Jharkhand is the ninth state in India in area and second in population, with 11 per cent of nation s population. Among all states and union Territories Jharkhand holds 6 th and 10 th ranks in terms of tribal population and the percentage share of the ST population to the total population of the State respectively. The paper studies the trends in literacy rates among the tribal people with a special reference to the Maltos in Jharkhand State with some case studies Jharkhand is a major tribal populated state in North India. The name Jharkhand originated from tribal language, which means land of Jungles. Jharkhand has a population of around million. The population consists of 28% tribals, 12% * Associate Professor, Department of Economics, Sacred Heart College, Tirupattur. ** Professor, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Chidambaram.

2 752 Perianayagasamy & T. R. Jeyaraaj Scheduled Castes and 60% others. Jharkhand has always remained a home to a number of tribal communities. In fact, in some of the districts of Jharkhand, the tribal population predominates, the non tribal one. The state has 32 primitive tribal groups. The tribal people use bamboo for making baskets, hunting and fishing equipments. Especially the bamboo made fishing cage is very attractive. Tribal pottery is a part of the tribals. Bow and arrow is the symbolic weapon of the tribals of this area. Apart from this they use iron made Axes and Doulies and Ghana (Big hammer). In the State of Jharkhand, tribal area is covered by the Chotanagpur division in South and Sahibganj district, Pakur district, Godda district and Dumka district of Bhagalpur division. A substantial per cent of the tribals in Jharkhand are concentrated in these areas. The tribal population of Jharkhand is 7,087,068 (2001 census). The tribals living in Jharkhand are the Santal, the Oraon, the Munda, the Hos, the Lohar, the Kharwar, the Kharia, the Bhumij, the Mahli, the Mal Pahariya, the Bedia, the Gond, the Chero, the Chik Baraik, the Sauriya Pahariya, the Karmali, the Kora, the Parhaiya, the Kisan, the Korwa, the Binjhia, the Baiga, the Sarwar, the Bathudi, the Khond, and the Banjara. The schedule caste population of the State is 3,189,320. The largest number of schedule caste population lives in Palamu. (Singh, 2010). Literacy in Jharkhand Introduction of literacy has removed the fear of being subjugated among the Maltos, and also contributed positively to their all round growth and development. Literacy has made a great impact in the lives of Maltos of Jharkhand which eventually introduced a new life style to the people. Aparna Mitra rightly observes that literacy and educational attainment are powerful indicators of social and economic development among the backward groups in India. (Mitra, 2010.) Literacy is one of the key inputs for social and economic status in any given society. The greatest handicap of primitive tribes in the low literacy level is a stumbling block in their development. Most of the primitive tribal groups live in hilly and their whole day in searching of food. They have 0% to 2% literacy rate. (Chaturbuj Sahu, 1998). The literacy rate of Sahibganj district is 58.3% which is below the national level of 67.3%. The female literacy rate is only 49.6% which is below the national level of 57.1%. In addition to this, the literacy rate among the minorities like Muslims and Christians and tribes is very below the district level. Sarva Shiksha Abhyan has made some improvement in the educational status of the children in the age group of 5-16 years but the quality of education is still poor (Timothy, 2006). Despite the fact that Jharkhand has been the front-runner among Indian states in terms of natural resources, the people of Jharkhand, both tribal and the non-tribal poor, live in abject poverty. One of the reasons for it is lack of formal educational facilities to the tribal people. The local land and economic relationships, such as land alienation, indebtedness, impoverishment and pauperisation, etc have played a major role in

3 Trends in Literacy Rates Among the Tribal People in Jharkhand State 753 restricting the scope for spreading education, particularly among the tribals and other poor communities in Jharkhand (Bennett, 1954). Mother-tongue Literacy According to the report prepared by Kennedy Dhanabalan, Executive Director of the EFICOR, eighty-five per cent of the villages do not have a single school. About ninetytwo per cent people are illiterates. (Dhanabalan, 1995). Children were not interested to learn in the schools where their mother-tongue was not the medium of instruction. Literacy in the mother tongue medium assumes greater importance in the context of early education of a child in general and the minority child in particular. The main reason for the high illiteracy rate among the Maltos was that there was no provision for them to have mother-tongue education. Literacy in Hindi caused high rate of drops-out. State language as medium of education, lack of easy access to schools and irregularity of teachers are some of the reasons for their illiteracy. (Chandrasekar, 2004). At this juncture the importance of giving literacy in Malto medium was realized and EFICOR has prepared a syllabus and lessons for the Malto children to study in their own mother tongue. Adult Literacy Programme Adult literacy programme has been another cause to enable people to learn to read and write in their own mother-tongue and later to switch over to the State language Hindi. There are about 6632 people who learned in the literacy programme to read and write now. People don t use their thump to sign any more because of their expertise in writing their names or signing them. (Babu, 2005) This programme, aimed at teaching the enthusiastic learners to read and write both in Malto and Hindi. In many areas literacy animators went and stayed in their targeted villages and conducted literacy classes. In some areas they taught using class method in which regular classes were conducted in the village itself. In other areas, they taught using camp method in which learners came from various villages to a certain centre and stayed over a month or so and learned to read and write using the special primers prepared for the purpose. Adult literacy encouraged social mobility and opened up new avenues denied to the Maltos until their learning to read and write. The Maltos now feel they walk as equals with other groups like Santals, Bhagats, Telis and other communities of their State. It is one of the most important variables with the help of which social transformation could be achieved. The educational services opened up new avenues to the Maltos, which were denied to them until their mass movement, and helped them to achieve a degree of social betterment. Davud Malto of Kerwa at Barhait testifies that, Our willingness to learn to read and write enabled us to gain various educational opportunities for the full growth of our personality and also to walk hand in hand with Santals, Bhagats, Telis and other communities of our State (Davud, 2002).

4 754 Perianayagasamy & T. R. Jeyaraaj The widening gap between educated and uneducated in a globalized world of opportunities was sensed even among the Maltos and the existing educational opportunities were totally inadequate for them. NSM and EFICOR gave importance to education and literacy and as a result, believers were conscious of this felt-need and motivated to send their children to schools, while attending adult literacy programmes in their villages. Various social organizations and literacy missions approached various Non-Governmental Organizations, NGO, to facilitate education for the tribals in Jharkhand in their own cultural and social atmosphere. Literacy Rates among the Maltos 1.2% as compared to 54.51% for the total population in India The performance of literacy rates for the Maltos in Jharkhand State is far below satisfactory, which is below 50%. Many districts in Jharkhand have literacy rates below 30%. The enrolment rate of Malto students has increased in different levels of education. The drop out rate is still very high. 41.5% at Primary Level; 59.9% at Upper Primary Level and 71.9% at Secondary Level. On the education front, Malto position is no better. The English literacy amongst the Maltos is nominal and computer literacy still a daydream. (Prasad, 2010). Adult literacy programme was another cause to enrich the people to join the main stream of life. There are about 6632 people who learned in the literacy programme to read and write and they gave witness to their friends and relatives and shared the blessing of being Christians with them. (Babu, 2003). Literacy can only be maintained if there is an adequate supply of reading material, for adolescents and adults as well as for school children, and for entertainment as well as for study. Thus, the production and distribution of teacher materials and learning resources and any other reading materials in mother tongues should be promoted. Each village church building is also the centre for adult literacy programs that are progressing well. The literacy facility not only shines light for the Maltos but also gives them Hope, Social Transformation and Care. Female Literacy In spite of the strong prejudice among the higher classes of the society in Jharkhand against literacy for girls, many NGOs opened their eyes later to realize the importance and essential need of the literacy for girls. Harris reports that believers have reacted favourably to the literacy programme for their girls and the incidence of dropout is less now. There is no marked discrimination on grounds of sex in the matter of literacy. (Harris, 2002). Understanding the importance of literacy for girls in their own mother-tongue, NGO workers carried out their social works. In many places girls excel than the boy learners in their performance. Shanti who is working among the Malto children remarks, In almost all the literacy programmes, girls excel in their learning and writing performances. Some of them have got certificates and medals for their superb achievements. (Shanti, 2010) The literacy program lifted the Malto girls from their slothful, sluggish and futile life.

5 Trends in Literacy Rates Among the Tribal People in Jharkhand State 755 The following table shows the budget provided by both FMPB and EFICOR, beneficiaries of the literacy programme both in Malto and Hindi languages, and the number of the villages benefited by the Malto and Hindi programmes respectively. (Gnanapandithan, 1999). Table 1 Budget provided by FMPB and EFICOR Year FMPB EFICOR In Malto In Hindi Malto Hindi ,30,000 1,52, ,87,000 1,07, ,00,000 1,40, ,00,000 5,53, ,57,000 7,60, ,10,000 7,60, Total 13,84,000 24,73, Source: Friends Focus, Till 2009, about 8650 Malto men and women have been taught to read and write in their mother-tongue and the State language Hindi. All needed literacy materials have been prepared and in use. The following table shows the literacy rate according to the previous census in Jharkhand and the gap between the national rate and the State rate. Table 2 Comparison of National and State Literacy Rate Literacy Jharkhand India Gap Literacy rate 53.5% 65.4% -11.9% Male Literacy Rate 67.3% 75.8% -8.5% Female Literacy Rate 38.9% 54.1% -15.2% SC Literacy Rate 37.5% 54.7% -17.2% ST Literacy Rate 40.7% 47.1% -6.4% SC Female Literacy Rate 22.6% 41.9% -19.3% ST Female Literacy Rate 27.2% 34.7% -7.5% SC Rural Female Literacy Rate 17.7% 37.8% -20.1% ST Rural Female Literacy Rate 24.9% 32.4% -7.5% Source: Census of India, 2001 The literacy rate in Jharkhand is 53.5% (2011). As per the 2011 census conducted by Government of India the official literacy rate for the state was 67.63%. The Male literacy rate is 78.45%; Female literacy rate is: 56.21%. The following table shows of 9 districts above the average literacy rate. (Source: Jharkhand, Inernet Literacy Encyclopaedia).

6 756 Perianayagasamy & T. R. Jeyaraaj Table 3 District wise Average Literacy Rate Number District District Average Male Female 1 Ranchi 77.13% 85.53% 68.20% 2 Purvi Singhbhum 76.13% 76.13% 67.33% 3 Dhanbad 75.71% 85.68% 64.70% 4 Ramgarh 73.92% 83.51% 63.49% 5 Bokaro 73.48% 84.50% 61.46% 6 Hazaribagh 70.48% 70.48% 59.25% 7 Saraikela Khasawan 68.85% 81.01% 56.19% 8 Kodarma 68.35% 81.25% 54.77% 9 Lohardaga 68.29% 78.62% 57.86% Source: Jharkhand, Internet Literacy Encyclopaedia. Empowerment through Literacy One of the highlights of the Malto literacy programme is that it is exclusively for the Malto men, women and children, since their language is not understood to other people groups such as Santals, Bengalis and Plains people who are living in nearby areas. Literacy facilitated the Malto people to be aware of the advancements in verbal communication effectively to others. It aimed at raising awareness and ability to read and write in both mother-tongue and State language to the most marginalized Maltos who were denied such opportunities. Malto people s indifference to change and grinding poverty that prevented them from sending their children to school was overcome by the motivation they got from the adult literacy programmes. Literacy paved the way for the spreading of knowledge and the uplift of poor Maltos and enabled to make the schools and homes as an integral part of the community. Literacy efforts worked diligently to develop leadership qualities. The Maltos developed awareness about their social and political status after learning to read and write in literacy programmes. The awareness and rational thinking among the Maltos contributed to the transformation of the society now. The purpose of literacy among the downtrodden Malto tribe was to empower as well as enlighten them so that they might be restored to personal awareness. Literacy students are from 6 years old children to 55 year old people. It shows their motivation to learn to read and write. Before the introduction of the literacy programme, the literacy rate was just 1.2%. But now it is almost 7-8%. For the most part education gave the Maltos access to new knowledge and fresh information by providing a wider perspective to think beyond the boundaries of their tribal situation, and to become ambitious and adventurous in their lives.

7 Trends in Literacy Rates Among the Tribal People in Jharkhand State 757 Jharkhand s Special Literacy Drive Jharkhand is to launch special literacy drive. The Government of India s Sakshar Bharat programme would be launched in for districts of the state having low percentage of women literacy. The Government of Jharkhand has decided to launch the centre s flagship proramme Sakshar Bharat in four districts of the state to spread literacy particularly among the women folk. The districts identified to be taken up under the programme are Ranchi, Dhanbad, Dumka and Hazaribagh, where literacy rate among women is less than 50 per cent. According to Primary Education Director DK Saxena, the centre has allocated Rs. 12 crore to the state for a time bound programme to achieve 80 per cent literacy by Presently, the state has 54 per cent literate people, while literacy rate among women is around 40 per cent. The fund will be released in three phases. Elaborating the new scheme that would replace the National Literacy Mission in phases, Saxena said the state government has planned roping in local schools and teachers as collaborators to provide academic support at the village level. In the first phase, the state government aims to make about 10 lakh rural people literate for which a sum of about Rs crore would be spent. To make that the project run in a smooth way, proposal to set up 1144 adult education centre has already been mooted. Besides filling up the vacancies of teachers in primary schools, the government has decided to appoint five coordinators at the state level to monitor the implementation of the project in the select districts. Each district too would have five additional coordinators. To ensure that the delivery mechanism worked in tandem with the government s plan at the grassroots level, the government would further appoint 43 programme supervisors in each block, the officials said. Legal Literacy Camps Legal literacy is seen as a tool to bring about qualitative change at the grass-root level. It has been witnessed that better awareness of laws helps people work more effectively in diverse spheres. The failure of execution of many laws has been attributed to the beneficiaries lack of awareness. Therefore an emergent need was felt for generating awareness of rights as knowledge is the central focus and is a source of power. Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand states have a distinct socio-economic profile and in this backdrop legal literacy gains pre-eminence in the States. In furtherance of its initiative of spreading legal literacy RLEK conducted legal literacy camps in these States. The Cell successfully conducted Legal Literacy Training and Awareness Camps as part of the National Legal Literacy Mission. Legal Literacy Camps for Women, Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and other disadvantaged sections of the society in the state of Jharkhand In the state of Jharkhand legal literacy gains momentum, as it is a new state and is home to a substantial

8 758 Perianayagasamy & T. R. Jeyaraaj population of tribals. In fact, in some of the districts of Jharkhand, the tribal population predominates, the non tribal one. Jharkhand has more than thirty tribal groups. The literacy rate in Jharkhand according to the survey conducted in 2001 is 59.13% and female literacy rate which is still lower is at 49.38%. The literacy rate amongst tribals is as low as 16.99%. Also the naxal movement which is gaining pace in rural Jharkhand makes the disadvantaged sections vulnerable to abuse. Therefore, a need was felt to carry out vigorous and intensive legal literacy awareness drives through camps so that the marginalized communities become equal partakers in the development of the nation and can also assert their rights. (Survey, 2001). In the State of Jharkhand 30 camps were conducted. Total numbers of beneficiaries were Women participation in the camps outnumbered the men - 82% female as compared to 18% males participated in the camps. These 30 camps were conducted in 8 District of the State of Jharkhand. The districts covered were Gumla, Ranchi, Hazaribagh, Garwa, Lohardugga, Pakur, Paschim Singhbhumi and Latehar. The literacy rate of Ranchi, Eastern Singhbhoom( Jamshedpur) and Dhanbad is higher than other districts, while Pakur, Godda and Sahebganj are lagging behind in literacy rate. Chaibasa (Western Singhbhoom) have more female population than male population and in Simdega population of male and female is equal. The Jharkhand government is trying to rope in cricket sensation and local boy Mahendra Singh Dhoni to make its literacy campaign a success. We are trying to take the help of Dhoni for our education programme. Ranchi Deputy Commissioner (DC) Pradeep Kumar has been asked to talk to Dhoni for his consent, a senior government official told IANS. Jharkhand s Human Resources Department (HRD) had launched a Go to School campaign last week to improve the literacy rate in the academically backward state. Bollywood actor Farooq Sheikh has also consented to participate in the programme and he is expected to arrive here April 25. Dhoni is from Ranchi and a superstar of Indian cricket. If he moves with the officials in an awareness programme it will have a great impact on the people, said the official. Sources said Dhoni has already been informed and has reacted positively. The campaign for schooling was launched under the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (Education for All) with the help of UNICEF by Chief Minister Arjun Munda in Ranchi. In Jharkhand, the literacy rate is 54 per cent as against the national average of 65 per cent. The literacy rate among women is only 39 per cent. (Internet: India.gov.in, 2011) Conclusion In a global context, Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization (LPG policy) are no longer an option but a fact. Whether one likes it or not, it is bound to influence all spheres of life and activities. Developing countries like India may have to learn to manage the process far more skillfully and efficiently for the development of the country. Literacy plays a vital role in achieving this development and all the tribals will develop and will integrate themselves with the so-called mainstream through literacy.

9 Trends in Literacy Rates Among the Tribal People in Jharkhand State 759 Table 4 State and Union Territory wise Comparison of Literacy Rate in India Ranking of States/UTs by Literacy Rate Among Persons, Males and Females, 2001 Census. Persons Male Female Rank State/UTs Literacy State/UTs Literacy State/UTs Literacy Rate Rate Rate 1. Kerala Kerala Kerala Mizoram Lakshadweep Mizoram Lakshadweep Mizoram Lakshadweep Goa Puducherry Chandigarh Chandigarh Goa Goa Delhi Delhi Andaman & Nicobar Islands 7. Andaman & Daman & Diu Delhi Nicobar Islands 8. Puducherry Andaman & Puducherry Nicobar Islands 9. Daman & Diu Chandigarh Himachal Pradesh Maharashtra Maharashtra Maharashtra Himachal Pradesh Himachal Pradesh Daman & Diu Tamilnadu Uttarakhand Tripura Tripura Tamilnadu Tamilnadu Uttarakhand Tripura Punjab Manipur Manipur Nagaland Punjab Gujarat Manipur Gujarat Haryana Sikkim Sikkim Chhattisgarh Uttarakhand West Bengal West Bengal West Bengal Haryana Karnataka Meghalaya Karnataka Madhya Pradesh Gujarat Nagaland Sikkim Karnataka Chhattisgarh Rajasthan Haryana Madhya Pradesh Orissa Assam Assam Punjab Chhattisgarh Orissa Assam Orissa Meghalaya Dadra & Nagar Haveli Andhra Pradesh Andhra Pradesh Nagaland Madhya Pradesh Rajasthan Andhra Pradesh Rajasthan Dadra & Nagar Haveli Uttar Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Uttar Pradesh Jharkhand Jammu & Kashmir Jammu & Kashmir Jammu & Kashmir Uttar Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Meghalaya Dadra & Nagar Haveli Jharkhand Arunachal Pradesh Jharkhand Bihar Bihar Bihar Source: Census report, India, 2001.

10 760 Perianayagasamy & T. R. Jeyaraaj Table 5 District-wise Literate Population by Sex Where is literacy rate in this table. With this table, what you want to convey is important Sl. No. District Total Literate Literate Literate Population Persons Males Females 1. Gerhwa Palamu Latehar Chatra Hazaribagh Koderma Giridih Deoghar Godda Sahibganj Pakur Dumka Jamtara Dhanbad Bokaro Ranchi Lohardaga Gumla Simidega Paschim-Singhbhum Saraikela-Kharsawan Purbi-Singhbhum Ramghar Khunti Jharkhand Source: Census of India, Table 6 District-wise Literacy Rates by Sex Sl. No. District Total Literate Literate Literate Population Persons % Males % Females % 1. Gerhwa Palamu Latehar Chatra Hazaribagh Contd...

11 Trends in Literacy Rates Among the Tribal People in Jharkhand State 761 Sl. No. District Total Literate Literate Literate Population Persons % Males % Females % 6. Koderma Giridih Deoghar Godda Sahibganj Pakur Dumka Jamtara Dhanbad Bokaro Ranchi Lohardaga Gumla Simidega Paschim-Singhbhum Saraikela-Kharsawan Purbi-Singhbhum Ramghar Khunti Jharkhand Source: Census of India, 2001 Table 7 Gender Differences in Tribal Literacy Rates in India Sl. No. States/Union Territories Male Female Gender Total Difference 1. Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Goa Gujarat Haryana 8. Himachal Pradesh Jammu & Kashmir 10. Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Contd...

12 762 Perianayagasamy & T. R. Jeyaraaj Sl. No. States/Union Territories Male Female Gender Total Difference 13. Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Orissa Punjab 20. Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Tripura Uttarpradesh West Bengal A & N Islands Chandigarh 28. D & N Haveli Daman & Diu Delhi 31. Lakshadweep Pondicherry Inida Source: Census of India, Observation NSM FMPB NGO EFICOR UNICEF Navejeevan Seva Mandal. Friends Missionary Prayer Band. Non Governmental Organization Evangelical Fellowship of India Commission. United Nations Children s Fund. References Books Chaturbuj Sahu (1998), Primitve Tribes of India. New Delhi, Sarup & Sons. Census of India, 2001, New Delhi. Reginald M. Bennett (1954), The Church in India: A Canadian Viewpoint, Toronto: The Inter-Church Committee on Missionary Education. Sunil Kr. Singh (2010), Inside Jharkhand. Ranchi: Crown Publications.

13 Trends in Literacy Rates Among the Tribal People in Jharkhand State 763 Articles Annamalai, E. (2001), Managing Multilingualism in India: Political and Linguistic Manifestation. New Delhi, Sage. Bose, Nirmal Kumar (1977), Indian s Eastern Tribes, in Romesh Thapar (ed.), Tribe, Caste and Religion in India. Meerut: Macmillan. Chandrasekar, S. (2004), Navjeevan Seva Mandal s Involvement, Silver Jubilee Journal, February. Dhanabalan, Kennedy (1995), Serving Tribal people: A Case Study of Work Amongst the Maltos, Drishtikone. Internet: India.gov.in Joshua, Patrick (1995), (ed.), Socio-economic Uplift Programmes, Friends Focus. Kumar Rana & Samantak Das (2004), Primary Education in Jharkhand, Economic and Political Weekly. Mitra, Aparna (2010), Trends in Literacy Rates and Schooling among the Scheduled Tribe Women in India, Indian Social Development, Vol. 10, No. 1, June. Prasad, Democracy a form of Society or a form of Governance, Html/survey.htm Samuel, Albert (2004), Lighted to Enlighten, R George Edward (Comp), Silver Jubilee Journal. Reports Annual Report, Sauria Integrated Awareness and Training Programme, EFICOR, Barharwa, Babu, Report on Adult Literacy Programme, Chandrasekar, NSM Report, 2004). Davud Malto, Kerwa, Testimony to Block Development Officer of Barhait, 31 January Dhanabalan, Kennedy, Survey Report for Socio-economic Development at Bhagaiya, Dhanabalan, Kennedy, Report on Social Works, Zonal Planning and Review Meeting at Bhagaiya, Edward, George, Literacy Report, Jacob Gnanapandithan, Literacy Report given at Bhagiaya, Jacob Gnanapandithan, Literacy Report, John Paul Harris, EFICOR Work Report, Princess, Nahomi, Education Report, Shanti, Pandeni, Teaching Report, Singh, Babu, Taljhari, Report on Socio-Economic Development works in Sahibganj District,2003. Timothy Malto, Literacy Programme Report, 2006.

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